PE008 Lai Tsz Ching 11198474

Room C Day 2 1330 - ES#3

Supervisor: Dr. Chow Chi Ching, Gary

Title: The Differences In Aggression and Assertion Among Male and Female Contact, and Non-Contact Sport Athlete

Abstract

Purpose: This study compared the hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion of sport type (rugby for contact; rope skipping for non-contact) and gender (male and female). Methods: 201 rugby athletes (101 males and 100 females; mean age ± SD = 22.4 ± 3.3 years) and 201 rope skipping athletes (100 males and 101 females; mean age ± SD = 22.3 ± 2.2 years) completed the study. Methodology: Their hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion were evaluated by the 12-item short form of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF) and the 5 assertiveness items from the Aggressiveness in Sport Questionnaire. Results: The results revealed that (1) compared to female, male athletes had higher hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion (P < .001, d = 0.383 - 0.760), and (2) compared to non-contact sport, contact sport athletes had higher hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion (P < .001, d = 0.360 - 0.459). No significant interaction effect was found between gender and sport type on hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion (P = .113, d = 0.267 - 0.782). Conclusions: Male athletes and contact sport athletes demonstrated higher sport aggression (higher score in hostile aggression when compared to instrumental aggression) and assertion compared to female athletes and non-contact sport athletes. The influences of the gender role expectations and team norms of athletes may pose an important role to structure athletes’ hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and assertion. In addition, participants showed low mean score in sport aggression and assertion, reflecting the influences of their perspective on winning and the culture difference between Asian and Western country.

Keywords: Sports aggression, assertion, gender, sport type

PE017 Poon Ching Leung Sunny 11139882

Room C Day 2 1330 - ES#3

Supervisor: Dr. SUN Fenghua, Bob

Title: Effect of beetroot supplementation on 5-km intermittent swimming performance in elite swimmers

Abstract

Background: ­­Beetroot juice supplementation (BJS) have been tested during cycling and running. Beetroot juice contain high levels of nitric oxide (NO), with beneficial impacts on blood flow, gas exchange and muscle contraction. Several studies indicated these biomarkers improvement could have ergogenic effects on cardiorespiratory endurance. Purpose: This study investigate whether Beetroot juice supplementation can improve performance in 5-km swimming intermittent training on the performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and peripheral oxygen saturation (S_pO₂) in elite open-water swimmers. Methods: Ten elite swimmers (n=10) recruited in this study, eight swimmers completed two 5-km intermittent training sessions (10x500-m), separated 6-day supplementation periods, with a daily dose of either 70ml nitrate-rich (BRJ; 6 mmol of NO₃^-) or nitrate-depleted (PLA) BRJ. The relative velocity expressed in percentage of a single 500-m (RV), heart rate (HR) and S_pO₂ was monitored by fingertip pulse oximeter. 15-point RPE scale was used during the trails. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was performed (p <0.05). Result: Velocity in girls significantly higher after BRJ consumption in pre-test (1.33 0.02ms^-1 in BRJ, 1.30 0.02 ms^-1 in PLA) and post-test (1.39 0.01 ms^-1 in BRJ, 1.34 0.01ms^-1 in PLA). No significant difference emerged in the velocity in boys. HR was significantly elevated with BRJ compared to PLA supplementation in pre-test (173.6 2.7 bpm in BRJ, 148 12.1 bpm in PLA) and post-test (193.3 1.0 bpm in BRJ, 184.3 1.5 bpm in PLA). RPE (8 1 in BRJ,, 9 1 in PLA) and S_pO₂ (92 4% in BRJ, 92 5% in PLA) were not different between two trails. Conclusion: 6-day beetroot juice supplementation may benefit performance of 5-km intermittent training in female but not male elite open-water . However, the RPE and S_pO₂ during training were not affected by beetroot juice supplementation.

Keywords: beetroot; endurance; performance; nutrition

PE028 Yau Ching Hei

Room C Day 2 1330 - ES#3

Supervisor: Ms. Tam Sze Man, Simone

Title: The correlation between self-esteem and stress level in school sports team member versus normal students from Hong Kong secondary school

Abstract:

Purposes

Nowadays, in Hong Kong, students deal with many responsibilities and commitments in various dimensions such as academic performance and extra curriculum activities, so on and so forth. Thus, it is always feasible for those who work with students at any age to familiarize and understand their development on self-esteem and the factor contributing to their stressors. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are any correlation of stress, self-esteem and participation in school sports team in Hong Kong secondary school students.

Methodology

80 local secondary students were the participants of this research and 40 of them were the athlete of school sports team and the remaining were non-sports team member. They completed two questionnaires including The Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. Correlations were used to test for associations among all three variables for the sample and within each sex.

Results

Result showed that participation in school sports team was significantly correlated with stress and self-esteem. Those who are member of school sports team tend to have higher self-esteem level and lower stress level.

Conclusion

Educator in local school should put more emphasis on the sports participation for local secondary school students and creating a sports-friendly atmosphere in school since it can positively effect students’ stress and self-esteem level.

Keywords: self-esteem, stress, sports team, adolescence, secondary school

PE030 Yu Ka Yiu

Room C Day 2 1330 - ES#3

Supervisor: Dr. Cheung Pui Yee, Peggy

Title: A Study on Children’s Perception of Enjoyment during Structured Recess

Abstract:

Purposes: This study compared the children’s perception of enjoyment between structured recess with and without supervision and different supervision strategies.

Structured recess has become an emerging public health strategy that can enhance children’s physical activity (PA) in school. Children’s PA enjoyment was a significant predictor of their PA. The impact of many structures on children’s PA and enjoyment has been investigated, but little is known about their perception of enjoyment on provision of equipment with and without supervision, and the types of supervision. This study may provide insights to schools into how and what kinds of supervision could be applied during structured recess, so promote children’s PA. Methodology:

The Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity and Play (LEAP) questionnaire was used to compare 10- to 13-year-old children’s enjoyment between different kinds of recess and supervision strategies at two schools (n=523). Researchers applied Chi-square test in SPSS (version 26.0) to investigate children’s enjoyment between equipment provision with supervision and equipment provision without supervision, different kinds of supervision strategies, and gender. Result: Children’s enjoyment would be the highest during normal recess. Rewards and nurturance from supervisors were preferred supervision strategies, that were beneficial for raising children’s enjoyment of PA during recess for both boys and girls. Conclusion: In conclusion, providing freedom for children to decide activities that they like during recess might be a more effective way for promoting their PA. Rewards and nurturance from supervisors could be given for raising children’s enjoyment of PA. Further research is needed.

Keywords: Physical Activity, Enjoyment, Recess, Children, Equipment, Supervision

SS009 HO, CHUNG WAN (Group)

HO, CHUNG WAN, KO, YUK PUI JAMES, LAM, NGAI SHING, TSE, LONG HIN, PUN, SAMIL, CHEUNG, CHAK SING, CHAN, KA CHUN

Room C Day 2 1330 - ES#3

Supervisor: Dr. Sun Fenghua, Bob

Title: Compare caffeine-carbohydrate and caffeine-protein solutions on rowing performance and cognitive functions in collegiate indoor rowing athletes

Abstract:

Purpose: This study compared the effects of caffeine-carbohydrate solution (CCS), caffeine-protein solution (CPS) and noncaloric colored placebo (PLA) on both 500m rowing ergometer performance and cognitive function. Methods: Eight collegiate rowing athletes (5 males, 3 females) performed a 500m time trial ergometer on three occasions, separated by at least 1 day. In a randomized double-blinded crossover design, they ingested 300mL of CCS, CPS, or PLA 30 minutes prior to the time trial. A cognitive function test was performed before ingesting the solution, and before and after the time trial. Participants ingested approximately 200mg caffeine plus 45g carbohydrate in CCS trial, and 200mg caffeine plus 11g protein in CPS trial during each 500m trial. Result: No significant differences were found between CCS and PLA, and, CCS and CPS (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found between CPS and PLA (CPS: 106.95 ± 12.70s vs PLA: 105.06 ± 12.80s, P < 0.05) in the ergometer test. The PLA trial showed significantly slower accuracy and reaction time in both cognitive function tests than CCS and CPS trial (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, CPS feedings might improve 500m time trial performance in both male and female collegiate rowing athletes compared with a PLA. However, CCS provided no additional time trial performance benefit. Both CCS and CPS benefit athletes’ cognitive function performance compared to PLA.