The stress paradigm that we have employed extensively in our stress research experiments is single prolonged stress (SPS). SPS refers to serial application of restraint, forced swim, and ether. After a 7-day quiescent period there are several physiological and behavioral effects that are observed with SPS that model PTSD. A list of publications from the lab that has utilized this technique is below.
Knox, D. and Parikh, V. (2024). Basal forebrain cholinergic systems as circuits through which traumatic stress disrupts emotional memory regulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. (in press).
Collins, B, Biddle, M, Wood, D, Boyapati, S, Barth, M, Jeun, C, and Knox, D. (2023) The role of avoidance in modulating single prolonged stress effects on emotional memory in male and female rats. Behavioural Brain Research. 452:114579.
Knox, D., Mohammadmirzaei, N., Biddle, M., Collins, B., Xuezhu, C., Kulkarni, P., Hekmatyar, K., Wood, D., Boyapati, S., Barth, M. (2023). Mechanisms via which traumatic stress leads to persistent fear memory in male and Female rats. Biological Psychiatry. 93(9): S84.
Biddle, M. and Knox, D. (2023). The role of estrogen receptor manipulation during traumatic stress on changes in emotional memory induced by traumatic stress. Psychopharmacology, 240(5): 1049-1061.
Examining Mechanisms via which Traumatic Stress Leads to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Animal Models: Advantages, Pitfalls, and Future Directions. (2022). Eds. Knox, D., Sabban, E., Morinobu, S. Frontiers Inc.
Knox, D., Stout-Oswald, S. A., Tan, M., George, S. A., and Liberzon, I. (2021). Maternal separation induces sex-specific differences in sensitivity to traumatic stress. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15: ecollection.
Mohammadmirzaei, N*., Biddle, M*., Hekmatayar, K., Cai, X., Kulkarni, P., and Knox, D. (2021). The Effect of Traumatic Stress on the Mu-Opioid Receptors and Connectivity Within Reward Circuits. Biological Psychiatry, 89(9): S197.
Knox, D. (2021). Issues with Using Animal Models to Examine Sex Differences in Developing PTSD. Biological Psychiatry, 89(9): S48-S49.
Ferland-Beckham, C., Chaby L.E., Daskalakis, N.P., Knox, D., Liberzon, I., Lim, M.M., McIntyre, C., Perrine, S.A., Risbrough, V.B., Sabban, E.L., Jeromin, A., and Haas, M. (2021). Systematic Review and Methodological Considerations for the Use of Single Prolonged Stress and Fear Extinction Retention in Rodents. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 15: 652636.
Knox, D., Della Valle, R*. Mohammadmirzaei, N.*, Shultz, B.*, Biddle, M., Farkash, A. ·, Chamness, M., and Moulton, E ·. (2021). PI3K-Akt signaling in the basolateral amygdala facilitates traumatic stress enhancements in fear memory. International Journal Of Neuropsychopharmacology. 24(3):229-238. Citations - 2
Della Valle, R*. Mohammadmirzaei, N.*, and Knox, D. (2019). The role of sensory cortex, thalamic nuclei, and the periaqueductal gray in mediating changes in emotional memory in the single prolonged stress model of post traumatic stress disorder. Learning & Memory. 26 (10): 403-411. Citations – 3.
Moulton, E. ·, Chamness, M. ·, and Knox, D. (2018). Characterizing changes in glucocorticoid receptor internalization in the fear circuit in an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder. PLOS One 13(12): e0205144. Citations – 1.
Knox, D., Stanfield, B.R. ·, Staib, J.M. ·, David, N.P., DePietro, T. ·, Chamness, M. ·, Schneider, E. K. ·, Keller, S.M.*, and Lawless, C.* (2018). Using c-Jun to map learning-specific neural circuits via which single prolonged stress disrupts extinction retention. Behavioural Brain Research 341: 189-197. Citations – 8.
Knox, D., Stanfield, B.R. ·, Staib, J.M. ·, David, N.P., Keller, S.M.*, and DePietro, T. · (2016). Neural circuits via which single prolonged stress exposure leads to extinction retention deficits. Learning & Memory 23:(12): 689-698. Citations – 21.
Keller, S.M.*, Schreiber, W.B.*, Stanfield, B.R. ·, Knox, D. (2015). Inhibiting corticosterone synthesis during fear memory formation exacerbates cued fear extinction memory deficits within the single prolonged stress model. Behavioural Brain Research 287: 182 - 186. Citations – 16.
Keller, S.M.*, Schreiber, W.B.*, Staib, J.M. ·, Knox, D. (2015). Sex differences in the single prolonged stress model. Behavioural Brain Research 286: 29-32. Citations – 33.
George, S.A., Stout, S., Tan, M., Knox, D., Liberzon, I. (2013). Early handling attenuates enhancement of glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Biology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders 3(1): 22. Citations – 17.