4.6.1 Reproduction

Describe what happens during meiosis and compare to mitosis

Describe what happens at fertilisation

Describe examples of organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually (malarial parasites, fungi, strawberry plants and daffodils)

Describe the structure of DNA and its role in storing genetic information inside the cell

Explain the term 'genome' and the importance of the human genome (specific examples from spec only)

Describe the structure of DNA, including knowledge of nucleotide units

Explain complementary base pairing in DNA

Explain the relationship between DNA bases (ATCG), amino acids and proteins

Describe how proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, including protein folding and its importance for protein function

Explain what mutations are, and the possible effects of mutations

Explain what non-coding parts of DNA are, and why they are important

Describe how characteristics are controlled by one or more genes, including examples

Explain important genetic terms: gamete, chromosome, gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous

Explain and use Punnet square diagrams, genetic crosses and family trees

Construct Punnet square diagrams to predict the outcomes of a monohybrid cross

Describe cystic fibrosis and polydactyly as examples of inherited disorders

Evaluate social, economic and ethical issues concerning embryo screening when given appropriate information

Describe how the chromosomes are arranged in human body cells, including the function of the sex chromosomes

4.6.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

4.6.1.8 Sex determination

4.6.3 The development of understanding of genetics and evolution