Kingdom: Plantae

Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Rosidae

Order: Euforbiales

Family: Euphorbaceae

Genus: Euphorbia

Species: Euphorbia tithymaloides

• The plant is known for its drought tolerance, making it a suitable choice for xeriscaping. It has thick, fleshy stems that store water, allowing it to survive in arid conditions. The milky sap contains toxic compounds that can cause skin irritation and should be handled with care. This sap is also a defense mechanism against herbivores.

• Euphorbia tithymaloides is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, particularly found in the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central America. It thrives in well-drained, rocky soils and is often found in coastal areas and dry forests. It has also been naturalized in other warm regions and is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens and homes worldwide.

• Euphorbia tithymaloides is a perennial succulent plant characterized by its unique zigzagging stems, which give it the common name "Devil's Backbone." The plant can grow up to 2 meters tall and has oblong, pointed leaves arranged alternately along the stems. The flowers are small, tubular, and usually red or pink, blooming at the tips of the stems. The plant produces a milky latex sap that can be irritating to the skin and mucous.

Industrial Uses:

• Devil's Backbone is primarily used as an ornamental plant due to its unique and attractive appearance. It is popular in landscaping and garden design for its distinctive zigzag stems and colorful flowers. There is limited industrial use beyond horticulture, largely because of its toxic properties.

Pharmaceutical Uses:

• Anti-inflammatory Properties: Traditionally used to reduce inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

• Analgesic Effects: Used in folk medicine for pain relief.

• Antimicrobial Activity: Extracts are believed to have antimicrobial properties, potentially useful in treating infections.

Pharmacological Uses:

• In traditional medicine, Euphorbia tithymaloides has been used for its purported anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. Extract from the plant have been used to treat various ailments such as wounds, infections, and inflammation. However, the toxic nature of the plant's sap necessitates caution, and its use modern medicine is limited and requires further research to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.