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Introduction
Introduction
A VERB is a word that expresses an action, state, or condition.
A VERB is a word that expresses an action, state, or condition.
The action can be physical, as in such verbs as run, walk, climb, sing, or mental, as in such verbs as dream, think, believe, and hope. Verbs like be and become express a state or condition rather than an action.
The action can be physical, as in such verbs as run, walk, climb, sing, or mental, as in such verbs as dream, think, believe, and hope. Verbs like be and become express a state or condition rather than an action.
The VERB is one of the most important words in a sentence; you usually cannot express a complete though without a verb. In English, there are two kinds of verbs: transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a DIRECT OBJECT (The couple welcomed the strangers or the child throws the ball). Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object (the dog was friendly or Time stood still). Recommended source.
The VERB is one of the most important words in a sentence; you usually cannot express a complete though without a verb. In English, there are two kinds of verbs: transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a DIRECT OBJECT (The couple welcomed the strangers or the child throws the ball). Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object (the dog was friendly or Time stood still). Recommended source.
Principal Parts
Principal Parts
The Principal Parts of a Verb are those forms which we need to know in order to form all the different TENSES.
The Principal Parts of a Verb are those forms which we need to know in order to form all the different TENSES.
English has FOUR Principal Parts
English has FOUR Principal Parts
Present Stem/Base or Infinitive: SEE
Present Stem/Base or Infinitive: SEE
Present Participle: (is) SEEING
Present Participle: (is) SEEING
Past Stem/Base: SAW (most verbs = -ED, walked, loved)
Past Stem/Base: SAW (most verbs = -ED, walked, loved)
Past Participle: SEEN
Past Participle: SEEN
Latin has FOUR Principal Parts:
Latin has FOUR Principal Parts:
Present 1st person singular: PONO (I verb)
Present Stem and Infinitive: PONERE (to verb)
Perfect 1st person singular: POSUI (I verbed)
Also serves as the Stem for all Perfect Active Forms
Perfect Participle: POSITUS (having been verbed)
Also serves as the Stem for all Perfect Passive Forms
In vocabulary lists and dictionaries, Latin verbs are listed by their 1st person singular of the present tense. The entry should give all principal parts. It is VERY IMPORTANT to learn ALL principal parts, since they are necessary to form the different tenses. Many verbs are regular and you will only need to learn a pattern, which you can apply to other verbs of the same group. Some verbs are IRREGULAR and change forms completely. These will have to be memorized individually.
In vocabulary lists and dictionaries, Latin verbs are listed by their 1st person singular of the present tense. The entry should give all principal parts. It is VERY IMPORTANT to learn ALL principal parts, since they are necessary to form the different tenses. Many verbs are regular and you will only need to learn a pattern, which you can apply to other verbs of the same group. Some verbs are IRREGULAR and change forms completely. These will have to be memorized individually.
Conjugations
Conjugations
A set of conjugated forms of the same verb pattern is called a CONJUGATION.
A set of conjugated forms of the same verb pattern is called a CONJUGATION.
There are FOUR conjugations of verbs in Latin, which are numbered and grouped by ending.
There are FOUR conjugations of verbs in Latin, which are numbered and grouped by ending.
To determine a verb's conjugation, look at the SECOND PRINCIPAL PART
To determine a verb's conjugation, look at the SECOND PRINCIPAL PART
Verbs conjugate differently depending on the conjugation grouping it belongs to, especially in the Present system. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize which conjugation a verb belongs to.
Verbs conjugate differently depending on the conjugation grouping it belongs to, especially in the Present system. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize which conjugation a verb belongs to.
Parsing a Latin Verb
Parsing a Latin Verb
As noted above, a Latin verb changes its form depending on its SUBJECT (person and number), its TENSE, its VOICE, and its MOOD. One is able to identify these variables of a verb based on the STEM used, the SIGNIFIER, and the ENDING.
As noted above, a Latin verb changes its form depending on its SUBJECT (person and number), its TENSE, its VOICE, and its MOOD. One is able to identify these variables of a verb based on the STEM used, the SIGNIFIER, and the ENDING.
- The STEM of a verb is created from one of its principal part, which principal part depends on the tense and voice of the verb.
- The SIGNIFIER refers to additions or changes to the stem that are demanded by the mood or tense of the verb.
- The ENDING of a verb is determined by the person and number of the subject, as well as the voice in the present system.
What is meant by MOOD?
What is meant by MOOD?
The mood refers to the attitude of the speaker toward what he/she is saying.
The mood refers to the attitude of the speaker toward what he/she is saying.
- The Subjunctive Mood Latin uses the Subjunctive mood much more frequently than English does.
What is meant by VOICE?
What is meant by VOICE?
The voice of a verb refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. There are two voices in both English and Latin:
The voice of a verb refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. There are two voices in both English and Latin:
- The Active Voice occurs when the verb expresses what the subject of the sentences is or does (the dog wags his tail; the girl is a student).
- The Passive Voice occurs when the verb expresses what is done to the subject by someone or something. In other words, the Subject receives the action of the verb (the tail is wagged by the dog).
- In English, the Passive voice is expressed by the verb to be conjugated in the proper tense + the past participle of the main verb (is wagged, was wagged, will be wagged).
What is meant by TENSE?
What is meant by TENSE?
The tense of a verb indicates when the action of the verb takes place: at the present time, in the past, or in the future. In Latin, there are SIX tenses. They are divided into TWO categories base on the principal part used for their stem: Present System Perfect System
The tense of a verb indicates when the action of the verb takes place: at the present time, in the past, or in the future. In Latin, there are SIX tenses. They are divided into TWO categories base on the principal part used for their stem: Present System Perfect System
What is meant by PERSON and NUMBER?
What is meant by PERSON and NUMBER?
Person and number refer to the SUBJECT of the verb. Latin does not require a separate noun or pronoun to be the subject--it can be entirely contained within the verb itself. If a subject is given separately, it must be in the nominative case. Person refers to whether the subject is in the first person, second person, or third person. Number refers to whether the subject is singular or plural.
Person and number refer to the SUBJECT of the verb. Latin does not require a separate noun or pronoun to be the subject--it can be entirely contained within the verb itself. If a subject is given separately, it must be in the nominative case. Person refers to whether the subject is in the first person, second person, or third person. Number refers to whether the subject is singular or plural.
The Personal Endings are by far the most common.
The Personal Endings are by far the most common.
Active Voice of all tenses & moods, except the perfect active indicative
Passive voice of the Perfect System in both the indicative & subjunctive moods.
The Passive Endings are used for the passive forms of the Present System in both the Indicative and Subjunctive moods.
The Passive Endings are used for the passive forms of the Present System in both the Indicative and Subjunctive moods.
The Perfect Endings are by far the least used. They ONLY apply to the Perfect Active Indicative.
The Perfect Endings are by far the least used. They ONLY apply to the Perfect Active Indicative.
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