🔥 Civics Chapter 2: Federalism
🎯 Class 10 Civics Best Notes (With Hindi Explanation)

🗺️ 1. What is Federalism?

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various state governments.
👉 Hindi Explanation:
Federalism ek aisa system hai jisme power central (kendriya) aur rajya (state) sarkaron ke beech baanti jaati hai.

📊 2. Features of Federalism

• Two or more levels of govt
  
  

• Power is divided by Constitution
  
  

• Each level has its own powers
  
  

• Independent judiciary
  
  

• Sources of revenue for each level
  👉 Hindi:
  Ismein alag-alag sarkarein hoti hain, jinke paas apna-apna kaam aur paisa hota hai.
  
  

🇮🇳 3. Federalism in India

• India is a federal country with a strong central govt.
  
  

• Three levels of government:
  
  

  1. Central Government
     
     

  2. State Government
     
     

  3. Local Government (added by 73rd and 74th Amendments)
     
     

👉 Hindi:
Bharat mein teen star ki sarkarein hoti hain – Kendra, Rajya, aur Sthaniya (Local).

📜 4. Division of Powers (Three Lists)

• Union List – Central govt (defence, foreign affairs)
  
  

• State List – State govt (police, trade, irrigation)
  
  

• Concurrent List – Both (education, marriage)
  👉 Hindi:
  Har govt ke kaam alag list mein likhe hain. Kuch kaam dono sarkarein milkar karti hain.
  
  

🛠️ 5. How is Federalism Practised?

• Linguistic States – States formed on language (like Andhra Pradesh in 1953)
  
  

• Language Policy – Hindi is official, but 21 other languages are also recognised
  
  

• Centre-State Relations – Constitution made states powerful
  👉 Hindi:
  Federalism tabhi strong hota hai jab states ko respect milti hai aur unke rights safe hote hain.
  
  

👥 6. Decentralization in India

• Local self-government was added through 73rd & 74th Amendments (1992)
  
  

• Gram Panchayats (village level)
  
  

• Municipalities (urban level)
  👉 Hindi:
  Zyada power neeche tak dena decentralisation hota hai, jisse log apna decision khud le sakte hain.
  
  

📘 Important Questions for Practice — With Answers

✅ 1 Mark Questions

1. Which type of government has two or more levels?
   👉 Federal government
   
   

2. When were the 73rd and 74th Amendments passed?
   👉 1992
   
   

✅ 2 Mark Questions

1. What is decentralization?
   👉 Decentralization means giving power and responsibilities to lower levels of government like Panchayats and Municipalities.
   
   

2. What is the Concurrent List?
   👉 The list where both Central and State governments can make laws. (e.g., Education, Forest)
   
   

✅ 3 Mark Questions

1. Give three features of federalism.
   👉
   
   

• Power is divided between central and state govts
  
  

• Constitution gives this division
  
  

• Courts protect the rights of each level
  
  

2. How is power divided in India?
   👉 Through three lists – Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
   
   

✅ 5 Mark Questions

1. Explain the steps taken to strengthen federalism in India.
   👉
   
   

• Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis
  
  

• Respect to all languages
  
  

• Strengthening Centre-State relations
  
  

• Local self-government system through amendments
  
  

2. What are the features of a federal government?
   👉
   
   

• Two levels of govt
  
  

• Written Constitution
  
  

• Division of powers
  
  

• Independent judiciary
  
  

• Revenue system