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When conducting research, proper citation is essential to give credit to original authors, avoid plagiarism, and maintain academic integrity. There are several citation styles, each with its own format and rules. The most commonly used citation styles in IT, business, and data research include APA (American Psychological Association), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), MLA (Modern Language Association), and Chicago Style.
1. APA (American Psychological Association) – 7th Edition
1. APA (American Psychological Association) – 7th Edition
Used in: Social sciences, business, education, and psychology.
Format: Author’s last name, first initial. (Year). Title in sentence case. Publisher.
🔹 In-text citation (Author-date format):
(Smith, 2020) or Smith (2020) stated that…
🔹 Reference list example:
Smith, J. (2020). Data analytics in modern business. Oxford University Press.
🔹 Journal article:
Brown, A., & Green, K. (2021). The role of AI in business decision-making. Journal of Business Research, 45(3), 223-240. https://doi.org/xxxxx
🔹 Website:
Google. (2023, March 15). Cloud computing trends. https://www.google.com/cloud-trends
2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Used in: Computer science, engineering, and IT research.
Format: Uses numbered references in brackets.
🔹 In-text citation (Numbered format):
As discussed in [1], machine learning improves efficiency…
🔹 Reference list example:
[1] J. Smith, Machine learning in modern AI. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2020.
🔹 Journal article:
[2] A. Brown and K. Green, “The impact of deep learning on cybersecurity,” IEEE Transactions on Cybersecurity, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 45-56, 2021.
🔹 Website:
[3] Google, “Cloud computing trends,” Mar. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/cloud-trends
3. MLA (Modern Language Association) – 9th Edition
3. MLA (Modern Language Association) – 9th Edition
Used in: Humanities, literature, and some business fields.
Format: Author’s last name, first name. Title in italics. Publisher, Year.
🔹 In-text citation (Author-page format):
(Smith 23) or Smith states that “…” (23).
🔹 Works Cited example:
Smith, John. The Future of Digital Marketing. Penguin Books, 2020.
🔹 Journal article:
Brown, Alice, and Kevin Green. “AI in Business: A New Era.” Journal of Business Studies, vol. 45, no. 3, 2021, pp. 223-240.
🔹 Website:
Google. “Cloud Computing Trends.” Google Cloud, 15 Mar. 2023, www.google.com/cloud-trends.
4. Chicago Style – Notes and Bibliography
4. Chicago Style – Notes and Bibliography
Used in: History, business, and publishing.
Format: Uses footnotes or endnotes instead of in-text citations.
🔹 Footnote citation:
¹John Smith, Big Data and Business Intelligence (New York: HarperCollins, 2020), 45.
🔹 Bibliography example:
Smith, John. Big Data and Business Intelligence. New York: HarperCollins, 2020.
🔹 Journal article:
Brown, Alice, and Kevin Green. “AI in Business: A New Era.” Journal of Business Studies 45, no. 3 (2021): 223-240.
🔹 Website:
Google. “Cloud Computing Trends.” Last modified March 15, 2023. https://www.google.com/cloud-trends.
Which Citation Style Should You Use?
Which Citation Style Should You Use?
APA → Social sciences, business, education.
IEEE → IT, computer science, engineering.
MLA → Humanities, literature, and some business research.
Chicago → Business, history, and formal research publications.
Using the correct citation style ensures clarity, credibility, and professionalism in your research. Always follow your institution or publisher's preferred format.
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