Har Gobind Khorana was raised in Raipur, which was part of British India at the time and is today Pakistan. The youngest of five children, his family was one of the few literate families with access to education in Raipur. After receiving his BA and MA in Science from the Punjab University at Lahore in 1945, he left India to earn his PhD in organic chemistry at the University of Liverpool, England. Later, he moved to the United States, where he spent the rest of his life. Khorana joined the Institute for Enzyme Research at the University of Wisconsin before earning the Nobel Prize in 1968. Khorana enjoyed hiking, swimming, a home filled with art, and long silent walks in nature. Khorana was an educator, researcher, husband, and father to three.
Khorana used small repeating sequences of RNA to understand how DNA is translated from code to amino acid to protein. His contributions helped to create the genetic codon table, which allows scientists to determine which amino acids will be used based on a DNA sequence. This contribution earned him and his fellow researchers a shared Nobel Prize. Khorana also developed the technique to create oligonucleotides (short synthetic DNA segments) necessary for all modern sequencing techniques and DNA PCR procedures.