In situ and other indicators for Aridification

In situ/other Indicators for Aridification

CLIMATE

Air temperature

Rainfall

Aridity Index

Potential evapotranspiration

Rainfall seasonality

Rainfall erosivity

SOILS

Drainage

Parent material

Rock fragments

Slope aspect

Slope gradient

Soil depth

Soil texture

Soil water storage capacity

Organic matter surface horizon

Electrical conductivity

VEGETATION

Major Land use

Vegetation cover type

Plant cover

Deforested areas

FIRES

Fire frequency

Fire risk

AGRICULTURE

Farm ownership

Farm size

HUSBANDRY

Grazing control

Grazing intensity

LAND MANAGEMENT

Fire protection

Sustainable farming

Reclamation of affected areas

Reclamation of mining areas

Soil erosion control measures

Soil water conservation measures

Terracing (presence of)

LAND USE

Land abandonment

Land use intensity

Land use type

Period of current land use

Distance from seashore

…..

WATER USE

Aquifer over exploitation

Irrigation percentage of arable land

Runoff water storage

Water consumption by sector

Water scarcity