Progression is the natural path you will take on your survival world, from caving to the End to what lies beyond. This should be used to guide you through the mod. "Spoilers" ahead. If you want to experience this naturally, I wouldn't advise using this page unless you get very lost.
Your beginning should start out very similar to Minecraft. Food may be easier due to Bacon Ore and crops (once you get Copper to craft a knife for the seeds). Once you get iron, you can craft Malachite tools which are slightly better. After Diamond, you are opened up to many possibilities, including Ruby, Amethyst, and Peridot. When you continue to mine, you can get Adamantium and Vibranium. Both of these can make very powerful suits useful for early game. The Nether also presents you with several new ores. Try to get Beryl and craft the Assassin, as it has Looting IV. This will make gathering resources much easier.
As you get more powerful, you may want to explore new biomes. The Evolved Desert is very dangerous but is safer compared to the Evolved Arctic. You can find Nether mobs or make Scale Armor, or even try to face the fearsome Basilisk, though it isn't useful until later. The main point of exploring this biome is to find a Dwarven Shrine, which has Ancient Ore buried in a pile of Evolved Sand. Finding two of these is recommended but not required, which will be explained later. If you are feeling strong enough, you may tackle the Evolved Arctic and take on the Beast. However, you wouldn't progress much more until you go to the End.
Here, you can find Enderite, which allows you to mine Level 4 Ores. It also provides decent armor and a good sword. Before you kill the Dragon, make sure to get some Dragon's Breath because it is used in Valyrian Steel. This crafts some of the best weapons post-dragon. Selenite is a good next step, but you will need to start making Imbued Rods. Elemental Armor is also powerful, or maybe you would want to go for the Exosuits. Very rich people who have a Basilisk Eye should consider Lunar Armor. You have many possibilities, but once you have good armor, it is time for the Earth Dimension.
After obtaining an Ancient Locket (which can be found in Dwarven Shrines in the Evolved Desert or by defeating the Knowledge Lord), you should craft an Amber Locket, then an Earth Locket. You will get an Advancement which will give you the Note from the Adventurer, which will give you details on teleporting between dimensions. Then, you make a Dwarven Portal Block to teleport to the Earth Dimension. You might also want an Overworld Locket to craft a Block of Return. However, if you don't have another Locket, you can bring Amber blocks and the resources to craft an Overworld Locket and a Block of Return. Then, you can get Ancient Ore in the Earth Dimension. A third way you can return to the Overworld is finding a Block of Return in the Dwarven Temple. Now that you have a safe way to and from this dimension, you can start gathering resources.
Most ores are Level 5, though some are Level 6. You will need to obtain a Dwarven Pickhoxel from a Dwarven Miner before you can start going after Level 6 ores. Once you have powerful enough tools and armor, you will want to fight one of the Earth bosses to advance. There are two to chose from: the Champion of Immjiri and the Earth Guardian. The Earth Guardian will be required to advance, once the Earth Tablet is given a use in future updates, and is easier to craft. However, the Champion is weaker and allows you to craft the best available weapons and armor (the Blade of Darkness and Shadow Armor), so it is recommended to fight it first. For the Champion, you will need a large amount of mane hair, so a Hopper-Lion Farm is recommended. Along with this, you must kill several lions, direwolves, and minotaur for their hides and pelts. You will also need a lot of Platinum, so mine as much Earth Meteorite Ore as possible. The last thing you need is an Eye of Immjiri, which is a rare drop from Dwarven Hunters. For the Earth Guardian, you need an Earth Gem Block, so mining is required again. You need 4 Pile o' Pelts, so you have to kill several of the aforementioned mobs. You also need 4 Dwarven Gems, which is a rare drop from the Dwarven Guard. Once you have obtained these items, it's time to face the beast.