Bell MA, Foster SA. Introduction to the evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback. The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback. 1994:1-27.
Bell MA, Aguirre WE, Buck NJ. Twelve years of contemporary armor evolution in a threespine stickleback population. Evolution. 2004;58(4):814-24.
Lescak EA, von Hippel FA. Selective predation of threespine stickleback by rainbow trout. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 2011;20(2):308-14.
Marchinko KB. Predation's role in repeated phenotypic and genetic divergence of armor in threespine stickleback. Evolution. 2009;63(1):127-38.
Ladyman, J.; Lambert, J.; Wiesner, K. What is a complex system? Eur. J. Philos. Sci. 2013, 3, 33–67.
Zywicki, T.J. Epstein and Polanyi on simple rules, complex systems, and decentralization. Const. Pol. Econ. 1998, 9, 143.
Qian, H. Stochastic physics, complex systems and biology. Quant. Biol. 2013, 1, 50–53.
Mitchell, M. Complexity: A guided Tour; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009.
Goldstein, J. Emergence as a construct: History and issues. Emergence 1999, 1, 49–72.
Cresko WA, Amores A, Wilson C, Murphy J, Currey M, Phillips P, et al. Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004;101(16):6050-5.
Colosimo PF, Hosemann KE, Balabhadra S, Villarreal Jr G, Dickson M, Grimwood J, et al. Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of ectodysplasin alleles. Science. 2005;307(5717):1928-33.
Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. COVID-19 Dashboard. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Retrieved April 30th, 2021.