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The Present System in Latin includes THREE TENSES: Present, Imperfect, and Future.
The Present System in Latin includes THREE TENSES: Present, Imperfect, and Future.
These Tenses are taken together because they are always formed from the 1st and 2nd principal parts of a Latin verb in both the active and passive voices.
These Tenses are taken together because they are always formed from the 1st and 2nd principal parts of a Latin verb in both the active and passive voices.
Present Tense
Present Tense
Definition: The Action takes place in the present. It is happening now.
Definition: The Action takes place in the present. It is happening now.
Active
Active
English: I am leading, you throw, he loves, she is reading, they do hear
English: I am leading, you throw, he loves, she is reading, they do hear
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 3rd conjugation verbs change the short "e" to "i"
- Add PERSONAL ENDINGS (for Active)
- 1st person singular simply comes from the FIRST principal part
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amas = you love, you are loving
- Video, videre: videt = he sees, she is seeing
- Duco, ducere: ducimus = we lead
- Audio, audire: audiunt = they are listening
Passive
Passive
English: I am (being) led, you are (being) thrown, he is (being) loved
English: I am (being) led, you are (being) thrown, he is (being) loved
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 3rd conjugation verbs change the short "e" to "i"
- Add PASSIVE ENDINGS (for Passive)
- 1st person singular simply comes from the FIRST principal part
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amaris = you are loved
- Video, videre: videtur = he is being seen
- Duco, ducere: ducimur = we are being lead
- Audio, audire: audiuntur = they are heard
Imperfect Tense
Imperfect Tense
Definition: Habitual, repetitive, or incomplete action that took place in the PAST.
Definition: Habitual, repetitive, or incomplete action that took place in the PAST.
Active
Active
English: I was leading, you were throw
English: I was leading, you were throw
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 3rd conjugation verbs change the short "e" to "i"
- Add "ba" to the stem
3rd io's & 4th conjugations include and "ie" in their stem
- Add PERSONAL ENDINGS (for Active)
- 1st person singular simply comes from the FIRST principal part
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amabas = you were loving
- Video, videre: videbat = he was seeing
- Duco, ducere: ducebamus=we were leading
- Audio, audire: audiebant = they were hearing
Passive
Passive
English: I was (being) led, you were (being) thrown, he was (being) loved
English: I was (being) led, you were (being) thrown, he was (being) loved
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 3rd conjugation verbs change the short "e" to "i"
- Add "ba" to the stem
3rd io's & 4th conjugations include and "ie" in their stem
- Add PASSIVE ENDINGS (for Passive)
- 1st person singular simply comes from the FIRST principal part
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amabaris=you were loved
- Video, videre: videbatur = he was seen
- Duco, ducere: ducebamur = we were led
- Audio, audire: audiebantur = they were being heard
Future Tense
Future Tense
Definition: The action has yet to occur, but it WILL occur in the future.
Definition: The action has yet to occur, but it WILL occur in the future.
Active
Active
English: I will lead, they will throw
English: I will lead, they will throw
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
How to Form the Present ACTIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 1st/2nd conjugation verbs: add "bo/bi/bu"
"bo" = 1st person singular; "bu" = 3rd person plural; all other person and number = "bi"
- 3rd/4th conjugation verbs: Change the stem vowel ("e" or "i") to "a" and "ē"
"a" +m = 1st person singular; all other persons and numbers switch to the long "e" (ē )
3rd-io & 4th conjugations verbs retain an "i" in front of the "a/e" (dicam vs. capiam)
- Add PERSONAL ENDINGS
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amabis = you will love
- Video, videre: videbo = I will see
- Duco, ducere: ducemus = we will lead
- Audio, audire: audient = they will listen
Passive
Passive
English: I will be led, they will be thrown
English: I will be led, they will be thrown
How to Form the Present PASSIVE:
How to Form the Present PASSIVE:
- Second Principal part
- Minus "re"
- 1st/2nd conj verbs: add "bo/be/bi/bu"
"bo" = 1st person singular; "be" = 2nd person singular; "bu" = 3rd person plural; all other forms = "bi"
- 3rd/4th conjugation verbs: Change the stem vowel ("e" or "i") to "a" and "ē"
"a" +m = 1st person singular; all other persons and numbers switch to the long "e" (ē )
3rd-io & 4th conjugations verbs retain an "i" in front of the "a/e" (dicam vs. capiam)
- Add PERSONAL ENDINGS
Latin Examples
Latin Examples
- Amo, amare: amaberis = you will be loved
- Video, videre: videbor = I will be seen
- Duco, ducere: ducemur = we will be led
- Audio, audire: audientur = they will be heard
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