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Pronouns are nouns that take the place of other nouns. As in English, there are many different kinds of pronouns in Latin
Pronouns are nouns that take the place of other nouns. As in English, there are many different kinds of pronouns in Latin
Personal: He/him, she/her, it, they/them Demonstrative: this/that
Possessive: my, your, our, their Indefinite: someone, anyone
Reflexive & Intensive: myself, yourself, herself Relative & Interrogative: who/whom, which
Personal: He/him, she/her, it, they/them Demonstrative: this/that
Possessive: my, your, our, their Indefinite: someone, anyone
Reflexive & Intensive: myself, yourself, herself Relative & Interrogative: who/whom, which
Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns stand in for the names of people or things. They exist in singular and plural, and in three persons.
1st person: I/me, we/us
2nd person: you/y'all
3rd person: he/him, she/her, it, they/them
Personal pronouns stand in for the names of people or things. They exist in singular and plural, and in three persons.
1st person: I/me, we/us
2nd person: you/y'all
3rd person: he/him, she/her, it, they/them
They're typically not used in Latin verb conjugations. In English, we say, "I love," "you love," "he loves"; we like to speak the personal pronouns that go with the conjugated verb. But in Latin, as in modern Spanish and Italian, subject pronouns were usually omitted, except where the speaker meant to emphasize them. Thus, the everyday verb conjugation above would have this well-known configuration: amo, amas, amat. For the ancient Latin speaker, the personal pronoun as subject was repetitive. The conjugation of the verb was enough to indicate person, number and gender. And so when a personal pronoun is placed in the nominative, it emphasizes the subject; however, the personal pronoun is used regularly in all other cases and functions.
First Person: I/me, we/us
First Person: I/me, we/us
Second Person: you/y'all
Second Person: you/y'all
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Another very common expression is using words like “my” “our” “your” and “y’all’s” to describe possession. Instead of using the genitive form you need to use the possessive adjectives. These 2-1-2 adjectives decline completely regularly and must agree with the noun they modify in case, number and gender.
Another very common expression is using words like “my” “our” “your” and “y’all’s” to describe possession. Instead of using the genitive form you need to use the possessive adjectives. These 2-1-2 adjectives decline completely regularly and must agree with the noun they modify in case, number and gender.
Our: noster, nostra, nostrum
Your (sing): tuus, a, um
Your (plural): vester, vestra, vestrum
His/hers/its/their: suus, -a, -um when referring to the subject
Use the genitive sing or pl of is, ea, id (eius/eorum/earum)
if referring to another person
Our: noster, nostra, nostrum
Your (sing): tuus, a, um
Your (plural): vester, vestra, vestrum
His/hers/its/their: suus, -a, -um when referring to the subject
Use the genitive sing or pl of is, ea, id (eius/eorum/earum)
if referring to another person
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative comes from the Latin word in your vocabulary list this unit. “demonstro, demonstrare” - to point out. A demonstrative is a type of pronoun that literally points out a noun. In English we use words like “this”, “that”, “those”, or “these.
Demonstrative comes from the Latin word in your vocabulary list this unit. “demonstro, demonstrare” - to point out. A demonstrative is a type of pronoun that literally points out a noun. In English we use words like “this”, “that”, “those”, or “these.
I like these cookies, not those cookies.
I like these cookies, not those cookies.
In the sentence above, “these” and “those”, point out which of the cookies I am speaking. When these pronouns are used they act like adjectives. They must agree with the nouns they point out in case, number and gender. They can also act like pronouns if no noun agrees with them.
In the sentence above, “these” and “those”, point out which of the cookies I am speaking. When these pronouns are used they act like adjectives. They must agree with the nouns they point out in case, number and gender. They can also act like pronouns if no noun agrees with them.
She loves these!
She loves these!
Demonstratives come in 30 different forms just like adjectives.
Demonstratives come in 30 different forms just like adjectives.
Relative & Interrogative Pronouns
Relative & Interrogative Pronouns
Relative clauses are clauses that describe nouns. The noun that is described is called an antecedent: the word that goes before the relative clause. Relative clauses are a dependent clauses, meaning they cannot stand alone and need an independent clause. Relative clauses start with relative pronouns, in English those are words like “who, whom, that”.
Relative clauses are clauses that describe nouns. The noun that is described is called an antecedent: the word that goes before the relative clause. Relative clauses are a dependent clauses, meaning they cannot stand alone and need an independent clause. Relative clauses start with relative pronouns, in English those are words like “who, whom, that”.
I love to eat bagels that have loads of cream cheese.
I love to eat bagels that have loads of cream cheese.
The Relative Pronoun refers to some noun (its antecedent) in the preceding clause. It agrees in gender and number with its antecedent, but its case is determined by its function within the relative clause.
The Relative Pronoun refers to some noun (its antecedent) in the preceding clause. It agrees in gender and number with its antecedent, but its case is determined by its function within the relative clause.
Below you see the relative pronoun chart. Many of these forms should have endings that are familiar to you.
Below you see the relative pronoun chart. Many of these forms should have endings that are familiar to you.
**Besides the nominative singular, most forms of the interrogative pronoun are identical to the relative pronoun. The nominative singular, however, is "quis" in the Masc/Fem and "quid" in the neuter. Additionally, there are no separate feminine forms for the accusative and ablative singular.
Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
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