🔥 Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
🎯 Class 10 History Best Notes (With Hindi Explanation)

1. Introduction

• Nationalism in India grew during the British rule.
  
  

• Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership and mass movements.
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Bharat mein rashtravaad British rule ke dauraan utra. Gandhi ji ke netritva mein logon ne ekta dikhayi.
  
  

🕊️ 2. First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

• WWI increased taxes, prices, and forced recruitment.
  
  

• Khilafat Movement (1919): Started by Ali Brothers to protect the Caliph of Turkey.
  
  

• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Gandhi ji launched this to fight British rule peacefully.
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  WWI ke baad log pareshaan ho gaye. Gandhi ji ne Non-Cooperation Movement shuru kiya, jisme logon ne British ka saath dena bandh kar diya.
  
  

📜 3. Non-Cooperation Movement — Main Points

Started in: 1920
Ended in: 1922 (after Chauri Chaura incident)
Main features:

• Boycott of schools, colleges, courts
  
  

• Boycott of foreign goods
  
  

• Promotion of Khadi and national schools
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Is andolan mein logon ne angrezi schools, kapde, aur kanoon ka virodh kiya.
  
  

🧑‍🌾 4. How People Participated

In Cities:

• Middle class boycotted British goods.
  
  

• Students left British schools.
  In Villages:
  
  

• Peasants demanded land reforms (led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh).
  
  

• Tribals revolted (like in Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitaram Raju).
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Shehron mein padhe-likhe log aur gaon mein kisaan aur adivasi is andolan mein shamil hue.
  
  

🔥 5. Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)

• Protest turned violent, police station burnt.
  
  

• Gandhi ji called off the movement.
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Chauri Chaura mein hinsa hone par Gandhi ji ne turant andolan samapt kar diya.
  
  

🧵 6. Simon Commission (1928)

• All British members, no Indians
  
  

• Boycotted with slogan: “Simon Go Back”
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Simon Commission mein ek bhi Bhartiya nahi tha, isliye desh bhar mein iska virodh hua.
  
  

📃 7. Lahore Session of Congress (1929)

• President: Jawaharlal Nehru
  
  

• Demand: Purna Swaraj (complete independence)
  
  

• 26 January 1930 was celebrated as Independence Day
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Congress ne 1929 mein pura swaraj maanga aur 26 Jan ko swatantrata diwas ke roop mein manaya.
  
  

🧂 8. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

• Gandhi ji launched it with Dandi March (240 km walk to break salt law).
  
  

• Slogan: “We shall not obey British laws.”
  
  

• British goods and taxes were boycotted.
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Gandhi ji ne namak kanoon todkar angrezi kanoon ka virodh kiya.
  
  

👥 9. Who Participated in Civil Disobedience

• Rich peasants: Wanted lower revenue
  
  

• Poor peasants: Demanded rent reduction
  
  

• Women: Picketed shops
  
  

• Businessmen: Boycotted imports
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Har varg ke logon ne is andolan mein hissa liya.
  
  

📉 10. Failure and Restart of Movement

• Movement withdrawn in 1931 after Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
  
  

• Restarted in 1932 but was suppressed.
  👉 Hindi Explanation:
  Andolan do baar chala, par dono baar British ne use daba diya.
  
  

🧵 11. Sense of Collective Belonging

• Promoted by:
  
  

  • Folk tales
    
    

  • National symbols (flag, Bharat Mata image)
    
    

  • History and songs
    👉 Hindi Explanation:
    Logon mein ekta lane ke liye rashtriya geet, nishan aur kahaniyon ka use hua.
    
    

📘 Important Questions for Practice — With Answers

✅ 1 Mark Questions

1. When was the Non-Cooperation Movement launched?
   👉 1920
   
   

2. Who led the tribal movement in Andhra Pradesh?
   👉 Alluri Sitaram Raju
   
   

3. What was the slogan against Simon Commission?
   👉 “Simon Go Back”
   
   

✅ 2 Mark Questions

1. Mention any two effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement in cities.
   👉 - Boycott of foreign goods
   👉 - Closure of British institutions
   
   

2. Why was the Simon Commission opposed in India?
   👉 - No Indian members
   👉 - Formed without Indian consultation
   
   

✅ 3 Mark Questions

1. Explain the Dandi March.
   👉 - Gandhi ji marched 240 km from Sabarmati to Dandi
   👉 - Broke salt law by making salt from seawater
   👉 - Symbol of resistance to British laws
   
   

2. Describe any three features of Civil Disobedience Movement.
   👉 - Refusal to obey British laws
   👉 - Boycott of British goods
   👉 - Protest against taxes
   
   

✅ 5 Mark Questions

1. Explain how different social groups participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.
   👉 - Rich peasants: wanted tax relief
   👉 - Poor peasants: wanted rent relief
   👉 - Women: picketed shops
   👉 - Businessmen: wanted end of colonial control
   
   

2. Describe the role of Gandhiji in the nationalist movement.
   👉 - Launched mass movements (Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience)
   👉 - United people through non-violence
   👉 - Promoted Khadi, Swadeshi
   👉 - Travelled across India to spread message