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Right Hemisphere Stroke: A type of stroke affecting the right side of the brain, which can lead to paralysis on the left side of the body (in this case, the left leg).
Paralyzed: The inability to move a part of the body due to nerve damage or injury.
Language Ability: The capability of humans to produce and understand complex linguistic messages.
Neurological Location: The specific area of the brain responsible for particular functions, such as language processing and motor control.
NEUROLINGUISTICS
NEUROLINGUISTICS
Neurolinguistics: The study of the relationship between language and the brain. It examines how language is processed, produced, and understood in the brain.
Language Localization: Refers to the identification of specific areas in the brain that are associated with language functions.
Phineas P. Gage: A construction foreman who, after a severe brain injury, demonstrated that language abilities could remain intact despite significant damage to the brain.
LANGUAGE AREAS IN THE BRAIN
LANGUAGE AREAS IN THE BRAIN
Gray matter: A type of nervous tissue in the brain primarily composed of neuronal cell bodies; crucial for processing and cognitive functions, including language.
Hemisphere: Refers to one half of the brain. The left hemisphere is often associated with language functions, while the right hemisphere is more linked to creative tasks.
Corpus callosum: A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, facilitating communication between them.
BROCA'S AREA (1)
Anterior Speech Cortex (Broca's Area): A specific region in the frontal lobe of the brain that is significantly associated with the production of spoken language.
Left Hemisphere: The left half of the brain, which is often associated with language processing functions.
WERNICKE'S AREA (2)
Posterior Speech Cortex / Wernicke's Area: A region of the brain located in the left hemisphere, crucial for the comprehension of spoken language.
Carl Wernicke: A German physician in the 1870s who studied the relationship between brain damage and language comprehension issues.
THE MOTOR CORTEX (3) AND THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS (4)
Motor Cortex: An area of the brain responsible for controlling muscle movements, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.
Broca’s Area: A region in the frontal lobe associated with speech production and the control of articulatory muscles.
Arcuate Fasciculus: A bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area, essential for language processing.
Example: Damage to the arcuate fasciculus can lead to conduction aphasia, where a person understands and speaks but struggles to repeat what they hear.
THE LOCALIZATION VIEW
Localization View: The theory that specific aspects of language ability are associated with specific locations in the brain.
TONGUE TIPS AND SLIPS
TONGUE TIPS AND SLIPS
Brain and Speech Production: Refers to the cognitive processes involved in forming and articulating spoken language.
Linguistic Knowledge: The understanding and internalization of language rules and vocabulary.
Production Difficulties: Challenges encountered when attempting to communicate verbally.
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE PHENOMENON
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon: A psychological event where a person cannot fully retrieve a word they know, feeling that it is just out of reach.
Phonological Outline: A mental representation of the sound structure of a word, including its phonetic components.
Word Retrieval: The process of recalling a word from memory.
Malapropism: An error in which a person mistakenly uses a word that sounds similar to the intended word but has a completely different meaning; often used humorously (e.g., “transcendental medication” instead of “transcendental meditation”).
e.g: He’s a wolf in cheap clothing. (instead of "sheep's clothing")
Vietnamese: "Anh ấy đang học quản trị con người." thay vì "quản trị nhân sự"
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE
Slip of the tongue: A type of speech error where a speaker unintentionally says something different from what they intended, resulting in humorous or nonsensical phrases.
Spoonerism: A specific kind of slip of the tongue named after William Spooner, characterized by the exchange of the initial sounds of two words.
e.g: "Use the key to open the door" becomes "Use the door to open the key"
Vietnamese: "Tôi đang triển khai hành động" thành "Tôi đang khiển trai hành động"
SLIPS OF THE BRAIN
Perseveration: A speech error where a sound from one word is incorrectly carried over to the next word.
Example: "my favorite fong" instead of "my favorite song".
Vietnamese: "Đưa tôi cái cọ" thay vì "Đưa tôi cái lọ"
Anticipation: A speech error where a sound is anticipated and used in a word before its occurrence.
Example: "noman numeral" instead of "roman numeral".
Vietnamese: "Tôi ăn cả cá" thay vì "chả cá"
Exchange: A speech error where sounds from two words swap places.
Example: "beel fetter" instead of "feel better".
Vietnamese: " Tôi thích nghe nhạc của Hái Thứ Hiêu" thay vì " HieuThuHai"
Slips of the brain: Refers to the cognitive process errors that occur as the brain organizes and generates language.
SLIPS OF THE EAR
Slips of the Ear: Auditory misunderstandings that occur when a listener mishears what is being said, leading to confusion about the intended message.
e.g: "The cat is on the roof." -> Misheard as "The cat is on the loof."
Language Production and Comprehension Disorders: Serious issues in the ability to construct sentences or understand language due to dysfunction in brain processes.
APHASIA
APHASIA
Aphasia: A language disorder that results from localized brain damage, leading to difficulties in understanding and/or producing language.
Stroke: A medical condition where a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or bursts, which is a common cause of aphasia.
Interrelated language disorders: The relationship between different language impairments, where difficulties in understanding can affect the ability to produce language.
BROCA'S APHASIA
Broca’s Aphasia: A serious language disorder characterized by reduced speech output, difficulty in articulation, and slow, effortful speech.
Ex: “My cheek … very annoyance … main is my shoulder … achin’ all round here.”
Motor Aphasia: Another term for Broca's aphasia, emphasizing the impairment in the speech production mechanisms.
Agrammatic Speech: Speech that lacks grammatical markers, often resulting in disjointed expression.
WERNICKE'S APHASIA
Sensory Aphasia / Wernicke’s Aphasia: A type of language disorder characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech and difficulties in auditory comprehension. Patients often use vague language and have trouble understanding what others say.
Ex: I can't say everything I do, and some of it I can do okay, but I can't tell others.
Anomia: A specific type of language impairment where an individual has difficulty finding the correct word during speech.
CONDUCTION APHASIA
Conduction Aphasia: A less common type of aphasia associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus, characterized by fluent speech but difficulty in repeating words.
For example: Repeating the word “beach” as “beesh” or “bleach.”
Auditory Comprehension: The ability to understand spoken language.
Fluency: The smoothness and flow of speech, which may include speech rate, rhythm, and pauses.
DICHOTIC LISTENING
DICHOTIC LISTENING
Dichotic Listening Test: An experimental technique used to study how the brain processes verbal stimuli by presenting different sounds to each ear simultaneously.
Left Hemisphere Dominance: The concept that the left half of the brain is primarily responsible for language and verbal processing.
Right Ear Advantage: The phenomenon observed in dichotic listening tests where participants are more likely to accurately identify sounds heard in the right ear, indicating that information from the right ear is processed in the left hemisphere.
LEFT BRAIN, RIGHT BRAIN
Left Ear/Right Ear Advantage: Refers to the phenomenon where auditory stimuli presented to the left ear are processed in the right hemisphere before being relayed to the left hemisphere, making linguistic processing slower compared to stimuli from the right ear, which go directly to the left hemisphere.
Analytic vs. Holistic Processing: Analytic processing involves breaking down sounds, words, and phrases into smaller components for detailed understanding, while holistic processing focuses on general structures and meanings in language and experiences.
THE CRITICAL PERIOD
THE CRITICAL PERIOD
Lateral Dominance / Lateralization: The specialization of the left hemisphere of the brain for language functions, often described as a one-sidedness.
Critical Period: A specific timeframe during which the human brain is most adept at acquiring language, traditionally considered to extend from birth until puberty.
Sensitive Period: A phase during early childhood when the brain is particularly receptive to language input, closely associated with the critical period.
Language Acquisition: The process by which individuals learn to communicate effectively in a language.
GENIE
Genie: A girl who became the subject of interest after being discovered in extreme isolation and deprivation, which severely affected her language development.
Deprivation: The condition of lacking necessary resources or experiences, such as the physical, sensory, social, and emotional deprivation Genie experienced during her childhood.
Right Hemisphere: Traditionally thought to be less involved in language processing, it was noted that Genie utilized her right hemisphere for limited language functions.
No language during the critical period
Communicating after the puberty
Using the right hemisphere of her brain for language functions
=> A left ear advantage for verbal as well as non-verbal signals
Our ability for language:
-> Not limited to only one or two specific areas
-> It is based on more complex connections extending throughout the whole brain
STUDY QUESTIONS
STUDY QUESTIONS
1 What is a more common name for the posterior speech cortex?
It is more commonly known as **Wernicke's area**.
2 What kind of difficulty did Wernicke identify among his patients?
Wernicke identified **difficulty in understanding spoken language** (receptive aphasia), while their speech remained fluent but often nonsensical.
3 Is the use of fire distinguisher instead of fire extinguisher a spoonerism or a malapropism?
This is a **malapropism**, which is the incorrect use of a word in place of one that sounds similar.
4 What type of slip is illustrated by: I like pop porn (for popcorn)?
This is a **slip of the tongue** called a **Freudian slip**, specifically a lexical substitution where a similar-sounding but unintended word is spoken.
5 What is aphasia?
**Aphasia** is a language disorder caused by brain damage that affects a person's ability to communicate, including speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.
6 Damage to what part of the brain results in conduction aphasia?
Damage to the **arcuate fasciculus**, a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas, results in **conduction aphasia**.
7 Which type of aphasia is characterized by speech like this: speech … two times … read … wr … ripe, er, rike, er, write … ?
This type of speech is characteristic of **Broca's aphasia** (expressive aphasia), where speech is halting and effortful.
8 What happens in a dichotic listening test?
In a **dichotic listening test**, participants are presented with different auditory stimuli in each ear simultaneously, and they are asked to focus on one or both ears to test hemispheric dominance for language processing.
9 What is the critical period?
The **critical period** refers to a time during early childhood when the brain is especially sensitive to language learning, and acquiring a language after this period may become more difficult.
10 What did researchers discover from Genie’s dichotic listening tests?
Researchers found that **Genie’s brain processing was atypical**—she did not show normal left-hemisphere dominance for language, suggesting that the critical period for language acquisition had passed for her.
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