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Voltage, Current & Resistance
Electromotive force (EMF) & simple circuits
Electromotive force (EMF) & simple circuits
(a) introduce the properties of a battery, (b) explain how a battery produces a direct current (DC) in a circuit and (c) learn various circuit symbols for sketching schematic circuit diagrams.
Electromotive force (emf, denoted ε and measured in volts (J/C)) is a difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current.
Electric Potential: Visualizing Voltage with 3D animations
Electric Potential: Visualizing Voltage with 3D animations
Shows how voltage can be visualized as electric potential energy. Includes topics such as why the voltage is the same everywhere inside a metal conductor.
Electric current
Electric current
(a) define electric current, (b) distinguish between electron flow and conventional current and (c) explain the concept of drift velocity and electric energy transmission.
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region.
An electric current is said to exist when there is a net flow of electric charge through a region
The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A), which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second (C/s).
Definition and Conservation of Electric Charge
Definition and Conservation of Electric Charge
Charge conservation is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in a system (a circuit in our case), is always conserved
Simple Circuits
Simple Circuits
Simple Circuit
Simple Circuit
Energy source (battery)
Energy user (load: light bulb, resistor...)
Energy carrier (Conductor: wires)
Circuit diagram
Circuit diagram
Resistivity and Resistance
Resistivity and Resistance
(a) define electrical resistance, (b) summarize the factors that determine resistance and (c) calculate the effect of these factors in simple situations.
The electrical resistance (R) of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current.
The resistance of a given object depends primarily on two factors: What material it is made of, and its shape.
ρ has to do with the nature of the material.
L is the length of the conductor & A is the cross sectional area of the conductor
The ohm (Ω) is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of one volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere. (1Ω =1V/1A)
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit:
Circuit Construction Kit
Circuit Construction Kit
Explore basic electricity relationships.
Explain basic electricity relationships in series and parallel circuits.
Use an ammeter and voltmeter to take readings in circuits.
Provide reasoning to explain the measurements and relationships in circuits.
Build circuits from schematic drawings.
Determine if common objects are conductors or insulators.
Electric Power
Electric Power
(a) define electric power, (b) calculate the power delivery of simple electric circuits and (c) explain joule heating and its significance.
Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred or used in a circuit.
Battery Energy and Power
Battery Energy and Power
Batteries in parallel and in series. 3D visualization of energy, voltage, and the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Book work
Book work
The following questions and exercises should be completed on regular sized (8.5 x 11) paper (plain, lined or quad ruled). They will be collected on the day of the test. They should be of high quality (clearly labeled and neat). Circle your final answer(s).
Conceptual questions: Answer in complete sentence(s).
1, 6, 11, 14, 15, 21, 23
Exercises: These are quantitative exercises. Use your multi-step problem solving strategy (analysis, formula/substitution & answer). Show all work including unit values when applicable.
9, 16, 22, 23, 28, 31, 32, 48, 55, 60, 61, 69
Multi-concept exercises: These exercises require the use of more than one fundamental concept for their understanding and solution.
73, 75
Voltage, current & resistance
Voltage, current & resistance
Lab: Ohm's Law
Lab: Ohm's Law
AP Study Guide - Current & circuits.pdfAmmeters and measuring current
Ammeters and measuring current
An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit because the purpose of the ammeter is to measure the current through the circuit. Since the ammeter is a low impedance device, connecting it in parallel with the circuit would cause a short circuit, damaging the ammeter and/or the circuit.
Voly meters and measuring voltage drops
Voly meters and measuring voltage drops
A voltmeter is always connected in parallel because if it is connected in series, it will change the value of potential difference to be measured by minimising the current in the circuit as it has very large resistance and hence will give faulty reading.
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