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Born 17 Dec 1886 [HL006N][GDrive]
Father - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_Gates
See :
BIRTH: 17 Dec 1886 , Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, USA
DEATH: 17 Jun 1933 (aged 46), Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA
BURIAL : Mount Hebron Cemetery. Montclair, Essex County, New Jersey, USA
Frederick Lamont Gates, born in Minneapolis, Hennepin County, MN, December 17, 1886, married, September 11, 1917 in Duluth, St. Louis County, MN, Dorothy Olcott, born June 20, 1891, daughter of William James and Fannie (Bailey) Olcott.
His father said he was "born for study and inquiry and disclosed this at an early age". Ill health disqualified him from athletic activities and his life was centered wholly on activities of the mind. He was accepted at Harvard, Yale and the University of Chicago and, after a year and a half at Chicago, he chose to continue his studies at Yale. He stood at the head of his class, received the Phi Beta Kappa key, and graduated Summa Cum Laude in 1909. The same year, he entered John Hopkins Medical School, and graduated with highest honors four years later. He was recommended for research work at the Rockefeller Institute and took a position on its staff.
On the declaration of war in 1917, Mr. Gates volunteered for the U.S. Army Medical Corps, was accepted and commissioned a first lieutenant. He was assigned to duty on the Rockefeller Institute staff where he gave lectures to military groups selected to attend training there. He was also assigned to visit training camps, in the interest of preventive medicine, and traveled widely. He continued at the institute after the war and his researches, especially those on influenza, received worldwide recognition. His health failed in 1927 and he was required to undertake a less demanding schedule. He continued his research at Harvard and moved his family to Cambridge, MA where he died, June 17, 1933, at age forty-six, after suffering a concussion from a fall.
He is honored in a memorial at the family plot in Mount Hebron Cemetery, Montclair, NJ. His widow, Dorothy, married, second, Leonard Elsmith, but this ended in divorce, and there were no children by her second marriage. She lived for many years in Woods Hole, Barnstable County, MA where she died, January 29, 1984.
Children of Frederick & Dorothy:
Olcott "Ollie" b. 19 Mar 1919, d 27 Jul 1999
Barbara b. 17 Jan 1921, d. 3 May 1993
Frederick Taylor b. 14 Feb 1923
Dorothy b. 27 Jun 1924, d. 19 Jun 1993
Deborah b. 27 Mar 1927, d. 8 Dec 1990
2006 (April) JEM article : "Influenza: exposing the true killer"
2006 (April) JEM article : "Influenza: exposing the true killer"
Article PDF : [HP0056][GDrive] / Heather L. Van Epps
Abstract
Abstract
In the early 1930s, [Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901)] isolated influenza virus from infected pigs. Shope's finding was quickly followed by the isolation of the influenza virus from humans, proving that a virus—not a bacterium, as was widely believed—caused influenza.
In 1892, German bacteriologist Richard Pfeiffer [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Friedrich_Johannes_Pfeiffer ] isolated what he thought was the causative agent of influenza. The culprit, according to Pfeiffer, was a small rod-shaped bacterium that he isolated from the noses of flu-infected patients. He dubbed it Bacillus influenzae (or Pfeiffer's bacillus). Few doubted the validity of this discovery, in large part because bacteria had been shown to cause other human diseases, including anthrax, cholera, and plague.
The filtration question
The filtration question
When history's deadliest influenza pandemic began in 1918, most scientists believed that Pfeiffer's bacillus caused influenza. With the lethality of this outbreak (which killed an estimated 20 to 100 million worldwide) came urgency—researchers around the world began to search for Pfeiffer's bacillus in patients, hoping to develop antisera and vaccines that would protect against infection. In many patients, but not all, the bacteria were found. Failures to isolate B. influenzae (now known as Haemophilus influenzae) were largely chalked up to inadequate technique, as the bacteria were notoriously difficult to culture.
The first potential blow to Pfeiffer's theory came from Peter Olitsky and Frederick Gates at The Rockefeller Institute. Olitsky and Gates took nasal secretions from patients infected with the 1918 flu and passed them through Berkefeld filters, which exclude bacteria. The infectious agent—which caused lung disease in rabbits—passed through the filter, suggesting that it was not a bacterium . Although the duo had perhaps isolated the influenza virus (which they nevertheless referred to as an atypical bacterium called Bacterium pneumosintes), other researchers could not reproduce their results. One of the doubters was Oswald Avery (Rockefeller Institute) [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery ], who developed a culture media—chocolate agar—that optimized the growing conditions for B. influenzae and thus minimized false negative results from patient samples. Thus, the idea that flu was transmitted by a filterable agent (or virus) was dismissed.
Insights from pigs
Insights from pigs
Olitsky and Gates would not be vindicated until a decade later, when [Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901)]—a young physician from Iowa then working on hog cholera at the Rockefeller Institute—turned his attention to swine influenza.
Pig farmers in Iowa had reported two outbreaks—one in 1918 and another in 1929—of a highly contagious, influenza-like disease among their animals. The disease bore such a remarkable resemblance to human flu that it was named swine influenza. [Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901)] and his mentor [Dr. Paul Adin Lewis (born 1879)] took mucus and lung samples from the infected pigs and attempted to isolate the disease-causing agent. They quickly isolated a bacterium that looked exactly like Pfeiffer's human bacterium (and was thus called B. influenzae suis), but when they injected the bacteria into pigs, it caused no disease.
Shope then filtered the samples and, like Olitsky and Gates, found that the filtrate contained the infectious agent. [Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901)]'s filtrate caused a highly contagious, influenza-like disease in pigs—albeit a more mild one than seen in naturally-infected pigs. Mixing the filtrate with the bacterium reproduced the severe disease. He concluded—correctly—that the filterable agent caused the infection, which then facilitated secondary infection with the bacterium (6). Shope published his results in a series of papers in The Journal of Experimental Medicine .
Using Shope's technique, Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrewes, and Patrick Laidlaw (National Institute for Medical Research, UK) soon isolated the virus from humans (7), laying to rest any lingering doubts about the nature of the flu-inducing agent.
Both [Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901)] and the British trio later demonstrated that sera from humans that were infected with the 1918 flu virus could neutralize the pig virus, leading them to conclude that the swine virus was a surviving form of the 1918 human pandemic virus. In fact, a related strain of flu still circulates among pigs today.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/jul/08/influenza-virus-discovery-mrc-nimr :
"[Sir Walter Morley Fletcher (born 1873)], Secretary of the MRC, suggested to the War Office and Army Medical Services that attention should be turned to the possible role of a so-called 'filter-passing virus', and in November 1918 the search for the virus began. The first British investigations into the role of a virus in influenza were carried out by two teams in France and within weeks both claimed they had identified a filterable agent from sick servicemen."
Other key related names :
Dr. Richard Edwin Shope (born 1901) ( who Influenced [Dr. Erich Traub (born 1906)] )
Nov 10 1933 - Shope talks "hog flu" ... https://www.newspapers.com/image/547667039/?terms=%22Richard%20Shope%22&match=1
https://www.newspapers.com/image/302983597/?terms=%22Richard%20Shope%22&match=1
1917 (July 01) - engagement - https://www.newspapers.com/image/369404943/?terms=%22Frederick%20L.%20Gates%22
1920 (July) - Usher at big-name wedding : https://www.newspapers.com/image/83186602/?terms=%22Frederick%20L.%20Gates%22
1923 (March) - Time Magazine : "Medicine: No Armistice Yet"
1923 (March) - Time Magazine : "Medicine: No Armistice Yet"
"The recent announcement of the discovery of the influenza germ at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, broadcasted by radio from the New York State Department of Health and given wide newspaper publicity, has on second thought, like so many other much-heralded scientific events, turned out to be less exciting than was at first supposed. The Journal of the American Medical Association, official organ of the medical profession in the United States, carries an editorial stating the residue of facts in the case, on the authority of Dr. Simon Flexner, director of the Institute.
The " discovery" is simply the summarizing of scientific papers published during the past three years by Drs. Frederick L. Gates and Peter K. Olitsky, of the Institute staff. A new microorganism, bacterium pneumosintes, has been isolated from the noses and throats of several patients with influenza, has been independently cultivated, and has produced influenza-like symptoms when injected into rabbits. Numerous other varieties of bacteria, such as Pfeiffer's bacillus, are usually present in these puzzling respiratory diseases, and it is not clear that the new organism is the invariable causal agent of influenza, though it is believed that it produces conditions in the lung tissues which facilitate the onset of pneumonia and other complications. No specific vaccine, or serum has yet been devised to combat the bacterium, nor has the work been confirmed by other observers. We are still a long way, therefore, from scientific control of epidemic influenza."
Notes : Gates make mention of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideyo_Noguchi , who died in May 1928 . Similar to the death of Dr. Paul Adin Lewis (born 1879) in 1929.
"Artificial Cultivation.—From the beginning of the investigation, while the first animal transmission experiments were in progress, attempts were made to isolate the active agent in artificial cultures outside the body. For this purpose the usual methods of cultivation were discarded in favour of the particular methods developed by Doctor Noguchi, based on the early experiments of Doctor Theobald Smith. The Smith-Noguchi culture medium, which had proved successful in the cultivation of certain highly parasitic microbes, consists of dilute blood serum or tissue fluid with a small fragment of fresh sterile tissue—usually rabbit kidney—and is thus very different from the artificial broths and jellies commonly employed in bacteriology. Besides furnishing nutritive substances the tissue fragment creates an environment favourable to those peculiar “anaerobic” microorganisms which can live only in the absence of air. The choice of this medium for the cultivation of the active agent of the animal transmission experiments proved to be a fortunate one."
OMG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Smith died in 1934
https://www.newspapers.com/image/649176412/?terms=Theobald%20Smith&match=1
https://www.newspapers.com/image/267084049/?terms=Theobald%20Smith&match=1
https://www.newspapers.com/image/573502325/?terms=Theobald%20Smith&match=1
buy until nov 1934 - https://www.newspapers.com/image/215964080/?terms=Theobald%20Smith&match=1 .. CONTROERSEY ..
Pauil Lewis dies.. July 1929 ... [HN01IU][GDrive] .. "rockefeller scientists ... similar death to Noguchi"
1927 (Nov) - Lab Tours, Rockefeller U - https://www.newspapers.com/image/58334273/?terms=%22Frederick%20L.%20Gates%22
1929 (Feb 09) - Father passes : https://www.newspapers.com/image/515345244/?terms=%22Frederick%20L.%20Gates%22
1930 (Mar 30) - https://www.newspapers.com/image/135691985/?terms=%22Frederick%20L.%20Gates%22
1933 (early June)
1933 (early June)
NOTE - A week before Gates's fatal accident, [Sir Walter Morley Fletcher (born 1873)] (who proposed the possibility 1918 flu was viral, starting in 1918) died unexpectedly ..
1933 (June 16)
1933 (June 16)
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