결함- > 에러 -> 고장  이란?

1. ISO 정의 ----------------------------------------------------

fault bug

1. manifestation of an error in software 

2. incorrect step, process, or data definition in a computer program 

[ISO/IEC 25040:2011 Systems and software engineering — Systems and software  Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) — Evaluation process, 4.27]

3. situation that can cause errors to occur in an object 

[ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 Information technology — Open Distributed Processing —  Reference Model: Foundations, 13.6.3]

4. defect in a hardware device or component

5. defect in a system or a representation of a system that if executed/activated could potentially result in an error 

[ISO/IEC 15026-1:2013 Systems and software engineering — Systems and software assurance — Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary, 3.4.5]

Note 1 to entry: A fault, if encountered, can cause a failure. 

Faults can occur in specifications when they are not correct.

error

1. human action that produces an incorrect result

[IEEE 1044-2009 IEEE Standard Classification for Software Anomalies, 2]

2. difference between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition and 

the true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition 

3. erroneous state of the system 

[ISO/IEC 15026-1:2013 Systems and software engineering — Systems and software assurance — Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary, 3.4.4]

cf. failure, defect

EXAMPLE:

omission or misinterpretation of user requirements in a software specification, incorrect translation, or omission of a requirement in the design specification

failure

1. termination of the ability of a system to perform a required function or its inability to perform within previously specified limits; an externally visible deviation from the system's specification 

[ISO/IEC 15026-1:2013 Systems and software engineering — Systems and software assurance — Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary, 3.4.8]

2. violation of a contract 

[ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009 Information technology — Open Distributed Processing — Reference Model: Foundations, 13.6.1]

Note 1 to entry: A failure can be produced when a fault is encountered.

Ref) ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017(en) Systems and software engineering — Vocabulary

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다른 정의들

2. IEC 정의

fault 

1. fault: state of an item characterized by inability to perform a required function 

error, failure 는 ISO와 동일

Ref) IEV 191-05-01

3. SW 분야

error 를 고장프로세스의 최초 원인으로 생각

=> 분야마다 fault error failure 정의가 다르므로 주의!