Abnormal Psychology

Salvador Dalí

Metamorphosis of Narcissus

1937

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Objectives

Define your understanding of the concept of psychological disorder.

Infer a reason behind our explanations psychologically abnormal behavior.

Connect behavioral and physiological aspects of disordered thinking and behaving.

Re-evaluate your definition of psychological disorders.

How do we understand psychological disorders?

Spiritual/Supernatural

Greece

Four types of "divine madness" associated with particular gods

prophetic madness (Apollo)

ritual madness (Dionysus)

poetic madness (the Muses)

erotic madness (Aphrodite and Eros)

Nascent Physiological

Hippocrates - Humors and Psychological Disorders

Imbalance among the humors were thought to be the cause behind psychological disorders.

melancholic

black bile

sanguine

blood

phlegmatic

phlegm

choleric

yellow bile

above, left to right: Images from Deutsche Kalendar, 1498. Courtesy Pierpont Morgan Library. A medieval German woodcut depicts the temperaments of the cold and dry qualities of the melancholic disposition, which were associated with old age, retentiveness, and scholarship, like the old man depicted here with his head resting on a table. The hot, moist man representing the sanguine temperament is depicted as an active wooer embracing a woman. A cold, moist phlegmatic couple prefer retirement and leisure, signified here by music. (third image) The hot, dry man of choler furiously beats the woman kneeling helplessly at his feet. (fourth image)

Medical Model of Mental Illness

Untreated Syphilis

CNS Pathology: Brain: tertiary syphilisA 1945 specimen from an inmate of Camberwell Mental Home who was found dead on the floor by her bed one morning with blood running freely from the mouth and nostrils. P.M. revealed an aneurysm of the aortic arch which had ruptured into the right bronchus. She had been admitted as a case of G.P.I.

Diathesis-Stress Model

the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis/disposition) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role (stress).

What is a Psychological Disorder

a syndrome that is comprised by a collection of symptoms that can be characterized in the following ways:

atypical

maladaptive

inappropriate

disturbing to the individual exhibiting the behavior/causing distress

Is this disordered behavior?

Classification/Diagnostic/Criterial Elements

International Classification of Diseases

Typically utilized outside of the United States for Clinicians and Researchers

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Typically utilized in the U.S. for diagnosis (and formerly research)

symptomatic categorization of mental health disorders (behavioral)
controversial - newest revision made significant changes
NIMH announced that it will no longer be using to inform research

Research and Domain Criterial Initiative

"The goal of RDoC is to provide information about the basic biological and cognitive processes that lead to mental health and illness, broadly conceived."

Initiative to "reframe our thinking about 'mental disorders' and begin to understand them as 'brain disorders'"

Personality Disorders -

definition: a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving

Focus on Cluster B

start video below at 1:45

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Mood Disorders

a mental health class that health professionals use to broadly describe all types of depression and bipolar disorders.

Children, teens, and adults can have mood disorders. However, children and teens don’t always have the same symptoms as adults. It’s harder to diagnose mood disorders in children because they aren’t always able to express how they feel.

These are the most common types of mood disorders:

Major depression: Having less interest in usual activities, feeling sad or hopeless, and other symptoms for at least 2 weeks may indicate depression.

Will affect at some point 15% of the population

Significant risk of suicide

Leading cause of disability internationally

Characterized by the following Click Here

Neurobiological aspects

The Biology of DepressionIt is without question that there is a yearly growth in teenage depression rates. Along many sad things about this trend, it does not positively correlate with the public’s understanding of depression and antidepressants. Emily's talk aims to explore the biology of depression and misunderstandings about antidepressants.

Dysthymia: This is a chronic, low-grade, depressed, or irritable mood that lasts for at least 2 years.
Bipolar disorder: This is a condition in which a person has periods of depression alternating with periods of mania or elevated mood. Possible candidates for neuroanatomical risk factors for BD are volumetric abnormalities of the subgenual prefrontal cortex, striatum, white matter, and probably also the hippocampus and amygdala. Qualitative finding of white matter hyperintensities was already utilized as an endophenotype.
Mood disorder related to another health condition. Many medical illnesses (including cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic illnesses) can trigger symptoms of depression.
Substance-induced mood disorder. Symptoms of depression that are due to the effects of medicine, drug abuse, alcoholism, exposure to toxins, or other forms of treatment.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/mood-disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia affects a little more than 1 percent of the U.S. population, but it's much more prevalent among homeless persons. Estimates are wide ranging, but some go as high as 20 percent of the homeless population.

Disorganized Processing

Biology of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia section of lecture starts at about 23 minutes.

Normal Brain and Schizophrenic Brain

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