These blocks serve no functional purpose, but they are good for building. I hope to add more in the future.
Limestone, shale, basalt, and gneiss all spawn naturally. Limestone smelts into Marble. You can smelt these to make Refined Basalt, Refined Marble, Refined Shale, and Refined Gneiss. Then, with four of each block, you can make Basalt Bricks, Marble Bricks, Shale Bricks, and Gneiss Bricks (You get 4 bricks per craft).
To light up you world, craft a lamp! They are colored Redstone Lamps that come in Magenta, Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, and White!
Blue Moon Quartz Block comes from smelted Blue Moon Quartz. 4 of the blocks makes 4 bricks.
Smelting a Lead Ingot gets you Lead Bricks.
Netherrock is made of netherrack and can be made into bricks, pillars, chiseled bricks, and a Lamp
Earthen Stone can be crafted into Earth Stonebricks, which have a Chiseled version. They naturally occur in Dwarven Temples and Dwarven Villages.
Goldwood Logs can be crafted w/ Gold Chunks and can be crafted into Goldwood Planks. They can be found in Dwarven Villages.
Dwarven Bricks can be crafted from Dwarven Nuggets. They can be made into Chiseled Bricks, Pillars, and Lamps. All of these can be found in the Dwarven Temple and Dwarven Villages.