現在完成式

文法說明

  • 現在完成式表示到目前為止已完成的動作、經驗，或仍在持續的狀態、動作。

現在完成式的動詞形式

過去完成式的句型為

  1. 第一二人稱、複數主詞 + have + 過去分詞(P.P.)

  2. 第三人稱單數主詞 + has + 過去分詞(P.P.)

同一般動詞的過去式，過去分詞有分成規則與不規則變化。

規則變化

  • 同過去式大多數一般動詞的過去分詞(P.P. 或做Vp.p.)是在原形動詞字尾加 -ed作 變化， 如 I had talked to my English teacher.

  • 有部分規則動詞字尾發音特殊，加-ed時會有幾個特殊需要注意寫法。請參考下圖

不規則變化

  • 某些動詞的過去過去分詞是不規則的
    例如:
    be動詞的過去分詞為been
    do的過去式為done
    have/has的過去式為had

  • 其餘常見不規則動詞請參考Cambridge University Press出版的不規則動詞表。(點我下載PDF)

基本句型

  • 現在完成式的句型中have/has 為助動詞，並可直接在其後加上not否定詞，因此現在完成式只需要直接修改have/has即可形成否定句或疑問句。但要注意第三人稱單數的主詞，需使用has作為助動詞。

現在完成式常搭配的時間副詞

  1. already (已經): 常搭配肯定句型，位置通常於have + Vpp之間，或句尾。
    Susie has already finished her science report.
    Susie has finished her science report     already.

  2. just (剛剛): 常搭配肯定句型，位置通常於have + Vpp之間。
    Linda doesn't have much money left because she has just bought a new house.

  3. yet (了~；還沒): 常搭配否定句型或疑問句型，位置通常於句尾。
    It's 2: 00 p.m. Mandy hasn't had her lunch yet.
    Have you finished your homework     yet?

  4. so for (到目前為主): 常放在句尾
    Henry hasn't finished his history report so far.

  5. before (之前): 常放在句尾
    Have you been to Hong Kong before?

  6. ever (從來；至今；曾): 常用在疑問句，位置通常於have + Vpp之間。
    Has John ever driven to work?

  7. never (從未): 常用在否定句，位置通常於have + Vpp之間。
    I have never played tennis before.

  8. since + 過去式子句 / 時間點 (自從~開始): 通常放在現在完成式的句子後，偶爾在前。
    She has worked in this factory since 2008.
    She has worked in this factory since 14 years ago.
    They have lived in Tainan     since they got married.

  9. for + 一段時間 (持續了~多長的時間): 通常放在現在完成式的句子後，偶爾在前。
    She has worked in this factory for 14 years.
    They have lived in that house for 10 years.

  10. 次數: 代表該動作截至目前為止發生過的次數，通常放在句尾。
    Ken has seen that movie 3 times so far.

  11. How long ~(多久~): 常用的疑問詞，詢問該動作或狀態到目前為止持續多久了。
    A: How long have you known each other?
    B: We have known each other for 5 years.

  12. How many times~(多少次): 常用的疑問詞，詢問該動作或狀態到目前為止發生過多少次了。
    A: How many times have you read this novel?
    B: I have read     it 6 times so far.

常見錯誤

  1. 表示持續的動作，與 for連用時， for後面加一段時間。
    例句
    I haven’t seen him for 10 years ago. (X)
    I haven’t seen him for 10 years. (O)

  2. 與 since連用時， since後面加某一個過去時間點或過去式子句 (表示過去某一時間點 )。
    例句
    She has lived in Japan since 5 years. (X)
    She has lived in Japan since 2010. (O)

  3. “have been to” 表示曾經去過 ， "have gone to" 表示已經去了某處 。
    例句
    Have you ever gone to Paris? (X)
    Have you ever been to Paris? (O)

  4. 動詞部分「 have/has +過去分詞 (p.p.)」，主詞為第三人稱單數或單數名詞用 has，其他用have。
    例句
    He have watched TV for 2 hours. (X)
    He has watched TV for 2 hours. (O)

  5. 許多常用的過去分詞是不規則變化。
    例句
    James has sleep for 8 hours. (X)
    James has slept for 8 hours. (O)

單元練習

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