Non-Modifiable Risk Factors  

Age  

Older Adults (65+ Years)  

Aging is the most significant risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. The likelihood of developing PD increases substantially with age, particularly after 65 years old. The majority of PD cases are diagnosed in older adults, making age the greatest non-modifiable risk factor. Aging leads to natural changes in the nervous system, including reduced dopamine production, which increases susceptibility to PD. 

Children and Adolescents 

 While Parkinson’s disease is rare in young populations, juvenile Parkinsonism can occur, typically linked to genetic mutations. This form presents with similar motor symptoms but often has a slower progression compared to typical PD. 

Gender  

Parkinson’s disease affects men more frequently than women. Studies suggest that men are about 1.5 times more likely to develop PD than women. The reasons for this difference are not fully understood but may involve genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that influence susceptibility. 

Genetics  

Genetic factors contribute to approximately 10-15% of Parkinson’s disease cases. Mutations in genes such as LRRK2, PARK7, PINK1, and SNCA are associated with familial forms of PD. Even in sporadic cases, genetic predispositions can increase risk when combined with environmental factors. 

Pre-existing Medical Conditions  

Neurological Conditions  

A history of neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or previous neuroinflammatory conditions, may increase the risk of developing PD. Research indicates that head injuries can lead to changes in the brain that may predispose individuals to PD. 

Osteoporosis and Musculoskeletal Disorders 

Some evidence suggests that individuals with osteoporosis or certain musculoskeletal disorders may have a higher risk of PD. These conditions can lead to decreased physical activity and increase the risk of falls, which may exacerbate motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. 

Modifiable Risk Factors  

Socioeconomic Status  

Lower Socioeconomic Status (SES)  

Lower SES is associated with increased exposure to environmental toxins, reduced access to healthcare, and lower education levels, all of which may increase the risk of developing PD. Poor nutrition and limited physical activity, often linked to lower SES, can also contribute to health disparities. 

Mental Health 

Untreated Mental Illness 

Chronic mental health issues, especially if untreated, may have indirect effects on the risk of developing PD. Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions can lead to lifestyle factors (e.g., inactivity, poor diet) that may contribute to the onset of PD symptoms or exacerbate existing conditions. 

Environmental Hazards 

Unsafe Living or Working Conditions 

Living or working in environments with high exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, solvents, or air pollution can significantly increase the risk of PD. Studies show that long-term exposure to these environmental toxins can contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.