Resources
When working on most projects, I've found I frequent the same few websites or software packages depending on my needs, and after seeing many of them cobbled together on Jeffery Friesen's website, I realized a similar list would be helpful for anyone else pursuing the same types of projects. I hope this list helps someone put their robot or solar-powered compost grinder together just a bit faster.
Feel free to copy this list, just as I did for much of it.
McMaster Carr - one of the best search functions on any parts website. Even if you end up purchasing it somewhere else, you can use their vast menus with images and CAD drawings to find the name of what you're looking for, and maybe get an idea of what material to use. A bit pricey, but with warehouses in NJ, CA, GA, and OH, they'll get it to you very quickly.
Misumi - Another great industrial components supply. Their configurator is a little complicated, but once you get the hang of it you can often find exactly what you're looking for. Bonus tip: very tiny screws on there.
Amazon - great place to go if you know what you need. The documentation is garbage, the images often don't match the product, and the prices are often inflated. But if you're an informed buyer, Amazon is occasionally the only one who has it. You have to already know the exact vocabulary for what you want, and the common pitfalls (similar part numbers, etc). One huge upside is the reviews are often helpful for those weird parts that don't have much information. No other site has useful reviews like Amazon. Often fast shipping!
Ebay - it's amazing what they've got on here. Whether it's materials, motors, simple components, or cheap tools, you're bound to find it at a decent price and free shipping. Again you must be an informed buyer; it's hard to know what you're actually going to get. Often slow shipping!
Alibaba (or aliexpress) - risky. If you know everything about the part you're looking for, and how to fix it when it breaks, this is a very cheap alternative. If you're willing to wait a month for your item, and it isn't a big loss if it's complete crap, this is one way to save money. I've purchased cheap LEDs and materials here. Often very slow shipping.
Banggood - similar to Alibaba, with an emphasis on electronics/motors/etc. Another site where you have to know what you're looking for.
Electronics
Sparkfun - chip breakouts, motor drivers, power supplies, FTDI converters, etc.
Adafruit - great resource for single-board-computers, chip breakouts, LEDs, sensors, and lots and lots of great documentation.
Pololu - motors, basic electronics like motor drivers, power supplies, etc
DigiKey - everything electronic. Surprisingly good resource for PSAs, tapes, foams, and other 2D goods.
Mouser - like DigiKey. They're alright. If digikey doesn't have it, try Mouser.
ncd.io - They've got lots of great boards and adapters for connecting up other microcontrollers like feathers and arduinos, or computers like raspberry pis. Additionally, though I have not had the chance to try any of these out, they seem to have a lot of controllers they've designed themselves. Worth checking out.
usdigital - encoders
Lin Engineering - great resource for very decent, US-made stepper motors. Great support.
Materials
OnlineMetals.com - Owned by ThyssenKruppp, I've purchased stuff like 6061 Aluminum tubing from here since it's cheaper than McMaster Carr. They've got lots of options, and they'll even include the Mill Test Report if you ask for it.
ePlastics - I've purchased sheet goods in their physical store in San Diego, but I've never ordered anything online from them. Huge inventory.
TAP Plastics - I've purchased acrylic and solvents in their physical stores around the SF bay area, but I've never ordered anything online from them. They're very affordable and helpful in-person, so I assume their online services are great too!
Douglas and Sturgess - Silicone and room temp Polyurethanes. Again, I've purchased lots of Smooth-On products from their physical stores, but not online.
Software
MCAD (Mechanical Computer Aided Design):
Creo Parametric - Owned by PTC. Used by a ton of giants. Complicated but very capable.
Siemens NX - Another big (and expensive) one. Not used in a parametric way as much as Creo. Very capable.
CATIA - Owned by Dassault Systemes. Another biggie used by large companies and large projects. Very capable.
Autodesk Inventor - Not as popular as the above packages but still used by some giants.
Solidworks - Owned by Dassault Systemes. This is starting to become a industry giant. And growing in cost as well!
Fusion 360 - Owned by Autodesk. Newer software. Started out free but costs several hundred a year now. Cloud based. Not as capable as the bigger older packages, but has interesting capabilities such as CAM, sculpting, rendering, simulation, and recently ECAD.
OnShape - Owned by PTC. Newer software started by some Solidworks people. Cloud based. Not as capable but very intuitive and fast.
SketchUp - Owned by Trimble. Simple direct modeling software.
FreeCAD - free!
Autodesk AutoCAD - Not really an MCAD, but people ask about it all the time. This is used more for architecture (drafting), event production, etc.
ECAD (Electrical Computer Aided Design):
Altium - industry standard
KiCAD - free, but limited capability
Eagle (deprecated, don't use)
Fusion 360 for EEs
Lightburn - laser cutter software for your 3rd party cheapo laser cutter
Blender - 3D modeling for when you're looking to make an organic shape. Used for 3D art, animation, motion graphics, etc.
Inkscape - vector graphics (useful if you're doing any 2D fab like laser cutting, sheet cutting, etc)
Cura - slicing up those STLs for your consumer-grade FDM printer
VS Code - Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for programming. A bit complicated to get set up but absolutely worth the time. This is THE way to work on your code base. Especially once you're juggling multiple C++ files.