בסמינר נחקור את המשמעות של אדמה בעת העתיקה, עם דגש על הפן הדתי והפולחני.

האדמה שמתחת לרגלינו היא חומר פשוט שנמצא בכל מקום, אך גם סמל לזהות, לאופי של מקום ולטבע שמעבר לאנושי. נדון בשאלות כמו - מה היה תפקיד האדמה בדתות ובפולחני העת העתיקה? מה המיתולוגיה מלמדת על היחס בין אלי ואלות אדמה לאלי השמים? מה היה התפקיד שלה בסמליות הפוליטית? מה היחס בין אדמה, ארץ ושדות חקלאיים? האם אדמה מבטאת אוניברסליות או מקום ספציפי? 

נושאי השיעורים

1.       הקדמה

2.       בריאת העולם במיתוסים העתיקים

גיא דרשן, אחר המבול : סיפורי מוצא במקרא ובאגן הים־התיכון המזרחי. מוסד ביאליק, 2018

3.       בריאת האדם

Noort, Ruiten, and George H. Kooten, eds. “Taken from the Soil, Gifted with the Breath of Life: The Anthropology of Gen 2:7 in Context.” In Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7): The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity, 1–15. Leiden: Brill, 2016.

4.       אלי ואלות אדמה

a.       Walter Burkert, Greek Religion. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983, pages 159-167, 174-175; 190-203

5.       הקשר לאדמה בדת המודרנית ובמחקר המודרני

*Swain, Tony, “The Mother Earth Conspiracy: An Australian Episode,” Numen 38.1: 3–26.

Sam D. Gill, Mother Earth: An American Story. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1987.

Marchand, Suzanne. “From Liberalism to Neoromanticism: Albrecht Dieterich, Richard Reitzenstein, and the Religious Turn in ‘Fin-De-Siècle’ German Classical Studies.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 79 (2003): 129–60.

6.       לידה מהאדמה – אוטוכתוניה; קשר של עם/אנשים/חיות עם ארץ-אדמה ספציפית.

*Roy, J. “Autochthony in Ancient Greece.” In A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by Jeremy McInerney. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

Calame, Claude. “Narrating the Foundation of a City: The Symbolic Birth of Cyrene.” In Approaches to Greek Myth, edited by L. Edmunds, 277–341. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. 

7.       האדמה כחומר פלאי

*Limor, Ora. “Earth, Stone, Water and Oil: Objects of Veneration in Holy Land Travel Narratives.” In Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500–1500, edited by Renana Bartal, Neta Bodner, and Bianca Kühnel, 3–18. London: Routledge, 2017.

Hall, Allan J., and Effie Photos-Jones. “Accessing Past Beliefs and Practices: The Case of Lemnian Earth.” Archaeometry 50, no. 6 (2008): 1034–49.

8.       אדמה ורכוש

Gottesman, Alex. “The Beggar and the Clod: The Mythic Notion of Property in Ancient Greece.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 140, no. 2 (2010): 287–322.

9.       מערות

Ustinova, Yulia. "“Either a Daimon, or a Hero, or Perhaps a God:” Mythical Residents of Subterranean Chambers." Kernos. Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 15 (2002).

10.     ארץ הקודש, אדמת הקודש

Selections from Wilken, Robert L., The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

11.     מקומה של האדמה בארבעת היסודות; תמונת עולם קוסמולוגית

Selections from Rosemary Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity. London: Routledge, 1995.

12.     קבורה

ישעיהו גפני, העלאת מתים לקבורה בארץ – קווים לראשיתו של המנהג ולהתפתחותו. קתדרה 4 (תשל"ז) 113-120

*Tybout, Rolf A. “Dead Men Walking: The Repatriation of Mortal Remains.” In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, edited by ed., 390–437. Leiden: Luuk de Ligt and Laurens Ernst Tacoma, 2016.

13.     חקלאות – פן טכני, אידיאולוגיה של חקלאות, תורי זהב

Winiwarter, Verena. “Soils in Ancient Roman Agriculture: Analytical Approaches to Invisible Properties.” In Shifting Boundaries of the Real: Making the Invisible Visible, edited by Helga Nowotny and Martina Weiss, 137–56. Zürich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich, 2000.

14.     פרישות, אבלות ולכלוך

Selections from Gruber, Mayer I. Aspects of Nonverbal Communication in the Ancient near East. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1980.

קריאה נוספת

כללי

Antonucci, M. “Reframing Heritage: Cultural Soilscapes and Soil Memory.” In Field to Palette: Dialogues on Soil and Art in the Anthropocene, edited by Alexandra Toland, Jay Stratton Noller, and Gerd Wessolek. Routledge, 2018.

Bellacasa, Puig and Maria. “Re-Animating Soils: Transforming Human–Soil Affections through Science, Culture and Community.” The Sociological Review 67, no. 2 (2019): 391–407.

Boivin, Nicole, and Owic, eds. Soils Stones and Symbols Cultural Perceptions of the Mineral World. Routledge, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315066622.

Eliade, Mircea. Patterns in Comparative Religion. World Publishing, 1965.

Warkentin, Benno P., ed. Footprints in the Soil: People and Ideas in Soil History. Elsevier, 2006.

Salisbury, Roderick B. “Engaging with Soil, Past and Present.” Journal of Material Culture 17, no. 1 (2012): 23–41.

Patzel, Nikola. “Cultural Patterns of Soil Cultivation in Europe 1: Polytheistic Context.” In Cultural Understanding of Soils, edited by Nikola Patzel, Donatello Magaldi, and Miguel E. Allende-Salazar. Springer, 2023.

McLean, Stuart. “Black Goo: Forceful Encounters with Matter in Europe’s Muddy Margins.” Cultural Anthropology 26, no. 4 (2011): 589–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01113.x.

בריאת העולם ובריאת האדם

Bremmer, Jan N. “Canonical and Alternative Creation Myths in Ancient Greece.” In The Creation of Heaven and Earth Re-Interpretations of Genesis I in the Context of Judaism, Ancient Philosophy, Christianity, and Modern Physics. Brill, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047406891_006.

Frayer-Griggs, Daniel. “Spittle, Clay, and Creation in John 9:6 and Some Dead Sea Scrolls.” Journal of Biblical Literature 132, no. 3 (2013): 659–70.

Cirafesi, Wally V. “‘Taken from Dust, Formed from Clay’: Compound Allusions and Scriptural Exegesis in 1QHodayot 11:20–37; 20:27–39 and Ben Sira 33:7–15” (2017), Dead Sea Discoveries (2017), 81-111.

Hayward, Robert. “Adam, Dust, and the Breath of Life According to the Targumim of Gen 2:7.” In Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7): The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity, edited by Ruiten and George H. Kooten. Brill, 2016.

Noort, Ruiten, and George H. Kooten, eds. “Taken from the Soil, Gifted with the Breath of Life: The Anthropology of Gen 2:7 in Context.” In Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7): The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity. Brill, 2016.

Simkins, Ronald A. “The Embodied World: Creation Metaphors in the Ancient Near East.” Biblical Theology Bulletin 44, no. 1 (2014): 40–53.

Meer, Michael N. van der. “Anthropology in the Ancient Greek Versions of Gen 2:7 in: Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7) - The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity.” In Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7) - The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity. n.d. Accessed November 5, 2024.

Rey, Jean-Sébastien. “Le motif de la poussière en Gn 2,7 et sa réception dans le Judaïsme du Second Temple.” In Lire et interpréter. Les religions et leurs rapports aux textes fondateurs, edited by Anne-Laure Zwilling. Labor et fides, 2013.

Meyer, Nicholas A. “Born of Woman, Fashioned from Clay: Tracking the Homology of Earth and Womb from the Hebrew Bible to the Psalms of Thanksgiving.” Dead Sea Discoveries 28, no. 2 (2021): 135–78.

Horst, William. “Formed from the Earth: Adam and Created Mortality in Second Temple Literature.” Jewish Quarterly Review 112, no. 4 (2022): 645–69.

אלי ואלות אדמה והריטואלים הקשורים אליהם

Dieterich, Albrecht. Mutter Erde: Ein Versuch über Volksreligion. Teubner, 1903.

Colabella, Sabrina. “La Terra Nelle Formule Di Giuramento, Maledizione e Invocazione Della Grecia Arcaica: Un’interpretazione Antropologica.” História Antiga: Relaçóes Interdisciplinares. Fontes, Artes, Filosofia, Política, Religiáo e Receçáo (Coords. Soares, Brandão, Carvalho), Pp. 253-286, N° 55, Coimbra 2018., ahead of print, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-1564-6_14.

Colabella, Sabrina. “Le figure divine della Terra, della Grande Madre e di Cybele nell’epica e nella lirica greca arcaica.” Doctoral Thesis, Università degli studi Roma Tre, 2014. https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/handle/2307/4189.

Georgoudi, Stella. Gaia/Gê: Entre Mythe, Culte et Idéologie. Edited by ed. Norwegian Institute at Athens, 2002.

Georgoudi, Stella. “Les porte-parole des dieux: reflexions sur le personnel des oracles grecs.” In Sibille e linguaggi oracolari. Mito, storia, tradizione, edited by Ileana Chirassi Colombo and Tullio Seppilli. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, 1998.

Gesztelyi, Tamás. “Tellus-Terra Mater in der Zeit des Prinzipats.” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt ; Teil 2,17,1: Teil 2. Principat: Religion (Heidentum: Römische Götterkulte, orientalische Kulte in der Römischen Welt), 1981, 429.

Goldammer, Kurt. Demeter Und Gaia Im Sogenannten Homerischen Demeter-Hymnus. Brill, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004378094_023.

Fasciano, Domenico. “Sur Les Pas de La Déesse: La Sacralité de La Terre-Mère et Le Culte de La Déesse.” Rivista Di Cultura Classica e Medioevale 43, no. 2 (2001): 171–79.

Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays. Edited by Ed Froma I. Zeitlin. Princeton University Press, 1991.

Wallensten, Jenny. “Karpophoroi Deities and the Attic Cult of Ge. Notes on IG II2 4758.” Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 7 (November 2014): 193–203. https://doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-07-11.

Willi, Andreas. “Demeter, Gê and the Indo-European Word(s) for >earth<.” Historical Linguistics 120, no. 1 (2007): 169–94. https://doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2007.120.1.169.

Spaeth, Barbette Stanley. The Roman Goddess Ceres. University of Texas Press, 1996.

Ruijgh, C.J. “La Mère Terre dans les textes grecques classiques.” In Convegno internazionale I Culti primordiali della Grecità alla luce delle scoperte di Tebe, 24-25 febbraio 2000, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, edited by Gentili B., Godart L., and Prato C. Roma, CDI, 2004.

Rujigh, C.J., Miro E., and Sacconi A. “La déesse mère dans les textes mycéniens.” Roma-Napoli 1 (1996): 453–57.

Ricci, Cecilia. “Tellus/Terra Mater Nell’epigrafia Di Roma e Dell’Italia Romana (Con Uno Sguardo Alla Documentazione Provinciale).” Studi e Materiali Di Storia Delle Religioni : 90, 1, 2024, Morcelliana, 2024, 307–32.

Rantala, Jussi. “Gods of Cultivation and Food Supply in the Imperial Iconography of Septimius Severus.” In Emperors and the Divine – Rome and Its Influence. 2016. https://www.academia.edu/122682471/Gods_of_Cultivation_and_Food_Supply_in_the_Imperial_Iconography_of_Septimius_Severus.

Prescendi, F. “La Terra, Ceres e la scrofa pregna.” In Bettini. 2015.

Press, Michael D. “Pytho) Gaia in Myth and Legend: The Goddess of the Ekron Inscription Revisited.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 365, no. 1 (2012): 1–25.

Quantin, François. “Gaia oraculaire: tradition et réalités.” Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens 7, nos. 1–2 (1992): 177–99.

Ekroth, Gunnel. The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero-Cults in the Archaic to the Hellenistic Periods. Presses universitaires de Liège, 2002.

Collins, Billie Jean. “Necromancy, Fertility and the Dark Earth: The Use of Ritual Pits in Hittite Cult.” In Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World. Leiden, 2002. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=82aa51bd-27b1-390c-aaa6-fef9283e94dc.

הקשר לאדמה בדת המודרנית ובמחקר המודרני

Harrison, Jane E. Review of Mutter Erde: Ein Versuch Über Volksreligion., by Albrecht Dieterich. International Journal of Ethics 16, no. 4 (1906): 513–14.

Gill, Sam D. Mother Earth: An American Story. University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Swain, Tony. “The Earth Mother from Northern Waters.” History of Religions 30, no. 3 (1991): 223–60. https://doi.org/10.1086/463227.

Swain, Tony. The Mother Earth Conspiracy: An Australian Episode1. Brill, January 1, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852791X00024.

Ménard, Jacques-Étienne. O. Pettersson, Mother Earth. An Analysis of the Mother Earth Concepts according to Albrecht Dieterich, 1967. Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS, 1970. https://www.persee.fr/doc/rscir_0035-2217_1970_num_44_3_2593_t1_0319_0000_1.

Turcan, Robert. Review of Mother Earth. An Analysis of the Mother Earth Concepts According to Albrecht Dieterich (Scripta Minora, Regiae Societatis Humaniorum Litterarum Lundensis, 1965-1966, 3), by Olof Petterson. Revue de l’histoire Des Religions 175, no. 1 (1969): 69–71.

לידה מהאדמה - אוטוכתוניה; קשר של עם/אנשים/חיות עם ארץ-אדמה ספציפית; אמא אדמה בהקשר המדיני

Pappas, Nicholas. “Autochthony in Plato’s Menexenus.” Philosophical Inquiry 34, no. 1 (2011).

Hogan, Karina M. “Mother Zion and Mother Earth in 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra.” In Intertextual Explorations in Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature, edited by Jeremy Corley and Geoffrey David Miller. De Gruyter, 2019.

Hogan, Karina Martin. “Mother Earth as a Conceptual Metaphor in 4 Ezra.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 73, no. 1 (2011): 72–91.

Ando, Clifford. Roman Social Imaginaries: Language and Thought in Context of Empire. University of Toronto Press, 2015.

Forsdyke, Sara L. “Born from the Earth”: The Political Uses of an Athenian Myth*. Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/156921212X629491.

Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal. Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity. University of California Press, 2012.

Bettalli, M. Autoctonia: nascere ‘dalla’ terra. Edited by Pucci Bettini. 2015.

Bonjour, Madeleine. Terre natale : Études sur une composante affective du patriotisme romain. Études Anciennes. Les Belles Lettres, 1975. https://books.openedition.org/lesbelleslettres/13448.

Calame, Claude. “Jardins cultuels et rites féminins d’adolescence. L’autochtonie athénienne en ses sanctuaires paysager.” Revue de l’histoire des religions 4 (2010): 459–79.

Calame, Claude. “Narrating the Foundation of a City: The Symbolic Birth of Cyrene.” In Approaches to Greek Myth, edited by L. Edmunds. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Clements, Jacquelyn H. “The Gift of Identity: (Re)Presenting Autochthony in Classical Athens.” Ramus 50, nos. 1–2 (2021): 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/rmu.2021.13.

Clements, Jacquelyn Helene. “Visualizing Autochthony: The Iconography of Athenian Identity in the Late Fifth Century BCE.” Johns Hopkins University, 2015. http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/39598.

Cuchet, Sebillotte and Violaine. “La terre-mère: une lecture par le genre et la rhétorique patriotique.” Kernos 18 (2005): 203–18.

Stavrakopoulou, Francesca. Land of Our Fathers: The Roles of Ancestor Veneration in Biblical Land Claims. T&T Clark, 2010.

Scheer, Tanja S. “The Ambivalence of Mother Earth: Concepts of Autochthony in Ancient Arcadia.” In Natur – Mythos – Religion Im Antiken Griechenland. Nature – Myth – Religion in Ancient Greece, edited by Tanja S. Scheer. Steiner, 2019.

Robitzsch, Jan Maximilian. “Ethnic Identity and Its Political Consequences in the Menexenus.” In Speeches for the Dead: Essays on Plato’s Menexenus, edited by Harold Parker and Jan Maximilian Robitzsch. De Gruyter, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110575897-010.

Pelling, Christopher. “Bringing Autochthony Up-to-Date: Herodotus and Thucydides.” The Classical World 102, no. 4 (2009): 471–83.

Roy, J. “Autochthony in Ancient Greece.” In A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by Jeremy McInerney. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

Lentano, Mario. Terra patria. ITA, 2015. https://usiena-air.unisi.it/handle/11365/998116.

Loraux, N. “L’autochtonie: une topique athénienne. Le Mythe dans l’espace civique.” Annales 34, no. 1 (1979): 3–26.

Loraux, N. Les enfants d’Athéna. Paris, 1981.

Loraux, Nicole. Né de la terre. Mythe et politique à Athènes. Seuil, 1996.

Malkin, Irad. Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Magdus, Tamás. “Mundus, Remus and the Founding of Rome.” Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, no. 1 (2024): 51–62.

Guillaume-Coirier, Germaine. “Herbam do: de la soumission forcée au pacte consenti.” Latomus 50, no. 1 (1991): 17–37.

Humm, Michel. “Le mundus et le Comitium: représentations symboliques de l’espace de la cité.” Histoire urbaine 10, no. 2 (2004): 43–61.

האדמה כחומר פלאי ורפואי

Limor, Ora. “Earth, Stone, Water and Oil: Objects of Veneration in Holy Land Travel Narratives.” In Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500–1500, edited by Renana Bartal, Neta Bodner, and Bianca Kühnel. Routledge, 2017.

Foskolou, Vicky. “Blessing for Sale? On the Production and Distribution of Pilgrim Mementoes in Byzantium.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 105, no. 1 (2012): 53–84.

Hall, Allan J., and Effie Photos-Jones. “Accessing Past Beliefs and Practices: The Case of Lemnian Earth.” Archaeometry 50, no. 6 (2008): 1034–49.

“The Fuller’s Earths of the Elder Pliny | The Classical Review | Cambridge Core.” Accessed November 11, 2024

Afif, Naima. “On Digamma and the Armenian Earth.” Le Muséon 131 (2018): 391–414.

Bodner, Neta B. “Earth from Jerusalem in the Pisan Camposanto.” In Between Jerusalem and Europe: Essays in Honour of Bianca Kühnel, edited by Renana Bartal and Hanna Vorholt. Brill, 2015.

Bollók, Ádam. “‘Portable Sanctity’ Brought to the Afterlife: Pilgrim Eulogiai as Grave Goods in the Late Antique Eastern Mediterranean.” In Across the Mediterranean—Along the Nile, edited by Tamás A. Bács, Ádam Bollók, and Tivadar Vida. Institute of Archaeology, 2018.

Macgregor, Arthur. “Medicinal Terra Sigillata: A Historical, Geographical and Typological Review.” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 375, no. 1 (2013): 113–36.

אדמה ורכוש

Gottesman, Alex. “The Beggar and the Clod: The Mythic Notion of Property in Ancient Greece.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 140, no. 2 (2010): 287–322.

Delpech, François. “El terrón: símbolos jurídicos y leyendas de fundación.” In La tierra. Mitos, ritos y realidades. Coloquio internacional, edited by José A. González Alcantud and Manuel González Molina. Anthropos, 1992.

Domingo, Sanchez and Rafael. “Traditio: Rito, símbolo y título en la transmissión de la tierra / Traditio: Rite, Symbol and Title in the Land Transmission.” GLOSSAE: European Journal of Legal History 12 (2015): 757–82.

Nilsson, Martin P. “Die Traditio per terram im griechischen Rechtsbrauch.” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft 20 (1920): 232–35.

מערות

Ustinova, Yulia. Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth. Oxford University Press, 2009.

ארץ הקודש, אדמת הקודש

Na’aman, Nadav. “An Altar for YHWH in the Land of Aram (2 Kings 5:17.” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 18, no. 2 (2018): 133–44.

Chepel, Elena. “Performing Sacred Landscapes: Worship and Praise of Land in Greek Drama.” In Sacred Landscapes in Antiquity: Creation, Manipulation, Transformation, edited by Ralph Haussler and Gian Franco Chiai. Oxbow Books, 2020.

Tigchelaar, Eibert J.C. “Bare Feet and Holy Ground: Excursive Remarks on Exodus 3:5 and Its Reception.” In The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses: Perspectives from Judaism, the Pagan Graeco-Roman World, and Early Christianity, edited by Kooten. Brill, 2006.

מקומה של האדמה בארבעת היסודות; תמונת עולם קוסמולוגית

קבורה

Toynbee, Jocelyn M.C. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Thames and Hudson, 1971.

Emmerson, Allison L.C. “Re-Examining Roman Death Pollution.” Journal of Roman Studies 110 (2020): 5–27.

Gafni, Isaiah M. “Reinterment in the Land of Israel: Notes on the Origin and Development of the Custom.” In The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography, and Ethnography of the Land of Israel I, edited by Lee I. Levine. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi Institute, 1981.

Regev, Eyal, and Omri Y. Abadi. “Pit, Loculus, and Ossuary: The Family and the Individual in Late Second Temple Judean Burial Caves.” Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 388, no. 1 (2022): 211–33.

Hachlili, Rachel. Jewish Funerary Customs, Practices and Rites in the Second Temple Period. Brill, 2005.

Amar, Zohar, and Boaz Zissu. “The Meaning and Function of the Perforated Sarcophagi and Ossuaries Found in Jerusalem and Its Surroundings.” Eretz-Israel 28 (2007): 159–64.

Wiedergut, Karin. “Returning to Ancestral Soil. A Commentary on IJudOr II 193 (Hierapolis/Phrygia.” Dike: Rivista di storia del diritto greco ed ellenistico 25 (2022): 203–42.

Birenboim, Hanan. “Gentile Impurity in Antiquity.” Cathedra 139 (2011): 7–30.

Bolyki, János. “Burial as an Ethical Task in the Book of Tobit, in the Bible and in the Greek Tragedies.” In The Book of Tobit: Text, Tradition, Theology, edited by ed. Brill, 2005.

Donkin, Lucy. “Earth from Elsewhere: Burial in Terra Sancta beyond the Holy Land.” In Natural Materials of the Holy Land and the Visual Translation of Place, 500–1500, edited by Renana Bartal, Neta Bodner, and Bianca Kühnel. Routledge, 2017.

סטל, יעקב ישראל. נספח: מנהג השלכת עפר ותלישת עשבים בקבורה. n.d. https://forum.otzar.org/download/file.php?id=41611.

אידלברג, שלמה. עפר קודש: לגילגולם של שני מנהגים. n.d. Accessed September 6, 2024. https://www.nli.org.il/he/articles/RAMBI997011345027605171/NLI.

Tybout, Rolf A. “Dead Men Walking: The Repatriation of Mortal Remains.” In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, edited by ed. Luuk de Ligt and Laurens Ernst Tacoma, 2016.

Graham, Emma-Jayne. “From Fragments to Ancestors: Re-Defining the Role of Os Resectum in Rituals of Purification and Commemoration in Republican Rome.” In Living through the Dead: Burial and Commemoration in the Classical World. Studies in Funerary Archaeology 5, edited by Maureen Carroll and Jane Rempel. Oxbow Books, 2011.

Meyers, Eric M. “The Theological Implications of an Ancient Jewish Burial Custom.” Jewish Quarterly Review 62, no. 2 (1971): 95–119.

טבע ואדם, אדמה כמייצגת טבע

Chavel, Simeon. “A Kingdom of Priests and Its Earthen Altars in Exodus 19–24.” Vetus Testamentum 65, no. 2 (2015): 169–222.

Zevit, Ziony. “The Earthen Altar Laws of Exodus 20: 24–26 and Related Sacrificial Restrictions in Their Cultural Context.” In Texts, Temples, and Traditions: A Tribute to Menahem Haran, edited by Michael M. Fox. Eisenbrauns, 1996.

Olyan, Saul M. “Why an Altar of Unfinished Stones? Some Thoughts on Ex 20, 25 and Dtn 27, 5–6.” Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 108, no. 2 (1996): 161–71.

חקלאות – פן טכני, אידיאולוגיה של חקלאות, תורי זהב

Boldrer, Francesca. “Communis Omnium Parens: Mother Earth and Agriculture in Latin Treatises from Cato to Varro and Columella.” International Journal of Anthropology 33 (2018): 181–91.

Clark, Margaret K. “Laying the Groundwork: Soil in the Roman Agricultural Imaginary.” PhD Diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 2019.

Winiwarter, Verena. “Soils in Ancient Roman Agriculture: Analytical Approaches to Invisible Properties.” In Shifting Boundaries of the Real: Making the Invisible Visible, edited by Helga Nowotny and Martina Weiss. Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich, 2000.

Nelsestuen, Grant A. Varro the Agronomist: Political Philosophy, Satire, and Agriculture in the Late Republic. Ohio State University Press, 2015.

פרישות, השפלה עצמית, אבלות ולכלוך

Abe, Takuji. “Proskynēsis: From a Persian Court Protocol to a Greek Religious Practice.” Tekmeria 14 (2018): 1–45.

Avalos, Hector. “Nebuchadnezzar’s Affliction: New Mesopotamian Parallels for Daniel 4.” Journal of Biblical Literature 133, no. 3 (2014): 497–507.

Levine, Etan. “The Theology of Fast Day Cosmetics (MT. 6:16–18.” Journal of Ritual Studies 13, no. 1 (1999): 1–6.

Rainey, Anson F. “Dust and Ashes.” Tel Aviv 1, no. 2 (1974): 77–83.

Jastrow, Markus. “Dust, Earth, and Ashes as Symbols of Mourning among the Ancient Hebrews.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 20 (1899): 133–50.

Windekens, and Albert J. “The Selloi at Dodona.” Names: A Journal of Onomastics 9, no. 2 (1961): 91–94.

כיסוי וגילוי

Werman, Cana. “The Rules of Consuming and Covering the Blood in Priestly and Rabbinic Law.” Revue de Qumran 16, no. 4 [64] (1995): 621–36.