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What is change, the od process, & Consulting?
What is change, the od process, & Consulting?
Levels and Types of Change
Levels
Change can be planned or unplanned a
Change can occur at different levels (Anderson, 2019):
Individual
Group/Team
Intergroup
Organizational
Suprasystem (multiple organziations are implicated)
Types
First Order
Alterations or changes to existing practices
Second Order
Modifications in the frameworks themselves
Episodic
Distinct periods of change
Continuous
Idea that the organization never truly stops changing
Systems Theory and its Value
How systems within an environment interact/relate with one another
Value
Offers useful explanations for human behavior in organizations.
Pays attention to structures and roles.
Helps OD practitioner determine where to start their interventions for change.
Models of Organizational Change
Lewin's Three Phase Model of Change and Force Field Analysis
Unfreezing --> Moving --> Refreezing
There may be forces supporting the change, and some resisting the change
Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model
Emphasis on the transformational process and reflects interdependence
Points to areas that affect one another so that changes in other parts of the system can be noted/controlled
Burke-Litwin Model of Organizational Performance and Change
Specifies the variables that would be affected by a given change
Weisbord's Six-Box Model
Depicts the interrelationships among six of an organization's component parts
Purpose
Structure
Rewards
Relationships
Helpful Mechanisms
Leadership
Social Construct and Its Values
Organization is a concept developed out of our own actions and language.
Change is a continuous process
Useful explanation for human behavior.
Members take an active role in the organization
Importance of communication in creating change.
Foundation is a change in meaning.
Consulting Models
Expert Model
Consultants have specialized content knowledge in a particular field
Doctor-Patient Model
Consultants have content knowledge and clients want to be told what the solution is
Mechanic Model
The client wants the consultant to deal with all parts of the problem, as well as develop an implement a solution
OD Consultant, Skills, and Competencies
An OD consultant plays multiple roles within a consulting engagment (facilitator, coach, teacher, researcher)
Skills and Competencies
Interpersonal Skills and Personal Characteristics
Organizational Behavior
Data Collection & Analysis
Training & Development
Business & Management Knowledge Areas
General Professional Skills
Consulting Skills
Interventions
(Anderson, 2019)
Action Research and Consulting
Action Research
"The process of using social scientific reserach practices to gather data about groups, intervene in their processes, and evaluate the results of the intervention" (Anderson, 2019, p. 117).
Action Research Process
Problem Definition and Diagnosis
Action Planning
Taking Action
Evaluation Results
Consulting Process
Entry
Contracting
Data Gathering
Diagnosis
Feedback
Intervention
Evaluation and Exit
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