Each Slaughterhouse has a license for a prescribed number of animals. The number of animals slaughtered may not exceed 2500 per day, i.e. 2,000 sheep and goats and 500 buffaloes 

• No animal which  has an offspring less than three months old 

• has not been certified by a veterinary doctor that it is in a fit condition to be slaughtered 

• No animal which  is pregnant 

States have specific Acts for prohibition of slaughter of cows, whereas others relate to preservation of agricultural cattle. In respect of the newly-created States of Jharkhand, Uttaranchal and Chattisgarh, the laws of undivided Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh prevail, as the new States are yet to formulate their own laws. Kerala is the only major State, apart from some of the North Eastern States, which does not have an Act with regard to slaughter of cattle. 

2702 slaughterhouses in the country recognized or authorized by local bodies. The number of authorized slaughterhouses have not increased to meet the demand for meat production.

50 percent of animals slaughtered in any urban centre are from unauthorized slaughter. Existing slaughterhouse capacity in the country is unable to meet the growing public demand for clean and hygienic meat.

• Meat hygiene is a casualty

• Increased pollution

• Adverse public reactions 

• Wool and hair - Clothing

• Blood - Antitoxin, Medical purposes

• Bones - Hydrolyzed gelatin, Medical purposes

• Small intestine - Industrial product - Violin string, tennis racquet

• Sex organs - Hyaluronic acid for Bio-medicals

• Bone ash - Fertilizer

• Urine - Medical purposes

• Manure - Fertilizer

• Meat - Meat processing industry

• Skin (Epidermis) - Cosmetic industry

• Hair are Mixed with soil and used as fertilizers 

• Hair used for Keratin based products 

• Pharmaceutical industry is dependent on leather industry 

• Gelatin for capsule making 

• collagen sheet 

• Manufacturing industries that utilize the bones and discarded organs of the slaughtered animals

•  Methane as a source of energy can also exists close to the slaughter houses 

• Other small industries that can co-exist within this network are the glue and manure 

States border with Bangladesh: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura, Livestock is smuggled through cattle corridors.

Domestic consumption in these states is around 2 lakh tones each - Kerala, Andhra pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka

A major percentage of Bangladesh’s population is Muslim. religious beliefs does not prescribe special treatment for cows there. The demand for beef is high. 

India has a high cattle supply but low demand for economic use due to ethical issues and spiritual beliefs. 

farmers are simply releasing male calves and unproductive older female cattle Due to high cost of maintaining animals and Development of tractors and chemical fertilizers for agriculture.

Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) consider themselves protectors of both cows and buffaloes. Cow urine and cow dung is considered as a medicinal remedies.

Development of Gaushala’s (2014-16): Modi's government also spent about $41 million building cow sheds called gaushalas to hold stray cattle. There are now more than 5,000 gaushalas across India. UP government has released the third installment of Rs 125 crore in the 2023-24 financial year for the construction of temporary shelters for protection of stray cows. 

• Animal Hygiene

• Shelter

• Food

• Animal Health care

Cow represents the Mother Goddess. gods Krishna and Shiva are associated with this animal. Gau hatya: A sin of murdering a cow 

Over 80% of India’s population follows Hinduism. India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population. 2.5% of the population of India are Christians. 

Ethical treatment and respect allotted to cattle's due to protective laws and spiritual beliefs. 

• Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960 

• 2015 ban on cattle slaughter under the Maharashtra Preservation of Animals (Amendment) Act, 1995. 

• The ban on cow slaughter bill, 2019 

• anti-cow slaughter laws 

Livestock should be segregated and transported

• horned cattle

• hornless cattle

• adult bulls

• cattle greatly different in size (cows and calves may preferably be transported together under some circumstances)

• weak cattle, which should be segregated from strong cattle. 

• Outer walls should be solid in cold climates, but in hot climates may beneficially be constructed of open metal, wood or concrete rails to assist ventilation 

• Journey lengths should be kept to a minimum and meat animals should be slaughtered as close to where they have been produced as possible 

• The rails must be close enough to prevent animals getting their heads or legs trapped between them. 

• Floors must allow cleaning and be non-slip 

• The maximum number of animals allowed to be carried in open trucks must not exceed 40 goats/sheep and 4 buffaloes. 

• well designed and carefully maintained to facilitate ease of movement and prevent injury. 

• The goods vehicle should have roofs to provide protection from rain, wind and sun. 

• carry valid documents to transport the animals 

• Loading and unloading,understanding of how to move animals using the principles of animal behaviour to avoid causing distress, injury or suffering to the animals and to protect human safety 

• Dehairing - Total lime and sulfide free enzymatic dehairing 

• Curing - Short Term preservation by salt application 

• Soaking - Long Term preservation 

• Liming - Sludge Free Liming Process 

• Fleshing

• Deliming - Ammonia free deliming of skins/hides 

Tanning is the permanent preservation for the leather. Because its a protein material which is not tanned yet. Before tanning the skin cannot withstand up to 50 degree Celsius(hot conditions). Time period for tanning is a 2-3 days 

• Veg tanning

• Chrome tanning

• Newer materials

Oldest method of tanning leather. Done with Tree Barks, oils, seeds, vegetable based oils and waxes. natural tannins, available in liquid or powder form, obtained from a different part of plants including woods, barks, fruits, fruit pods, and leaves. 

Solution of chemicals, acids, and salts which includes chrome sulphate. chrome content will penetrate inside the metrix and cross linked inside the skin. Chrome tanned leather is Softer in Nature 

Zeolite - Zeolites are aluminosilicates. In other words, a type of mineral made out of aluminum, silicon and oxygen. Processing and duration equivalent to chrome tanning. Zeolite tanned takes much lesser time ( 80% biodegradable in 566 days ) A tanning agent based on zeolites and free of chrome, aldehyde and heavy metals. 

Develop quality of leather Softness. 2-3 days for processing.

• Dyeing

• Drying

• Leather finishing department - embossing, grain correction etc

• Grading of the skin - Leather quality check

• Organic dyes - Application of dye powder on the skin. Less intensity, poor light fastness, slow process. 

• Inorganic dyes - Done from Triphenylmethane dyes, Anthraquinone dyes, Azo Dyes. Acideic base, better consistency, Fast process.

Dyed Leather needs to be dried. Drying happens on Conveyor belt. Dried in room temperature. 

Various processes

• Sammying

• Splitting

• Shaving and trimming

• Rechroming

• Neutralization

• Fat liquoring

• Finishing

Leather inspection and laboratory tests done on the basis of parameters like Thickness, shine, tape test, color, softness, tensile strength, elongation at break etc

• Upper Grade (Grade I- VIII) 

• Upper Grade IX to X grades (rejected in I to VIII upper)

• Suede  (Flesh side finished articles) 

• Heel Grip (Articles with less value than suede) 

• Rejection Grade (Leather with severe damage and defects) 

• Lining I (Leathers not suitable for upper) 

• Lining II grade (Leathers rejected in Lining I) 

In India -4 major species are allowed to process Goat, sheep, Cow, Buffalo. Rare leather from animals such as Deer, Crocodile, Snake. Exotic animal skin is expensive, Prohibition for killing these animals in India. Hence these skin are imported

• Animal quarantine has a specified list of animals to be used for leather industry. 

• Animal quarantine certificate. 

• Requirement of document : Country of origin certificate .

the total sample of workers comprised 30 people with an average age of 34.3 years. Most of these workers, 23 of the 30, were women. Only three of the respondents reported having received formal education beyond higher secondary level. Among the Muslim workers, all 12 respondents identified as members of a “backward” community. Among the Hindu workers, 15 out of the 18 respondents identified as belonging to scheduled caste (also known as Dali's). leather industry has traditionally been defined by caste location. In terms of religious belief, 12 of the respondents were Muslims and 18 were Hindus.

Skill set, mental health, wages, physical health, recruitment, performance management, training and skill development, leadership and management, career development are some factors that affect workers

Ergonomics, safety protocols, air quality/ventilation, workplace culture, noise levels, lighting condition, working hours, accessibility, tool accessibility, resources, location accessibility

Rules and regulations, uniforms, safety signs, protective gears are used. 

Inclusive work culture and encouragement of diversity. The organization works hard to hire more women and persons from religious minorities and the LGBTQ community. hiring from local villages, often uneducated women and training them in the skills to handcraft a slow but thoughtful product. 90% craftswomen as employees 

• craftsmanship & attention to detail 

• small scale

• high prices

• local economy

• smaller environmental footprint

• artisan oriented

• small businesses

• Product variations  - Often follows seasonal trends with predefined styles and colors. 

• Production scale  - large-scale production of standardized footwear. 

• Production technology - Often relies on automated machinery and assembly lines for efficiency. 

• Market appeal - Appeals to a broader market with readily available and affordable products. 

• Environment impact - Higher environmental impact due to large-scale manufacturing and waste. 

• cost  - Generally lower costs per unit due to economies of scale. 

• Production speed - Shorter lead times as products are produced in advance and readily available. 

• Quality control processes are designed to meet predefined standards for the entire production run. 

• creating designs that can be efficiently produced in large quantities. 

• Standards may include initiatives to reduce waste, energy consumption, and the environmental impact associated with large-scale production. 

• Customer service standards focus on addressing inquiries, managing inventory, and ensuring timely deliveries. 

• Standards aim for shorter lead times to meet consumer demand for readily available products. 

• Focuses on creating products with standard fits that cater to a broad consumer base. 

• Consistency and uniformity in production are paramount. 

• optimizing production processes for efficiency, speed, and cost-effectiveness. 

• facilitating a wide range of design choices while ensuring the feasibility of production for each customized order. 

• Efficiency standards need to accommodate variations in designs, requiring flexible and adaptable production processes. 

• Quality standards are crucial to ensuring that each customized product meets the customer's expectations. 

• Quality checks may be more individualized, addressing specific design elements chosen by customers. 

• Assisting customers in making personalized choices, managing order-specific details, and providing a personalized experience. 

• Lead time standards may be more flexible, acknowledging the longer production times associated with making products to order. 

• Sustainability standards may emphasize the responsible use of materials, reducing waste in customized orders, and providing eco-friendly choices for customers. 

• Standards include ensuring that customized products provide the desired fit and comfort based on individual preferences and measurements. 

• Speed may be less critical than ensuring accuracy and precision in the customization process. 

• Design standards may cover the quality and compatibility of materials chosen by customers. 

• Product variations - Offers varied design options with choices in colors, materials, styles, and extras. 

• Production speed - Longer lead times as each pair is made to order. 

• Production scale - limited scale production according to the individual preferences. 

• Production technology - May involve a combination of automated machinery and skilled craftsmanship 

• Market appeal - Appeals to consumers seeking unique, personalized products. 

• Environment impact - comparatively lower impact as production is tailored to specific orders, reducing excess inventory and waste. 

• cost - Higher costs per unit due to the personalized nature of the production process. 

• Understanding client requirements 

• Concept ideation 

• mood board preparation 

• Product range 

• Designers

• Supply Chain Managers 

• Design Aesthetics 

• Understand of people  perception 

• Functionality and comfort 

• Trend understanding 

• Can be used as differentiator 

• Demand for new and latest design 

• Develop multiple iterations from single design 

• What is the sale-ability?

• Sales period defined as 4 months 

• Investment & development on the upcoming trend only 

• Validation of the trend 

• Already prevailing in the market

• Upcoming trend

• Already at the saturation point 

• Pattern making

• Preparation of the upper sole part

• Sewing/stitching

• folding

• gluing

• assembling

• shoe lasting

• molding of the upper part

• buffing

• outside joining

• pressing

• cooling

• finishing

• Metal or Composite Shank - arch support 

• Protection material - waterproof spray or coating 

• Last - wooden, plastic

• Sole materials - leather sole, rubber sole, combination 

• Insole materials - leather insole, cushion insole 

• Thread and stitching materials - strong nylon/polyester thread, needle 

• Reinforcement materials - toe caps, heels counter 

• Adhesive - leather glue 

• Hardware - eyelets, Buckles or Fasteners 

• Dye and finishing agent 

• Men

• Working men

• Women

• Working women

• Kids

• professional need

• quality conscious buyers

• aspirational buyers

• luxury buyer

• foreign customers

• traditional buyer

• urban crowd

• Health

• Geography

• performance

• culture of space

• way of living

• economic condition

• style

• Longevity

• Durability

• cost effective

• ease of maintenance

• comfort

• Transparent Window Boxes 

• Cardboard or Corrugated Boxes 

• FOAM PADDING 

• TUBULAR PACKAGING 

• WRAPPING PAPER 

• BAR CODE 

• BUBBLE WRAP 

• TAPE 

• CARTON BOX 

• OUTER CARTON BOX 

• PRICE TAG 

• JUTE 

• LOCK 

• STICKERS 

• HANG TAGS 

• TOE FILLERS 

• LABELS 

• Paper 

• Non woven fabric 

• Cardboard 

• Bubble Wrap 

• Foam 

• Wood 

• Plastic film covers 

• Corrugated Boxes 

• Thin Protective Wraps 

• Value for the consumers 

• Communication of product information 

• Branding Elements 

• Ventilation 

• Storage 

• Fungus 

• Strength against impact 

• Cushioning 

• Protection

• Moisture Resistance 

• Transportation 

• Communicating brand value to end users 

• One time use of the packaging 

• Innovation in Shoe-packaging 

• Reusable Shoe Packaging  - cloth bags

• Eco-Chip Dessicant 

Govt. providing subsidies & grants in Leather Industry for maintenance of sustainability and ethical practices

Economic value, social value, environmental value all form together to become the sustainable value

Lead to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs)  

• Managing inventories 

• Planning and scheduling manufacturing 

• Processing orders 

• Sourcing commodities 

• Warehousing and logistics 

• Delivering products to clients 

• Providing after-sale support services 

Bullwhip effec - The bullwhip effect is a supply chain phenomenon describing how small fluctuations in demand at the retail level can cause progressively larger fluctuations in demand at the wholesale, distributor, manufacturer and raw material supplier levels. 

Construction of infrastructure, Creation of in-house technologies, The acquisition of supplies, The management of human resources.

At each stage of the value chain, more value is created, and this coincides with an increase in profit margin. 

• Logistics 

• sales

• distribution

• marketing

• service

• Planning 

• Managing 

• Coordinating 

• Organizing 

Competitive advantage in the international market. High employment generating capability. Labour intensive sectors in India. Improved allocation efficiency. Improved production techniques. Increased scale economies.

SME SECTOR leather footwear Export lacks the following elements

• Active participation in trade fairs 

• News releases 

• Training for business development 

• Company brochure 

• Company website as a promotional tool 

• (PAT) Profit after tax of the exporting firms. 

• Sales revenue 

• Repeat customers 

• Pricing should be done keeping trade tariffs in mind. 

• Buyers should have almost instant access to the suppliers. 

• Promotion 

• Company brochure

• News

• releases

• Participating in fairs 

• Northern Region - Punjab- Jallandhar. Delhi- Delhi. 

• Southern Region - Tamil Nadu- Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Trichy and Dindigul. Andhra Pradesh- Hyderabad, Karnataka, Bangalore. 

• Eastern Region - West Bengal- Kolkata. 

• Western Region - Maharashtra- Mumbai. 

• Central Region - Uttar Pradesh- Kanpur and Agra. 

• Chine

• Hong kong

• US

• Europe

US and some European countries together account for 80 % of India’s leather products exports. Account for 7% of India’s export basket. Five types of leather products exported from India are Leather Footwear, Footwear Components (Shoe Upper, Soles, etc.), Leather Garments, Leather Goods (including Harness & Saddlery, Leather Gloves, etc.) & Finished Leather. Germany is the second largest importer of leather products in the world. Italy,

Portugal, Spain, Czechoslovakia and Romania are potential competitors from the European region. 10% of leather raw material available in the world.

New market being developed includes South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Spain, Portugal, and Saudi Arabia. The major customers for India’s export are Germany, USA, Italy, UK, Spain and France. Western Europe 70%. USA 25%.

The global market for leather products is estimated at Rs. 2781.4 bn (50.45 Billion Euro). Of the various items, the market for upholstery is growing fast, while the market for leather goods is likely to remain stable. Countries like

Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and a few African countries may be future competitors for India. Not have significant raw material base of their own. These countries enjoy favorable labor costs and congenial industrial and investment climate.