Understandings:

• All animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers
• The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and the removal of nitrogenous wastes
• The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein
• The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration
• The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport
• The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla
• ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct
• The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals
• The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat