II. Discussions
III. Debates
Some language theorists suggest that we first learn by listening and convey meaning through speaking, that reading and writing come later in human development. To the extent that expressing what you know verbally supports your writing, it's true that having conversations and transmitting information to your peers through the spoken word supports the depth of your understanding of key concepts.
The use of presentations, including speeches, is a critical form of spoken communication in the Diploma Programme. Not only is it the format for one of the two assessments in Theory of Knowledge, but it is also a highly accountable way to share your learning with your peers while at the same time polishing your knowledge in a specific topic. Presentations are meant to provide information, raise awareness of an important issue, or change the minds or opinions of an audience.
Discussions differ from debates particularly in terms of the roles of the members involved. Debate can often be used to explore a topic that has two or more opposing perspectives. It can be useful when trying to justify a claim or counterclaim, evaluate an argument, or compare alternative points-of-view. Discussion is not necessarily limited to pairs of students and can have a broader purpose, including problem-solving, deconstruction of consolidation of knowledge, comparing and categorizing knowledge, etc.
When working with peers in a discussion, it can be a challenge to know what to say to contribute productively and positively. Here are some sentences starters that can be used in discussion during whole class, small group, and partner activities so that all members use accountable talk.