Following the 2001 anthrax attacks in Washington, Congress expanded funding for the program substantially in 2002 and in subsequent years. Within DTRA’s CT directorate, biological program managers developed, funded, and managed new Biological Infrastructure Elimination projects in Kazakhstan, Georgia, and on Vozrozhdeniye Island in the Aral Sea. These projects dismantled a former anthrax production facility at Stepnogorsk, dismantled and destroyed a dualuse facility capable of producing viral animal pathogens at Biokombinat, and collected and destroyed 150 metric tons of abandoned anthrax on the Aral Sea island.283 In another area, program directors defined, financed, and managed a series of biosafety and biosecurity projects that improved the infrastructure in biological laboratories and scientific institutes in Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan.284 Working with lab directors and scientists in Russia, Dr. Michael A. Balady, CTR program manager, developed projects with research centers and scientific institutes in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Obolensk, Kazan, Kirov, Koltsovo, Pushchino, Pokrov, and Serpukov. Some projects set up collaborative research efforts with American biologists and microbiologists, other projects provided biological safety training programs for Russian scientists, and still other projects funded the acquisition and installation of new safety equipment in the Russian labs and institutes. Many of these projects were difficult to establish, manage, and sustain due to the Russian government ministry’s policies on limiting access and maintaining control.

In 2003 Defense Department policy directors assigned DTRA responsibility for developing and managing the new Threat Agent Detection and Response (TADR) program with the nations of the former Soviet Union, excluding Russia. Approximately six months before this assignment, a small team of policy and program experts – Andrew Weber, Roger Breeze, Mike Weaver, Shawn Cali, and Mike Favreau – had developed the innovative TADR concept. Rather quickly, it became one of the most important biological threat reduction programs that the United States was offering to the new nations. By 2007, bilateral cooperative TADR projects were underway in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, with funding exceeding $210 million.285 Essentially, the TADR program focused on engaging national biological research and production centers and scientists in cooperative projects that consolidated and secured especially dangerous pathogens. These pathogens could be human or animal viruses and strains. Consequently, the program had application for the recipient nation’s public health and its agricultural livestock. Some projects centralized pathogen collections into safe, secure, storage facilities. Others developed a new network linking disease surveillance stations and diagnostic laboratories at the national, state, and county level that would be tied into an existing international Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System. The objective was to facilitate across the region a rapid, accurate reporting of outbreaks of diseases, biological attacks, and emerging pandemics using scientists at the national labs, the new threat agent detection and response network, and the existing international disease surveillance system. Significantly, these new cooperative biological projects moved the CTR program away from dismantling and eliminating the excessive weapons of the Cold War era and directed it towards new collaborative programs creating new systems and networks to confront contemporary threats. 286

The biological threat reduction program was extremely creative. One aspect encouraged one or more of the nations to consider defining and planning, with CTR assistance, a new national central reference laboratory which would be equipped with state-of-the-art diagnostic capability. In 2005, Georgia became the first nation to request a new laboratory. The CTR program would finance the construction, equipping, and training for the new lab. This multiyear, $60 million collaborative project involved the Georgia Health and Agricultural ministries, U.S. Department Health and Human Services’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and the CTR integrating contractor, Bechtel International Inc.287 In other nations, national scientific directors worked with American field biologists and disease specialists in planning and designing new epidemiological monitoring stations. These plans included extensive training for national lab personnel who would be able to respond and rapidly diagnose disease outbreaks. The CTR program would construct, equip, and maintain the epidemiological monitoring stations. By 2008, DoD officials projected that the biological threat reduction program would require congressional appropriations of approximately $200 million annually over the next five to ten years.288 They projected that biosecurity/biosafety and the threat agent detection and response projects in the newly independent states would account for ninety percent of the total funding. If successful, these CTR biological security, safety, and agent detection projects with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, could become templates for future cooperative projects with African or Asian nations.

[...]

NOMINATIONS OF ANDREW C. WEBER TO BE ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE PROGRAMS;

[...]

TUESDAY, MAY 12, 2009 : U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Washington, DC.

The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:07 a.m. in room SH-216, Hart Senate Office Building, Senator Carl Levin (chairman) presiding.

• Committee members present: Senators Levin, Webb, Hagan, Begich, and McCain.

• Other Senators present: Senators Durbin and [Richard Green Lugar (born 1932)].

• Also present: Representative Sam Farr.

• Committee staff members present: Richard D. DeBobes, staff director; and Leah C. Brewer, nominations and hearings clerk.

• Majority staff members present: Joseph M. Bryan, professional staff member; Jonathan D. Clark, counsel; Madelyn R. Creedon, counsel; Richard W. Fieldhouse, professional staff member; Michael J. Kuiken, professional staff member; and Gerald J. Leeling, counsel.

• Minority staff members present: Joseph W. Bowab, Republican staff director; Adam J. Barker, professional staff member; Daniel A. Lerner, professional staff member; David M. Morriss, minority counsel; Diana G. Tabler, professional staff member; and Richard F. Walsh, minority counsel.

• Staff assistants present: Kevin A. Cronin, Mary C. Holloway, and Jessica L. Kingston.

• Committee members' assistants present: Gordon I. Peterson, assistant to Senator Webb; Roger Pena, assistant to Senator Hagan; Gerald Thomas, assistant to Senator Burris; and Lenwood Landrum and Sandra Luff, assistants to Senator Sessions.

OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR CARL LEVIN, CHAIRMAN

• Good morning, everybody. Today the committee considers the nominations of Andrew Weber to be Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs; Paul Stockton to be Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security Affairs; Thomas Lamont to be Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs; and Charles Blanchard to be General Counsel of the Air Force.

• We welcome our nominees and their families to today's hearing. Senior Defense Department officials put in long hours every day. We appreciate the sacrifices that our nominees, but frankly even more importantly that their families are willing to make to serve their country.

• Each of our nominees has a distinguished background. Mr. Weber spent 24 years in public service, serving most recently as Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, a position in which he has helped to run the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. Dr. Stockton has been a senior member of the faculty at the Naval Postgraduate School and Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation for almost 20 years. Mr. Lamont served in the Illinois National Guard for over 25 years while working as a partner in two Illinois law firms and holding a succession of positions in State government. Mr. Blanchard served as General Counsel of the Army from 1999 to 2001 before joining the Phoenix office of a major law firm.

• If confirmed, our nominees will play a critical role in helping the Department of Defense (DOD) address any number of critical challenges and difficult issues. These challenges range from ensuring that our nuclear stockpile remains safe, secure, and reliable to determining the appropriate role of our Armed Forces in securing the border with Mexico at a time of unprecedented drug violence and a potential pandemic outbreak of swine flu, and from addressing the burdens and stress imposed on our soldiers and their families by repeated deployment in two wars, to ascertaining the appropriate legal status of individuals detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

• We look forward to the testimony of our nominees on these important issues, and I now turn it over to Senator McCain.

STATEMENT OF SENATOR JOHN McCAIN

• Thank you, Senator Levin. I want to thank our colleagues from the Senate for being here this morning, and from the House, to introduce our nominees. I'll be brief except to say welcome to the nominees. I thank them and their families for their willingness to serve in the new administration. At the outset, I join you in expressing our sorrow over the deaths of five soldiers and wounding of three others at Camp Liberty at the hands of another soldier and extend our condolences and sympathy to the families of all who are involved.

• [...]

• Mr. Andrew Weber, the nominee for the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs, as I noted, will be introduced by our esteemed colleague Senator Lugar. However, I am aware he has worked in DOD since 1996 as the Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy. He has over 24 years of Government service, most of which has been dedicated to reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction.

• Thomas Lamont, the nominee for Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, is an accomplished attorney. He'll be introduced by Senator Durbin. He recently completed a 25-year career of service as a judge advocate with the Illinois Army National Guard.

• The Army is severely stressed today and we know that its leaders at every level are working hard to craft programs and policies that will enable soldiers and their families to meet the great demands being placed on them. Mr. Lamont, I know you will be a positive influence in assisting Army leaders in addressing these critically important problems.

• Yesterday I met with wounded warriors at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. I learned from them that the staff is stressed, case managers have very high case loads, and that high turnover of these managers is a negative factor in achieving continuity and smooth transition for these young heroes. This indicates to me that more work needs to be done to improve execution of the Warrior Transition Unit concept.

• [...] Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I welcome our nominees and our colleagues.

Chairman Levin. Thank you so much, Senator McCain. First we'll call on an old friend, Senator Lugar, to make his introduction. Then we'll call on Senator Durbin to make your introduction. Representative Sam Farr, you would then become next. Senator McCain has already introduced Mr. Blanchard. Then once each of you make your introductions, you can either stay or leave as you need to. We know you all have heavy schedules.

Senator Lugar, it's always great to see you here. I made reference to Nunn-Lugar in my introduction and you're well known for many wonderful advances, but that surely is one of them; and we now call on you.

STATEMENT OF HON. [Richard Green Lugar (born 1932)], U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF INDIANA

• Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, Senator McCain. It's a real privilege to be here to introduce my friend Andy Weber.

• President Obama has nominated Andy to be Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs. I've worked closely with Andy for more than a decade. I believe the President could not have made a better choice. Andy Weber has played an instrumental role in the success of the Nunn-Lugar program. He's been at the forefront of our Government's efforts to meet the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction. I've seen Andy's decision-making, energy, personal diplomacy firsthand during many Nunn-Lugar inspection visits to the former Soviet Union. He has served his country with honor and courage, most recently as a long-time adviser on the Nunn-Lugar program in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and I am confident he will continue to do so in his new position.

• Mr. Chairman, because of Andy's work we live in a safer world. He has led the program's efforts to address the threat posed by biological weapons. Under his leadership, the program has secured toxic pathogens that could have fallen into terrorist hands, and because of his efforts pathogen strain samples that might some day lead to cures and treatments are being studied in United States laboratories and public health professionals are developing important assessment tools to understand and to prevent the outbreak of deadly diseases that directly threaten the well-being and stability of the world.

• In addition to securing biological weapons, Andy has been the point man for our nonproliferation operations in a number of countries. He led the American team that traveled to Moldova to remove 21 MIG-29 fighter aircraft and personally oversaw the transportation of the planes back to the United States. The jets were capable of launching nuclear weapons and would have been extremely dangerous had they been transferred to rogue states.

• [ https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/exposed-america-purchased-21-lethal-russian-mig-29-fighters-14486 ]

• Andy also led the United States efforts in a once-classified operation known as Project Sapphire [ see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sapphire ] . In the winter of 1994, the Kazakh Government discovered nearly 600 kilograms of highly enriched uranium, enough to make several nuclear weapons. The material was highly vulnerable. We know that a number of governments and organizations had a strong interest in acquiring it. Andy's efforts ensured that these materials were transported to the United States for safekeeping.

• He also played a crucial role in razing the largest anthrax production facility in the world. The plant, known as Stepnogorsk, was built by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each piece of equipment involved in the production and weaponization of biological weapons was destroyed and the structure was bulldozed to the ground.

• Andy's operational successes are matched by his diplomatic skills. With an innovative negotiating style all his own, he has built relationships that led to unprecedented nonproliferation breakthroughs. With little fanfare, he has served in remote locations negotiating, monitoring, and implementing the elimination of the most deadly substances ever created.

• The position for which Andy has been nominated will be different than the role he played in the Nunn-Lugar program. But I am confident that in a few years we will be reflecting on another long list of his accomplishments. I am proud to offer my strongest endorsement of Andy Weber's nomination. I urge the committee to act favorably. I urge my colleagues in the Senate to confirm him promptly. I thank very much the committee for inviting me to appear today.

[...]

STATEMENT OF ANDREW C. WEBER, NOMINEE TO BE ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR NUCLEAR AND CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE PROGRAMS

Mr. Weber. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Yes, I do. Chairman Levin, Senator McCain: It is an honor and a privilege to appear before you today as the nominee for Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs. I am grateful to President Obama and Secretary Gates for their confidence in nominating me to this important position.

I would like to thank Senator Lugar for the generous introduction and note that he has been an inspiration to me and countless other people around the world, and that his vision and leadership of the Nunn-Lugar programs have made us all safer.

I especially want to thank my loving family. Let me introduce my wife Julie, my daughter Eleanor Jane, and my mother Pat. I would also like to thank my father, James Weber, an Army Air Corps veteran, resting in peace across the Potomac River in Arlington National Cemetery. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who are here today to support me.

By nominating a career public servant to this important position, President Obama has demonstrated his faith in the professionals, civilian and military, whose greatest calling is to serve the American people. I have had the privilege of serving under every President since Ronald Reagan these last 24 years. I am truly humbled by the opportunity President Obama has given me, and if confirmed I pledge to work closely with you and this committee to strengthen the Nation's security against weapons of mass destruction.

Mr. Chairman, Senator McCain, I thank you for your consideration and welcome any questions you may have.

Chairman Levin. Thank you, Mr. Weber.

[...]

• Senator McCain. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Weber, do you believe that any ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) should be preceded by plans for a new redesign and more reliable warhead? Secretary Gates recently stated that without future testing it will become impossible to keep extending the life of our nuclear arsenal.

• Mr. Weber. Senator McCain, I believe that the President's desire to have ratification of the CTBT needs to be backed up by increased attention of the Nuclear Weapons Council of the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy on ensuring that we have a safe, secure, reliable, and credible deterrent. We have an aging stockpile and over time it becomes more difficult to certify the reliability of those weapons without testing. I believe one of the safeguards that we need to have is a supreme national interest clause that would allow testing if it were in the supreme national interest, and we also need to maintain our nuclear weapons testing readiness if one of those situations arose. But if I am confirmed, making sure that the Department of Energy and DOD dedicate the resources as outlined by the recent Perry-Schlesinger Commission on the U.S. Strategic Posture, that will help us continue into the future to be able to certify the safety, security, reliability, and most importantly, credibility of our nuclear deterrent. Thank you.

[...]

• Senator Hagan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I, too, want to congratulate all of you on your nominations to these very important positions. I want to welcome the family members here because you are definitely crucial to the fact that these individuals are going to be doing an outstanding job. I just want to thank you too for your commitment and in particular your support. My first question is for Mr. Weber. Transnational terrorism, I think, is among the most important threats that the United States must be capable of combating and deterring. Key to this is preventing the terrorists from obtaining the nuclear fissile materials, to include highly enriched uranium. My question is how do you propose that the United States can achieve this objective in not allowing this fissile material to get into the wrong hands?

• Mr. Weber. Senator, I agree with you. I have had personal experience in this area. In Kazakhstan I helped lead an operation to remove highly enriched uranium for safekeeping at the Y-12 plant in Tennessee. President Obama in his Prague speech has announced that locking up loose nuclear materials around the globe during his first administration will be a very high priority. He's asked Vice President Biden to help with that. I believe that DOD can play a role, working together with the Departments of State and Energy and other allies, in expediting this effort, because there is no greater threat to our national security than, God forbid, a group like al Qaeda getting its hands on an improvised nuclear weapon.

• Senator Hagan. Do you have any area that you would target first?

• Mr. Weber. DOD under the guidance of the National Security Council, together with the Department of Energy, is working on developing a campaign plan. There are a number of countries that have weapons-usable materials. Some are more cooperative than others. A lot of work has been done in this area over the past 10 or 15 years. We're left with some of the more difficult countries. It's going to take a lot of effort. But as I tell my colleagues, when Senators Nunn and Lugar created the Nunn-Lugar program they didn't tell anybody it was going to be easy. There's a lot of work to do, but we have a great team in the U.S. Government, and with presidential interest and support I think we will accomplish that objective in the next 4 years.

• Senator Hagan. Last week we had the chairman and the vice chairman of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States testify before this committee. They suggested the importance of obtaining Russian cooperation on air and missile defense as a strategic message aimed to curtail the Iranian aspirations of developing nuclear weapons. Once again a question for you: How do you think such an objective can be obtained?

• Mr. Weber. It's clear that we need Russian cooperation in this global effort to lock down loose nuclear material. We also need more Russian support of the international objective of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapons capability and mating that to their current ballistic missile capability. I think President Obama has made this a personal priority. He's traveling this summer to Moscow to continue discussions with President Medvedev on this issue. But clearly we need more active Russian involvement in joining the international community to pressure the Government of Iran to forego its nuclear weapons and related enrichment programs.

[...]

• Chairman Levin. I just have one additional question of Mr. Weber. How old is your daughter Eleanor Jane? Is that her name, Eleanor Jane?

• Mr. Weber. Yes, Senator, her name is Eleanor Jane.

• Chairman Levin. How old is she? Because she's amazing.

• Mr. Weber. She's been very good. It's been a help to have my family behind me. She's 5 years old, Senator. She's at the Tuckahoe Elementary School in Arlington, VA.

• Chairman Levin. Well, I have three daughters, all of whom at one point were 5 years old. I have five grandchildren, four of whom are granddaughters, three of whom have been 5 years old. I can only tell you your young daughter is truly amazing. She has sat there looking absolutely enthralled and entranced with every question we asked, and she doesn't have the vaguest idea I'm talking to her, but some day you can just tell her what a big hit she was. Would you do that for all of us?

• Mr. Weber. I will. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

[...]

[Prepared questions submitted to Andrew C. Weber by Chairman Levin prior to the hearing with answers supplied follow:]

• defense reforms
  • • Question. The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 and the Special Operations reforms have strengthened the warfighting readiness of our Armed Forces. They have enhanced civilian control and the chain of command by clearly delineating the combatant commanders' responsibilities and authorities and the role of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. These reforms have also vastly improved cooperation between the Services and the combatant commanders, among other things, in joint training and education and in the execution of military operations. Do you see a need for modifications of any Goldwater-Nichols Act provisions?
    • Answer. At this point I do not. However, if confirmed I will remain sensitive to the goals that Goldwater-Nichols set forth to facilitate jointness in operations, command and control, and acquisition.
    • Question. If so, what areas do you believe might be appropriate to address in these modifications?
    • Answer. If confirmed and in the exercise of my duties I became convinced of the desirability of a modification of a Goldwater-Nichols Act provision, I would consult closely with the Department of Defense (DOD) leadership and Congress.
• duties
  • • Question. What is your understanding of the duties and functions of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. The Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs (ATSD(NCB)) advises the Secretary of Defense on nuclear and radiological matters and chemical and biological defense, to support strategic direction, oversight, and integration of DOD Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) activities, and to ensure that resources and the development of Countering WMD operational capabilities are aligned with national policy, strategy and the requirements of combatant commanders.
    • Question. The primary function of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs is to ensure that the nuclear stockpile remains safe, secure, and reliable. If confirmed, what steps will you take to ensure that the Secretary receives full and complete technical advice on the nuclear stockpile?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I will place a very high priority on working closely with the Secretary and the Members of the Nuclear Weapons Council (NWC) in overseeing the Nation's nuclear stockpile and ensuring the Secretary receives comprehensive, excellent quality technical advice on all aspects of the stockpile.
    • Question. The Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs serves as the Executive Director of the NWC. If confirmed what steps will you take to ensure that the NWC duties are effectively executed?
    • Answer. At this time, it would be premature to identify specific steps. If confirmed, I intend to work energetically with the NWC to ensure that it effectively carries out its statutorily mandated duties. Reporting to and consulting closely with Congress is an important component of the execution of the Board's duties.
    • Question. Assuming you are confirmed, what additional duties and functions do you expect that the Secretary of Defense would prescribe for you?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I expect the Secretary to direct me to support his emphasis on re-establishing the professionalism, dedication, and attention to detail necessary to maintain the Department's nuclear weapons in a safe and secure manner. In addition, I expect he will ask me to oversee the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, the Chemical Weapons Demilitarization Program, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), and the Chemical and Biological Defense Programs.
• relationships
  • • Question. If confirmed, how will you work with the following officials in carrying out your duties: The Secretary of Defense.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I expect to report directly to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics (USD(AT&L)), and through him and the Deputy Secretary and Secretary. On matters directly affecting my technical responsibilities (safety, security, and reliability of the stockpile), I expect to have direct access to the Secretary as needed.
    • Question. The Deputy Secretary of Defense.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would report through the USD(AT&L) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense. I would also have direct access to the Deputy Secretary in my role as the Executive Secretary of the NSPD-28 Committee of Principals, which the Deputy Secretary chairs.
    • Question. The Under Secretaries of Defense.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would report directly to the USD(AT&L). I would also work closely with Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD(P)) to insure the Secretary's nuclear, chemical and biological defense policies, both home and abroad, are understood and implemented. I would work closely with the Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller (USD(C)) and Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (USD(P&R)) to ensure nuclear, chemical and biological defense, and chemical demilitarization programs are adequately resourced and staffed.
    • Question. The Service Secretaries.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Service Secretaries to ensure that nuclear, chemical and biological defense, and chemical demilitarization programs are given the high priority they deserve.
    • Question. The commanders of the combatant commands, particularly U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Special Operations Command, and U.S. Northern Command.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would work closely with the combatant commanders to ensure that they have the appropriate systems needed to execute their chemical, nuclear, and biological defense mission.
    • Question. The Assistant Secretary of Defense (ASD) for Homeland Defense and America's Security.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would work closely with the ASD for Homeland Security to ensure that Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense programs and DTRA meet his requirements.
    • Question. The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would work with the ASD for Global Strategic Affairs to ensure that the policy requirements for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense Programs are met. I would also expect to work closely on programs to counter WMD, including the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program.
    • Question. The ASD for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict (SOLIC) and Independent Capabilities.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would work closely with ASD(SOLIC) to insure the Secretary's nuclear, chemical and biological defense policies are consistent, understood by our forces and allies, and are being properly implemented.
    • Question. The Director of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
    • Answer. If confirmed, the Director of DTRA would report to me regarding his responsibilities in combat support, the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, counter proliferation, on-site inspection, research and development, and chemical and biological defense programs.
    • Question. The Secretary of Energy.
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would work with the Secretary of Energy and his staff on issues related to the nuclear stockpile, nonproliferation and counterterrorism.
    • Question. The Administrator and Deputy Administrators of the National Nuclear Security Administration.
    • Answer. As partners in the nuclear weapons program, if confirmed, I would work closely with both the Administrator and Deputy Administrator to ensure there are sufficient reliable, safe, and secure weapons to support deterrence, and the Nation has the capability to maintain them.
    • Question. Officials in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with responsibilities for nuclear, chemical, and biological homeland defense matters.
    • Answer. ATSD(NCB) and DHS are partners in a number of areas such as nuclear detection, nuclear forensics, chemical and biological defense, and counterproliferation. I will work closely with DHS to ensure programs in these areas are mutually supportive.
• qualifications
  • • Question. What background and experience do you have that you believe qualifies you for this position?
    • Answer. I have been privileged to dedicate 24 years of continuous public service to strengthening U.S. national security and countering the threat of WMD. My experience leading sensitive projects to reduce nuclear, chemical and biological weapons threats will serve me well if I am confirmed in the position of Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs.
    • Question. Do you believe that there are actions you need to take to enhance your ability to perform the duties of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. As with every new position I have taken during my long career in public service, if confirmed I will expend considerable effort studying those areas of the portfolio for which I do not have in depth experience. In addition to extensive briefings and meetings with counterparts and subject matter experts, I would early on visit the facilities where important work on nuclear, chemical and biological defense programs takes place. If confirmed, I would also focus on ensuring that I have the best possible team in place to successfully execute the duties of the office.
• major challenges and problems
  • • Question. In your view, what are the major challenges that will confront the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. First, making sure that a high priority is placed ensuring that Department's nuclear weapons are safe, secure and reliable. Second, to improve our Nation's defensive preparations for an enemy's potential use of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. Third, promoting the rapid and safe demilitarization of our chemical weapons stockpile. Fourth, continuing and expanding the Cooperative Threat Reduction program beyond the Former Soviet Union to help prevent the proliferation of WMD.
    • Question. Assuming you are confirmed, what plans do you have for addressing these challenges?
    • Answer. To meet the first challenge, I intend to focus on the actions taken to date, review the DTRA conducted inspection reports to ensure the follow-up actions are effective and work with each stakeholder to ensure the proper focus on nuclear policies and procedures. For the second challenge, I would work with stakeholders to enhance the nation's ability to defend against potential WMD attacks. For the third challenge, I intend to closely monitor the execution of the Chemical Demilitarization Program. For the fourth challenge, I intend to work with OSD Policy and DTRA to ensure that there is strong acquisition oversight of the CTR program as it expands.
    • Question. What do you anticipate will be the most serious problems in the performance of the functions of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. The most serious problem will be enabling the nuclear enterprise to meet the challenges of an aging stockpile and infrastructure in order to maintain a safe, secure, reliable, and credible deterrent.
    • Question. If confirmed, what management actions and time lines would you establish to address these problems?
    • Answer. I would consult closely with the NWC and Congress regarding the findings of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and the ongoing Nuclear Posture Review.
    • Question. If confirmed, what broad priorities would you establish in terms of issues which must be addressed by the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. First, placing a high priority on a safe, secure, reliable and credible deterrent. Second, furthering the acceleration of our national capability to respond to new and emerging nuclear, biological and chemical threats. Third, continuing and expanding the CTR program to prevent proliferation of WMD. Fourth, continue to maintain a strong NWC.
• reporting chain
  • • Question. Section 142 of title 10, U.S.C., requires that the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs advise the Secretary of Defense on nuclear energy, nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological defense programs. The responsibilities for chemical and biological defense were added to the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs in 1996. The position was originally created as the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense to ensure direct and timely access to the Secretary of Defense in the event that any matter implicating the safety, security, or reliability of the nuclear weapons stockpile needed to be immediately provided to the Secretary. What is your understanding of to whom you would report, if confirmed, within DOD, and who would report to you?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would report to USD(AT&L), and through him and the Deputy Secretary and Secretary of Defense.
    • Question. If confirmed, would you expect to have direct and timely access to the Secretary of Defense for matters pertaining to the safety, security, and reliability of nuclear weapons?
    • Answer. Yes.
• nuclear weapons council
  • • Question. Section 179 of title 10 of the U.S.C. designates the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs as the Executive Director of the NWC. The Chairman of the NWC is the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. Would it be your expectation, if confirmed, to have direct responsibility, authority, direction, and control of all the assets, resources, and personnel needed to fulfill the responsibilities of Executive Director of the NWC?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. If confirmed as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs, how frequently would you expect the NWC to meet and, in your view, would that be sufficient to meet the obligations of the Council? Given the large number of critical issues that are on the agenda of the NWC, I would expect the NWC to meet more frequently than the statutory minimum of four times per year. If confirmed as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs, how would you ensure that the NWC carries out its statutorily mandated duties?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I intend to work personally with each of the members of the Council to ensure it effectively carries out its statutorily mandated duties.
    • Question. Are there any changes that you would recommend to the membership, organization, or structure of the NWC?
    • Answer. Based on my current knowledge, I do not see the need to recommend structural changes to the NWC at this time. If confirmed, I would evaluate this issue.
    • Question. What do you see as the challenges that face the NWC in the next 4 years and what would you do to address these challenges?
    • Answer. The foremost challenges I see are the need to support the Nuclear Posture Review and implement its findings; address mounting concerns in the aging stockpile; and ensure that we have the human capital and resources required to maintain a safe, secure, reliable, and credible stockpile.organizational structure of the office of the assistant to the secretary
    • Question. What is your understanding of the organizational structure of the office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. My understanding is that there is currently a Principal Deputy who is also responsible for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Treaty Management, a Nuclear Matters Deputy, a Chemical and Biological Defense Programs and Chem Demil Deputy, and the Director of DTRA, who reports to the ATSD(NCB). In addition, there are supporting staff to enable the functions of the office.
    • Question. Do you believe this structure is adequate or would you make any changes if confirmed?
    • Answer. If confirmed I plan to evaluate the structure and make specific changes as appropriate.
• nuclear weapons and the stockpile stewardship program
  • • Question. Do you believe that there are any technical reasons to resume nuclear weapons testing at the present time or at any foreseeable time in the future?
    • Answer. No.
    • Question. Do you support the Stockpile Stewardship Program?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. Do you believe that the Stockpile Stewardship Program is capable for the foreseeable future of supporting the nuclear weapons stockpile without nuclear weapons testing?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. What are your views on the current moratorium on nuclear weapons testing?
    • Answer. I support the moratorium.
    • Question. What are your views on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
    • Answer. I support the President's position regarding ratification of the CTBT.
    • Question. In your view, are there any additional capabilities that the Stockpile Stewardship program should develop?
    • Answer. If confirmed I would consult with counterparts to determine what, if any, additional capabilities should be developed to maintain a safe, secure, reliable, and credible deterrent.
    • Question. What are your views on the feasibility and certifiability (without nuclear testing) of the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW)?
    • Answer. My understanding is the RRW was technically feasible within existing policy.
    • Question. What role would you play in establishing requirements to ensure security of nuclear weapons in the custody of the Military Services?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I intend to review the current program and make any necessary changes or recommendations to ensure the security of our nuclear weapons.
    • Question. If confirmed, how quickly and under what circumstances would you inform Congress in the event there is ever any problem with any nuclear warhead?
    • Answer. As quickly as possible, and in accordance with statutory requirements.
    • Question. If confirmed, what role, if any, do you anticipate you will play in reviewing the size and makeup of the nuclear weapons stockpile?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would expect to be a major voice in recommending to the Secretary the size and makeup of the nuclear weapons stockpile.
    • Question. If confirmed, what role, if any do you anticipate you will play in the annual certification process?
    • Answer. I would expect to support the annual certification process in my role as Executive Director for the NWC.
    • Question. Do you believe the annual certification process is adequate or would you recommend any changes?
    • Answer. At this time, I have no reason to doubt the adequacy of the current process. It would be premature to recommend any changes.
• security of the nuclear weapons stockpile
  • • Question. If you are confirmed, what role would you have and do you believe the NWC should have in developing, implementing, and overseeing implementation of nuclear security orders and regulations?
    • Answer. Both the ATSD(NCB) and the NWC have responsibilities to insure that our nuclear weapons are secure. Monitoring security operations and implementation policies, reviewing inspection reports, and insuring sufficient funding for Service security programs are some of those responsibilities.
    • Question. If confirmed what role would you play in nuclear security and nuclear operational inspections?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would expect to review all DTRA conducted inspections. Additionally, I would expect to review all Service conducted inspections and of the results of the Mighty Guardian Force on Force exercises.
• degradation in nuclear expertise, technical rigor, and compliance with regulations, rules, and orders
  • • Question. Over the course of the last 18 months there have been a number of instances within DOD of inattention, sloppiness, and intentional disregard for nuclear rules, orders and regulations. The reviews that have been conducted as a result of these incidents have identified degradation in the attention to nuclear matters as one of the root causes of the many incidents. If confirmed, what role would you anticipate you would play and the NWC would play in restoring discipline and credibility in the nuclear enterprise within DOD and military Services?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I expect to personally work with the Secretary, Service Secretaries, and the NWC continuing to restore discipline and credibility of the nuclear enterprise and continue to implement necessary reforms to ensure the highest standards for safeguarding our Nation's nuclear weapons.
• implementation of the admiral donald report
  • • Question. If confirmed, what role, if any, would you expect to play in implementing corrective actions recommended by Admiral Donald in his report on the security of nuclear weapons in the Air Force?
    • Answer. I have not been briefed on the Admiral Donald Report, and it would not be appropriate to comment on it at this time. If confirmed, I will review it carefully and evaluate the progress on implementation of its recommendations.
    • Question. Are there any aspects of the report with which you disagree?
    • Answer. I have not been briefed on the report and cannot comment at this time.
• implementation of the defense science board report
  • • Question. At the end of 2008, the Defense Science Board (DSB) also completed a review of the nuclear enterprise in DOD and made recommendations. If confirmed, what role, if any, would you expect to play in implementing corrective actions recommended by the DSB?
    • Answer. I have not had the opportunity to meet with this DSB task force and be briefed on their findings. If confirmed, I expect to work with the Secretary and the NWC on any necessary corrective actions identified in the Defense Science Board review.
    • Question. Are there any aspects of the report with which you disagree?
    • Answer. As stated above, I have not yet read the report. If confirmed, I intend to work with the Secretary and the NWC in overseeing implementation of appropriate recommendations.
• chemical and biological defense program
  • • Question. Section 142 of title 10, U.S.C., states that the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs shall advise the Secretary of Defense on chemical and biological defense, as well as on nuclear matters. Your background is primarily in biological threat reduction and related issues. If confirmed, how would you plan to become familiar with the issues and technology associated with chemical and biological defense matters?
    • Answer. I am familiar with the issues and technology associated with chemical and biological defense matters based upon my prior experience in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. If confirmed, I will increase my knowledge of the current programs and issues in the NCB portfolio. I believe that to fully understand the NCB Defense Programs for which I would have oversight I will engage the elements of the Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP), the CDP, and DTRA at their locations. I will visit early on the demilitarization sites and the CBDP research laboratories.
• chemical and biological defense matters
  • • Question. If you are confirmed, what do you expect your roles and responsibilities would be with respect to chemical and biological defense matters?
    • Answer. The ATSD(NCB) is the principal staff advisor to the Secretary on Chemical and Biological Defense matters. The ATSD(NCB) is responsible for oversight, coordination, and integration of the Chemical and Biological Defense Program. If confirmed, I would expect to work closely with the Services, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, and DTRA to meet those responsibilities.
    • Question. If confirmed, would you review the chemical and biological defense program and make any needed recommendations to Congress for improving the program?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. What are your general priorities with respect to the Chemical and Biological Defense Program?
    • Answer. The general priorities for the Chemical and Biological Defense Program are: contamination avoidance, protection, and enhancing the Department's ability to respond to emerging biological and chemical threats.
• interaction with other federal agencies on chemical and biological matters
  • • Question. DHS and the Department of Health and Human Services play important roles in planning and implementing U.S. policy and programs for protecting the United States against biological and chemical threats, including the development and stockpiling of vaccines and therapeutic products. If confirmed, how would you work with these agencies to ensure the effective coordination and collaboration of efforts to improve U.S. security against biological and chemical threats?
    • Answer. If confirmed I would work with each of these Agencies to insure that programs are mutually supportive, avoid duplication, and share results.
• wmd commission view on biological threats
  • • Question. The Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism concluded that ``terrorists are more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological weapon than a nuclear weapon,'' and also that ``the U.S. Government needs to move more aggressively to limit the proliferation of biological weapons and reduce the prospect of a bioterror attack.'' If confirmed, what approach would you take to reducing the risks and consequences of a biological terror attack against the United States?
    • Answer. I would continue the current Departmental emphasis to protect military forces from current and/or emerging biological threats through aggressive research and development, and proactive coordination and integration with the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services. I would also work to strengthen the Department's Nunn-Lugar Biological Threat Reduction Program to prevent such threats.
• transformational medical technology initiative
  • • Question. DOD has undertaken a Transformational Medical Technology Initiative (TMTI) for chemical and biological defense. The purpose of this initiative is to pursue broad spectrum approaches to protecting our military forces against a wide variety of threats, including genetically engineered biological threats. One of the objectives of the program is to develop advanced means of rapid and affordable vaccine production. What are your views on the value of this initiative, and would you support it if confirmed?
    • Answer. Yes, I would support TMTI as a high value initiative within the Department. I understand it has developed a preliminary end-to-end capability for response to emerging and engineered biological threats. I am aware TMTI is a vital part of the National Biodefense Strategy and the Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio, which is coordinated with Executive Office of the President, DOD, and the Department of Health and Human Services.
• vaccine development and acquisition
  • • Question. What role would you expect to play, if confirmed, in ensuring that vaccines and therapeutic products needed to ensure protection and medical treatment of military and civilian employees of DOD are developed and acquired in a timely and effective manner?
    • Answer. If confirmed I would work closely with the ASD for Health Affairs to ensure medical treatment and protection of deployed U.S. service-members and civilian employees are developed and acquired. As the ATSD(NCB) I will work through our Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense which is responsible for the development, procurement, fielding, and sustaining of premier medical protection and treatment capabilities against chemical and biological warfare agents.
• chemical demilitarization issues
  • • Question. Since 2001, responsibility and oversight for the chemical demilitarization program within DOD have been under the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs. If confirmed, would responsibility for and oversight of the chemical demilitarization program remain within your office?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. The United States is a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and, under the terms of the treaty, is obligated to destroy its chemical weapons stockpile by no later than the extended deadline of April 2012. Do you agree that the United States should take all necessary steps to meet its obligations under the CWC?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. If confirmed, what actions would you take to ensure adequate funding is requested to permit the most expeditious destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile, consistent with the legal requirement to protect public health, safety, and the environment?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I will review the current program to ensure that priorities, funding, and operations are consistent with its objectives. If additional funding is needed, I will support those requests.
    • Question. On April 10, 2006, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld notified Congress that the United States would not meet the extended deadline under the CWC for destruction of the United States chemical weapons stockpile, but would ``continue working diligently to minimize the time to complete destruction without sacrificing safety and security,'' and would also ``continue requesting resources needed to complete destruction as close to April 2012 as practicable.'' If confirmed, what actions would you take to ensure the full implementation of those commitments?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I will review the program against those commitments and make any necessary changes or recommendations needed to ensure full implementation.
• consequence management of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive incidents
  • • Question. DOD has a mission of providing support to civil authorities for consequence management of domestic chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive (CBRNE) incidents, if directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense. Since 2002, the ASD for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security Affairs and the Commander of U.S. Northern Command have had responsibilities for planning and executing that mission. If confirmed, how would you expect to work with the ASD for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security Affairs and the Commander of U.S. Northern Command on issues related to the Department's capabilities to provide support to civil authorities for CBRNE consequence management, as well their homeland defense missions related to nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or materials?
    • Answer. ATSD(NCB) oversees a number of programs designed to provide DOD CBRNE responders with equipment, training, command and control support, logistical planning, and technical support. If confirmed I will insure that these programs are responsive to the needs of ASD (HD) and combatant commands.
    • Question. DHS is the lead Federal agency for planning, coordinating, and implementing consequence management of CBRNE incidents in the United States, in conjunction with the States and territories. If confirmed, what relationship would you expect to have with DHS and its component entities?
    • Answer. If confirmed I would expect to coordinate closely with DHS for planning, coordinating, and implementing consequence management of CBRNE incidents.
    • Question. What do you believe is the appropriate role for DOD in providing support to civil authorities for CBRNE consequence management?
    • Answer. A CBRNE event would most likely constitute a national emergency. DOD's role should be to provide whatever support and assets that the President requested in order to save lives, minimize damage, and facilitate recovery.
    • Question. If confirmed, what role would you expect to have in regard to the oversight of DOD capabilities related to consequence management of CBRNE incidents?
    • Answer. If confirmed, I would expect my role to be a senior advisor to the Secretary of Defense on consequence management capabilities. This would include the states use of Title 32 assets including their WMD Civil Support Teams and CBRNE Enhanced Response Force Packages.
• cooperative threat reduction programs (nunn-lugar programs)
  • • Question. Do you support the Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. If confirmed, would you support joint research programs between Russia and the United States in the areas of chemical or biological weapons defense?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. What is your understanding as to your responsibilities with respect to the Cooperative Threat Reduction programs?
    • Answer. The ATSD(NCB) has oversight responsibility for the implementation of the CTR program.
• congressional oversight
  • • Question. In order to exercise its legislative and oversight responsibilities, it is important that this committee and other appropriate committees of Congress are able to receive testimony, briefings, and other communications of information. Do you agree, if confirmed for this high position, to appear before this committee and other appropriate committees of Congress?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. Do you agree, if confirmed, to appear before this committee, or designated members of this committee, and provide information, subject to appropriate and necessary security protection, with respect to your responsibilities as the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. Do you agree to ensure that testimony, briefings, and other communications of information are provided to this committee and its staff and other appropriate committees?
    • Answer. Yes.
    • Question. Do you agree to provide documents, including copies of electronic forms of communication, in a timely manner when requested by a duly constituted committee, or to consult with the committee regarding the basis for any good faith delay or denial in providing such documents?
    • Answer. Yes.

[...]

Question Submitted by Senator Susan Collins emergency preparedness

• Senator Collins. Mr. Weber, one of the most disturbing conclusions of the Commission on the National Guard and Reserves report was the assertion that there was ``an appalling gap'' in our Nation's ability to respond to the use of a weapon of mass destruction on our soil. Specifically, the Commission expressed concern that the forces that would respond to such events had not been fully budgeted for, sourced, manned, trained, or equipped. In a hearing earlier this year, General Victor Renuart stated that he felt that gap no longer existed, and he pointed lo the establishment of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Consequence Management Response Forces (CCMRFs)--one already stood up with two more on the way--as evidence of this. It is my understanding that Guard and Reserve personnel will comprise a substantial amount of these units. However, in the event of something as catastrophic as the detonation of a nuclear weapon in an American city, it seems likely that Governors are going to have a significant need for these troops. As has been discussed in several hearings held by the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, such an event may necessitate closing down interstate highways and major transportation hubs, handling evacuees from other States, and maintaining civil order in the event that people begin evacuating major cities out of a fear of other nuclear weapons being detonated. Do you believe that the States that will be required to provide these troops to the CCMRF units are going to actually be prepared to release them in the event of a catastrophic incident?

• Mr. Weber. The release of Guard and Reserve personnel to support the CBRNE CCMRFs is not under the purview of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs as I understand the functions of my office. However, the employment of Guard and Reserve troops in response to something as catastrophic as the detonation of a nuclear weapon in an American city is a vital concern to the department and I am evaluating my office's role in this matter.

[...]

[The biographical sketch of Andrew C. Weber, which was transmitted to the committee at the time the nomination was referred, follows:]

Andy Weber is currently Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, where he has been serving since 1996. For the past 13 years his responsibilities have included the Nunn-Lugar Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. He played a key role in Nunn-Lugar operations to remove weapons grade uranium from Kazakhstan and Georgia, and nuclear capable MiG-29 aircraft from Moldova. Mr. Weber developed and oversees the Department of Defense Biological Threat Reduction Program, which prevents the proliferation of pathogens, technology, and expertise. For his work at the Department of Defense, Mr. Weber has twice been awarded the Exceptional Civilian Service Medal.

Most of Mr. Weber's 24 years of public service have been dedicated to reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction. He served previously as a United States Foreign Service Officer, and his diplomatic assignments included Saudi Arabia, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Hong Kong.

Since 2002 Mr. Weber has taught a course on Force and Diplomacy at the Edmund A. Walsh Graduate School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University.

He is a graduate of Cornell University, and has a Master's of Science in Foreign Service from Georgetown University.

Mr. Weber speaks Russian and is a member of the Council on Foreign relations. He lives in Arlington, VA, with his wife Julie and daughter Eleanor.

______

Part A--Biographical Information : Instructions to the Nominee: Biographical information furnished in this part of the form will be made available in committee offices for public inspection prior to the hearings and will also be published in any hearing record as well as made available to the public.

1. Name: (Include any former names used.) : Andrew Charles Weber.

2. Position to which nominated : Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs.

3. Date of nomination : April 29, 2009.

4. Address: (List current place of residence and office addresses.)

   1. 1. 1. [Nominee responded and the information is contained in the committee's executive files.]

5. Date and place of birth : April 28, 1960; New York City, NY.

6. Marital Status: (Include maiden name of wife or husband's name.) : Married to Julie Powell Holt.

7. Names and ages of children : Eleanor Jane Weber, age 5.

8. Education: List secondary and higher education institutions, dates attended, degree received, and date degree granted.

   1. 1. 1. Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, M.S.F.S. 1986 (1984-1986).

         2. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, B.A. 1982 (1978-1982).

         3. Scarsdale High School, Scarsdale, NY, 1978 (1974-1978).

9. Employment record: List all jobs held since college or in the last 10 years, whichever is less, including the title or description of job, name of employer, location of work, and dates of employment.

   1. 1. 1. Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, July 1999-present.

         2. Special Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy, Detailed from Department of State to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, December 1996-July 1999.

10. Government experience: List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other than those listed above.

    1. 1. 1. U.S. Department of State, Analyst, 1985-1986.

          2. U.S. Foreign Service Officer, U.S. Department of State, 1986-1999:

             1. 1. 1. Training Assignment (1986-1987)

                   2. Vice Consul, U.S. Consulate Jeddah (1987-1989)

                   3. Political Officer, U.S. Embassy Bonn (1990-1992)

                   4. Russian Language Training, Middlebury, VT, and Arlington, VA (1992-1993)

                   5. Political Officer, U.S. Embassy Almaty (1993-1995)

                   6. Political Officer, U.S. Consulate Hong Kong (1995-1996)

                   7. Detail from the Department of State to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Special Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Threat Reduction Policy (December 1996-July 1999)

11. Business relationships: List all positions currently held as an officer, director, trustee, partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business enterprise, educational, or other institution.

    1. 1. 1. Edmund A. Walsh Graduate School of Foreign Service, Adjunct Faculty (2002-present).

12. Memberships: List all memberships and offices currently held in professional, fraternal, scholarly, civic, business, charitable, and other organizations.

    1. 1. 1. Council on Foreign Relations, member.

          2. The Textile Museum, Advisory Council member.

          3. International Hajji Baba Society (rugs and textiles), board member.

          4. Overlee Association, swimming pool membership.

13. Political affiliations and activities:

    1. 1. 1. (a) List all offices with a political party which you have held or any public office for which you have been a candidate.

             1. 1. 1. None.

          2. (b) List all memberships and offices held in and services rendered to all political parties or election committees during the last 5 years.

             1. 1. 1. Obama for America, volunteer (2008).

          3. (c) Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign organization, political party, political action committee, or similar entity of $100 or more for the past 5 years.

          4. Obama for America, $4,600 ($2,300 primary, $2,300 general).

14. Honors and awards: List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary society memberships, military medals and any other special recognitions for outstanding service or achievements.

    1. 1. 1. Nunn-Lugar Award for Outstanding Contribution to Global Security (2006).

          2. U.S. Department of Defense Medal for Exceptional Civilian Service (2001, 2003).

          3. Edward Weintal Fellowship, Edmund A. Walsh Graduate School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University (1985).

15. Published writings: List the titles, publishers, and dates of books, articles, reports, or other published materials which you have written : None.

16. Speeches: Provide the committee with two copies of any formal speeches you have delivered during the last 5 years which you have copies of and are on topics relevant to the position for which you have been nominated. : None.

17. Commitment to testify before Senate committees: Do you agree, if confirmed, to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of the Senate? : Yes.

[...]

Dr. Peter Daszak and the scientists of EcoHealth Alliance cordially invite you and a guest to a cocktail reception & presentation "GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY " with special guest: The Honorable Andrew C. Weber, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs, U.S. Department of Defense. also presenting:

• Dr. Peter Daszak, President, EcoHealth Alliance

• Dr. Nicholas Preston, Director of Data Science and Research Technology, EcoHealth Alliance

Date: Tuesday, November 19, 2013 ; Cocktail Reception: 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm ; Presentations: 7:00 pm to 8:00 pm

Cosmos Club 2121 Massachusetts Avenue, NW - 2nd floor, Washington, DC 20008

About Peter Daszak, PhD

• Dr. Peter Daszak, President of EcoHealth Alliance, is a leader in the field of conservation medicine and a respected disease ecologist. EcoHealth Alliance is a global organization dedicated to innovative conservation science linking ecology and the health of humans and wildlife. EcoHealth Alliance's mission is to provide scientists and educators with support for grassroots conservation efforts in 20 high-biodiversity countries in North America, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.Previous to his current position, Dr. Daszak was the Executive Director of EcoHealth Alliance's Consortium for Conservation Medicine (CCM) - a collaborative think-tank of institutions. Dr. Daszak's research has been instrumental in revealing and predicting the impacts of emerging diseases on wildlife, livestock, and human populations. Dr. Daszak has also consulted for other non-profit organizations and governmental agencies such as the OIE ad hoc working group on amphibian diseases, the National Academy of Sciences, U.S. Department of the Interior, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, National Institutes of Health, Australian Biosecurity CRC, DIVERSITAS, Society for Conservation Biology, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Dr. Daszak has been called upon time and again to advise governmental, commercial, and non-commercial organizations including, NASA and leading pharmaceutical companies on issues ranging from the environment to national security. With an impressive track record of more than 100 peer-reviewed published papers, Dr. Daszak has also authored book chapters, and his research has been featured in such publications as Nature, Science, The Lancet, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Dr. Daszak's work has been the focus of extensive media coverage, including articles in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Economist, The Washington Post, TIME and broadcast appearances on 60 Minutes II, CNN, ABC News, NPR's Talk of the Nation, Morning Edition, and BBC News.

About The Honorable Andrew C. Weber

• The Honorable Andrew C. Weber is the principal advisor to the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics for matters concerning nuclear, chemical, and biological defense programs. As the ASD(NCB), his mission is to prevent, protect against, and respond to these global threats. Mr. Weber is the Staff Director of the Nuclear Weapons Council, which manages the nuclear weapons stockpile, and he oversees the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. Since taking office, Mr. Weber has overseen an expansion of Nunn-Lugar programs into new regions, including Africa and South Asia. He has also been a key player in reforming the nation's medical countermeasures enterprise. His nuclear duties include executing President Obama's direction that as the U.S. reduces the number of deployed weapons; we are assured that the remaining stockpile is safe, secure, and effective. Prior to his appointment by President Obama, Mr. Weber served for 13 years as an Adviser for Threat Reduction Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. He played a key role in Nunn-Lugar operations to remove weapons grade uranium from Kazakhstan and Georgia, and nuclear capable MiG-29 aircraft from Moldova. Mr. Weber also developed and oversaw the Department of Defense Biological Threat Reduction Program. For his work at the Department of Defense, Mr. Weber has twice been awarded the Exceptional Civilian Service Medal. Most of Mr. Weber's 26 years of public service have been dedicated to reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction. He served previously as a United States Foreign Service Officer, with diplomatic assignments in Saudi Arabia, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Hong Kong. From 2002 through 2008 Mr. Weber taught a course on Force & Diplomacy at the Edmund A. Walsh Graduate School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. He has a Master of Science in Foreign Service degree from Georgetown and is a graduate of Cornell University. Mr. Weber speaks Russian and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

About Nicholas Preston, PhD

• Dr. Nicholas 'Nico' Preston is the Director of Data Science and Research Technology (DART) at EcoHealth Alliance (EHA). His research in computational disease ecology (a blend of ecology, computing, and health) combines data mining, web technology, and statistical modeling to assess infectious disease threats to human, animal, and ecosystem health. Through emerging web technologies and cloud computing, Dr. Preston builds complex computer models and biosurveillance platforms to monitor global ecosystems and understand how they respond to human impacts. Dr. Preston is currently exploring global media and field data to identify new diseases, pathogens, or environmental risks. Dr. Preston's doctoral training was in ecosystem ecology at the University of Wisconsin - Madison Center for Limnology (CFL), with a certificate in global health and postdoctoral work in global health informatics at the UW-Madison Global Health Institute (GHI) and Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE). His postdoctoral work on HealthScapes, and underlying dotSkapes technology, has continued at EHA through web platforms designed to support and enhance collaborative global environmental health research. Nico founded the DART lab at EHA - a dynamic team of data scientists and software developers that draw upon interdisciplinary backgrounds in ecology, computer science, and health. The lab is developing flagship projects, such as the Sicki web encyclopedia, to pinpoint the origins of infectious diseases by curating and analyzing historic disease media through dynamic web applications. Sicki builds upon EHA's expertise in developing 'hotspot' maps of infectious diseases. This historic perspective from Sicki informs our field programs and virtual biosurveillance laboratories. The next generation of technology being developed combines recommendation engines, adaptive models, and decision support tools to monitor, detect, and diagnose emerging threats in real-time dashboards for analysts. [...]

A panel of experts discussed the specter of terrorists armed with nuclear, biological, chemical or other weapons of mass destruction, or WMD, during a July 25 panel discussion at the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado, examining perhaps one of the world’s most dreaded national-security threat scenarios.

Among the panelists was Andrew C. Weber, assistant secretary of defense for nuclear, chemical and biological defense programs, who noted that materials for bioweapons are widely dispersed.

“We focus in our office on the scene between the traditional counterproliferation community that looks at five or six countries around the world with state nuclear, chemical or biological weapons programs, and the counterterrorism community, which looks at people and networks and is very effective at that,” Weber explained.

“Then there's this thing in the middle … called WMD terrorism,” he added. “This is when nonstate actors acquire a WMD capability and use it, and we know they have intent to use it.”

The materials -- what Weber called the supply side for WMD terrorism around the world -- are available in every country, he said.

Such pathogens are available “not just in those few state biological weapons laboratories or biodefense laboratories, but in public health labs and animal health laboratories,” Weber said, adding that the technologies for turning the materials into weapons of mass destruction are increasingly available and the information about how to do it also is “out there.”

With the advent of industrial microbiology, he said, the ways to turn pathogens into even more dangerous materials is becoming more accessible and cheaper over time.

“This is why we have to get ahead of it,” Weber added, and that can be done “by preventing access to the starter cultures.”

In the U.S. experience with anthrax attacks, the assistant secretary said, the FBI said a defense scientist working alone grew and weaponized the anthrax. Twenty-two people were infected, and five of them died. Many more were exposed to the spores.

“He … intentionally chose a primitive delivery means and wrote a letter saying, ‘You've been exposed to anthrax. Take penicillin.’ And we put over 10,000 people on antibiotics and saved a lot of lives,” Weber said.

In a 1995 case in Japan, the Aum Shinrikyo cult carried out two sarin attacks in the Tokyo metro system, one in 1994 and one in 1995. But the same cult launched multiple anthrax attacks, Weber said.

“Those failed because they had obtained an avirulent strain from a veterinary department of a university in Japan,” he added. “Had they obtained the right strain, it would have been successful and we would have known about the attack, because people would have been killed.”

When allied troops when into Afghanistan, the assistant secretary said, “we found that al-Qaida had an anthrax facility in Kandahar, but they had not yet obtained the starter culture, so we were able to intervene in time in that case.”

And over the past several months at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, employees have been exposed to pathogens through mishandling of and then exposure to highly pathogenic avian flu, and last month, live anthrax bacteria.

Also this month, at the National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, technicians discovered old vials of pathogens that included smallpox and flu virus.

“On the issue of biosecurity and the recent lapses, nobody was harmed, so in a sense, it was a good wake-up call,” Weber said. “But I agree with [CDC Director Dr.] Tom Frieden that we must reduce the number of laboratories that have these dangerous pathogens.”

The assistant secretary said he’s been in many such laboratories worldwide where scientists work on agents that cause anthrax, plague and other dangerous diseases. “They're public health labs, they're veterinary labs, and security is not always high on their minds,” he said. “So we as a global community need to do better.”

Several programs address such biosecurity issues globally, Weber added.

The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program consolidates and secures dangerous pathogens around the world, he said, “and recently I visited the Lugar Center for Public Health in Tblisi, Georgia, that was built by the Department of Defense in partnership with Georgia.”

In that center, all of the dangerous pathogen collections from throughout the country had been consolidated into one safe, secure laboratory in Georgia, “and I think that’s a good model,” Weber said.

But, the assistant secretary added, “we're only as safe and secure as the weakest link around the world in this area, so we have to build awareness [and] work across governments. We can't leave this only to health ministries or agriculture ministries. We have to involve security and law enforcement institutions.”

To eliminate the need in public and animal health laboratories to store and use dangerous pathogens and cultures for diagnostic purposes, Weber explained, “we can replace that with better, faster molecular diagnostics, like the [polymerase chain reaction] that don’t require culturing. They can get a good rapid diagnosis without having to culture virus or bacteria.”

Another important effort is the Global Health Security Agenda, an international effort to help boost the global capacity to prevent, detect and respond to disease outbreaks, he said. The program has grown to more than 40 countries and includes participation by the World Health Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health.

“The Global Health Security Agenda is a shot in the arm for this global effort and it will improve the global system for keeping these most dangerous pathogens out of the hands of terrorists,” Weber said, “because that's the best way we can prevent bioterrorism from happening.”

In the meantime, there’s work to be done at home, he said.

“The counterterrorism community is very tactical, very focused on going after terrorists today. The traditional counter-WMD community is very focused on countries like Iran, Syria and other countries with programs,” he explained. “In the intel community, we have the National Counterterrorism Center and the National Counterproliferation Center.”

NCTC has increased the staffing for WMD terrorism, he added, “but I worry about the connecting-the-dot issue between these two communities, and we're developing new methods.”

Weber said what’s needed is to map what he calls the WMD terrorism supply network.

“These are legitimate people, but when a known bad guy from [the clan-based Somali insurgent and terrorist group] al-Shabaab shows up at a lab in Entebbe looking for anthrax,” Weber said, “we need a red flag go up. We're doing a lot to fuse these communities to map the network.”

The assistant secretary took time to applaud the work of U.S. Special Operations Command in this area.

“They’re taking capabilities developed over the past 12-plus years of a global counterterrorism effort and applying them to this problem of weapons of mass destruction,” he said. “And with just a little tweaking, there's a lot of capability we can bring to this fight.”

Such an effort must be a sustained one, Weber added.

“It really is the national security challenge of the 21st century,” he said. “And we need to make sure that we never have a situation like the one where the 911 Commission determined that there was a failure of imagination -- that we didn't connect the dots -- because the stakes are too high.”

"Security vs. Liberty? COVID-19 and Challenges to National Security Law" a CLE seminar hosted on June 11, 2020, by the Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis, Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute at Washington University in St. Louis School of Law, the International Law Association (American Branch), and the Center on National Security at Fordham Law.

While there is no evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic was a biological attack, the United States and at least some other countries found themselves unprepared to respond effectively, raising questions about preparedness for future pandemics – whether naturally occurring or man-made. Public health emergencies also open the door to other threats, including dangerous misinformation campaigns and cyber-attacks during a time when communication and coordination is increasingly dependent on digital means. Just as civil liberties were a casualty of the September 11th attacks, many are now concerned about what rights are being sacrificed for countermeasures against the coronavirus. How can countries best prepare for future pandemics without infringing upon rights and liberties? Is it legal for a government to track its citizens and preventatively restrict the movement of possibly infected individuals? How can we prevent campaigns funded by foreign interests to sow misinformation and division during a public health emergency without infringing on the freedom of speech? Experts in this webinar will discuss what governments can do to balance these competing interests and ensure a comprehensive biodefense strategy.

Panelists

Mr. John Berger — Senior Fellow and Managing Editor and Moderator of Vital Interests: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Global Reset, Center on National Security

Ms. Neema Singh Guliani — Senior Legislative Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union, Washington Legislative Office

Honorable Andrew C. "Andy" Weber — Former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense Programs; Senior Fellow, the Council on Strategic Risks

Moderator

Professor Leila Nadya Sadat — Director, Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute; James Carr Professor of International Law, Washington University in St. Louis School of Law