FN: footnotes and endnotes.

If your teacher instructs you to use notes rather than parenthetical documentation, be sure you know whether to use footnotes (located at the bottom of the page) or endnotes.

If you use endnotes, start them either (1) four lines (two double-spaced lines) below the last line of your paper or (2) on a new page after the last page of your paper. Pages with notes should be numbered like any other page. The correct heading is “Notes” (without quotations marks), not “Endnotes” or “Footnotes”; center it on the first line. Double-space after the heading (leaving one blank line between “Notes” and the first note) and throughout the endnotes.

How Notes Differ in Form from Bibliography Entries

Indentation. Indent all notes 0.5" on their first line; if they require more than one line, start subsequent lines at the left margin. Use a tab stop on the first line. The default settings on Microsoft Word are correct, but if your notes do not look like the examples below, check to see that the settings are right:

Format > Paragraph > Special > (none)

Format > Tabs > Default tab stops > 0.5"

Start the note with the number, typed in superscript. Leave one blank space and begin the note.

Order and punctuation. Use commas, not periods, in most places.

1. List the author’s first name first.

2. A comma, not a period, follows the author’s name.

3. No punctuation after the title; leave one space and start a parenthesis.

4. The parenthesis includes the publishing data: place, colon, publisher, comma, and date.

5. Close the parenthesis, use no comma or period, and leave one blank space.

6. List the page number(s) of the information cited, with no abbreviation like “p.” or “pp.” To indicate a range of pages, use a hyphen with no spaces, and repeat only the final two digits (unless, of course, more are necessary, as in 199-201).

WRONG: 57-8

RIGHT: 57-58

WRONG: 127-131

RIGHT: 127-31

WRONG: 199-01

RIGHT: 199-201

Sample note:

¹ Barbara W. Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914 (New

York: Macmillan, 1966) 324. Print.

Sample bibliography entry:

Tuchman, Barbara W. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914.

New York: Macmillan, 1966. Print.

If they start a new page, endnotes should look as follows:

Sample Endnotes Page

Content Notes

Most notes simply list bibliographical information for cited sources. Content notes are different; they comment on points too minor to be included in the essay itself. Usually they comment upon a cited source. Avoid content notes; they distract the reader from your argument. They are better suited for books and long essays.

Sample Notes

The following pages provide a list of sample notes, based on the sample bibliography entries in the preceding section.

NOTE: The list below is intended for viewing on a full screen. Viewing it in different formats (e.g., tablet, split-screen, telephone) may affect spacings and line breaks.

Sample Notes: Print and Video Sources

For fuller information on each of the following, see the corresponding sections above in the sample bibliography entries.

A book.

¹ Roxana Ferllini, Silent Witness: How Forensic Anthropology is Used to Solve the

World’s Toughest Crimes (Buffalo: Firefly, 2002) 161-63. Print.

An edited book.

² Mikko Canini, ed., Genetic Engineering (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006). 189. Print.

A co-authored book. If there are more than two authors, you may name the first and add “et al.” (“and others”) after the first name.

³ Tim Pilcher and Brad Brooks, The Essential Guide to World Comics (London: Collins,

2005) 88. Print.

A translated book.

⁴ Konstantin Mochulsky, Dostoevsky: His Life and Work, trans. Michael A. Minihan

(Princeton: Princeton UP, 1967): 279. Print.

A republished book. Give the original publication date inside the parenthesis and followed by a semicolon.

⁵ Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre (1847; New York: Bantam, 1981) 340. Print.

A work in an anthology or collection.

⁶ Paul Yoon, “Once the Shore,” The Best American Short Stories 2006, eds. Ann Patchett

and Katrina Kenison (Boston: Houghton, 2006) 8-9. Print.

Cross-references. To refer to a work cited fully in an earlier note, cite only the author’s name. If you have previously cited two or more works by the same author, add the title (or a shortened form of the title, such as Silent Witness for the work cited in note 1).

⁷ Yoon 17.

If you include two or more works from one collection, you do not need to recopy all the bibliographical information about the collection. List the collection itself only in the first reference to a work from it. In subsequent references, refer to the collection by the author’s last name or, if necessary, a short version of the title. You need not repeat “Print” after your first note.

⁸ T. S. Eliot, “Hamlet and His Problems,” The Sacred Wood (London: Methuen, 1920). 87-94,

rpt. in David Bevington, ed., Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice,

1968): 22-26. Print.

⁹ L. C. Knights, “An Approach to Hamlet,” rpt. in Bevington 64-72.

An introduction, preface or afterword.

¹⁰ T. W. Craik, Introduction, Twelfth Night, by William Shakespeare (London: Arden

Shakespeare, 1975) lxxix. Print.

An article in a reference book.

¹¹ Kevin MacDonald, “Ancient African Civilizations,” Africana: The Encyclopedia of the

African and African American Experience, eds. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis

Gates, Jr., 2^nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005) 91. Print.

A government publication.

¹² United States, Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010

(Washington: GPO, 2010). Print.

An article in a newspaper. List unsigned articles by title. Put the date of the article in a parenthesis. If you cite more than one page of an article, list only the first page followed by a plus. Abbreviate all months except May, June and July.

¹³ Rob Perez, “Slow Wheels of Justice,” Honolulu Star-Advertiser (23 July 2014) A1+.

Print.

An article in a magazine. Abbreviate all months except May, June and July.

¹⁴ David Von Drehle, “The Case Against Summer Vacation,” Time (2 Aug. 2010) 36. Print.

An article in a professional journal. In the example, the number 37.1 means the essay appeared in volume 37, issue 1 of Children’s Literature in Education. For notes, list only the page(s) you cite.

¹⁵ Alice Mills, “Harry Potter and the Terrors of the Toilet,” Children’s Literature in

Education 37.1 (2006) 13. Print.

Movies and television shows. For movies, only title, director, distributor and year are necessary, but you may include other information, such as names of performers, if it is pertinent to your paper.

¹⁶ From Here to Eternity, dir. Fred Zinnemann, perf. Burt Lancaster, Montgomery Clift,

Deborah Kerr, Frank Sinatra, and Donna Reed (Columbia, 1953). Video.

¹⁷ “Spirits of the Forest,” Nature, PBS (KHET, Honolulu, 31 July 1997). Video.

An interview.

¹⁸ Coon, David P. Telephone interview. 25 Feb. 1997.

Sample Notes: Electronic Sources

Websites.

An entire website.

¹⁹ Bartleby.com: Great Books Online, ed. Steven H. van Leeuwen, 2005. Web. 30 Nov.

2009.

A page from a website. In the example below, 1900 is not the date when Walt Whitman wrote or first published his poem “O Captain! My Captain!” It is the date of the edition of Leaves of Grass used on Bartleby.com. If the title of the poem did not end in an exclamation mark, a comma would follow it.

²⁰ Walt Whitman, “O Captain! My Captain!” Leaves of Grass, 1900, Bartleby.com: Great

Books Online, ed. Steven H. van Leeuwen, 2005. Web. 30 Nov. 2009.

A website with an author.

²¹ Ian Grayson, “Testing Time for Schools, Students,” The World Factbook, Central

Intelligence Agency (3 Aug. 2010). Web. 30 Aug. 2010.

A website with no author.

²² “Kenya,” The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (3 Aug. 2010). Web. 30

Aug. 2010.

eBooks.

An eBook from a web source. For example, a text you found on a website.

²³ Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (London: J. M. Dent, 1906). Google Books. Web. 30

Nov. 2012.

An eBook from an electronic file. For example, an eBook downloaded to an electronic device.

²⁴ Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (Amazon Digital Services, n.d.), Kindle File.

An eBook from an electronic database. In the example, “ebrary” is the name of the database, and “ProQuest” is the name of the publisher.

²⁵ Jane Austen, Emma (Delhi: Global Media, 2007), ebrary, ProQuest. Web. 30 Nov.

2010.

Other electronic sources.

A scholarly journal article, found in an online database. In the example below, the article comes from issues 3-4 of volume 45 of the Journal of Library Administration. Academic Search Premier is the database, and EBSCO is the publisher.

²⁶ Ellen Safley, “Demand for E-books in an Academic Library,” Journal of Library

Administration 45.3/4 (2006) 445-57, Academic Search Premier, EBSCO. Web. 30 Nov. 2009.

A magazine article found in an online database. The New Yorker lists each issue by day (26 Apr. 2010). Other magazines may be dated differently (for example, by month). MasterFILEPremier is the database and EBSCO is the publisher.

²⁷ Ken Auletta, “Publish or Perish,” The New Yorker (26 Apr. 2010) 24-31,

MasterFILEPremier, EBSCO. Web. 12 Aug. 2010.

A magazine article found on the web.

²⁸ Eliana Dockterman, “Five Ways to Fix College Admissions,” Time (01 May 2014) n.p.

Web. 15 Aug. 2014.

A newpaper article found in an online database. If the edition is specified, indicate it as in the example below (“late ed.”). Indicate section and page number (“E44”). If the article covers more than one page, use “+” (for example, “E44+”) instead of listing every page. In the example, LexisNexis Scholastic is the database publisher.

²⁹ Michiko Kakutani, “The Course of Social Change Through College Admissions,” New

York Times (25 Nov. 2005 late ed.): E44, LexisNexis Scholastic, Web. 30 Nov. 2009.

A newspaper article found on the web. In the example below, New York Times is the title of the newspaper and New York Times (not italicized) is the publisher.

³⁰ Ron Lieber, “Four Stand-Out College Essays About Money.” New York Times. New

York Times, 9 May 2014. Web. 15 Aug. 2014.

An online government publication. List the government (“United States”), the bureau, and the title of the publication, followed by place, publisher and date of publication.

³¹ United States, Census Bureau, The 2009 Statistical Abstract (Washington: GPO, 2009).

Web. 5 Oct. 2009.

An image. List the following information: author’s name (if available); the title (italicized if it is a work of art) or a description of the image; the date when the work was created, if known; the medium (“Online image”); (for works of art) the institution and city where the original work is held, if known; the website (italicized); “Web”; date of access.

³² Eugène Delacroix, Arabs Skirmishing in the Mountains (1863), online image, National

Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Web. 30 Nov. 2006.

³³ “China” (2006), map, China Country Page, US Dept. of State. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.

An online video. The first example below starts with the name of the organization that created the video. The second starts with the author. If no producer or author is listed, begin with the title of the video.

³⁴ Google Developers, “Using the JavaScript Client Library with Google Calendar,” YouTube (Google

Developers: 1 Apr. 2008). Web. 21 Jan. 2010.

³⁵ Sal Khan, “French Revolution Part 1: From the Convocation of the Estates General to the

Storming of the Bastille,” Khan Academy (2012). Web. 30 Nov. 2012.

A podcast.

³⁶ Jon Hamilton, “From Primitive Parts, a Highly Evolved Human Brain,” podcast,

NPR.org (9 Aug. 2010). Web. 30 Nov. 2010.

A blog post. If no author is identified, start with the title of the blog post in quotation marks. If it has no title, take a phrase from the opening line.

³⁷ Dave Pell, “Immersed in Too Much Information, We Can Sometimes Miss the Big

Picture,” All Tech Considered, NPR.org. (11 Aug. 2010). Web. 30 Nov. 2010.

An e-mail. List the writer, last name first. Take the title from the subject line. Date of message, medium (“E-mail”).

³⁸ Val T. Iwashita, “Sullivan Center for Innovation and Leadership” (15 May 2012). E-mail.

An online interview.

³⁹ Sal Khan, interview by Neal Conan, Talk of the Nation, NPR, Washington, DC (23

Oct. 2014). Web. 15 July 2014.