5.G.1.1 Explain the impact of the physical environment on early settlements in the New World.

1. Physical environment dictates settlement patterns.

2. Physical environment can determine the way people meet basic needs.

3. The physical environment includes climate, landforms, soils, hydrology, vegetation and animal life.

4. How the physical environment impacted settlement patterns and daily life in the New World.

For example: The founding of Jamestown and St. Augustine.

Key Terminology

• Physical/natural characteristics of place- the natural environment of a place such as water, minerals, land, and timber.

5.G.1.2 Explain the positive and negative effects of human activity on the physical environment of the United States, past and present.

1. Human activity can modify the physical environment.

2. Humans are capable of improving and/or exploiting their physical environment.

3. Historical examples of positive and negative effects of human activity on the United States.

For example: Industrialization, oil spills, nuclear meltdown, dams, national parks.

Note: In this objective, it is acceptable to use modern day examples along with those that fit within the time frame of the course.

Key Terminology

• Human Characteristics of Place - things that humans do to change the environment or natural surroundings (e.g., bridges, roads, and buildings).

• Human Environment/Interaction - how people adapt their lives to some environmental conditions; how people protect themselves in specific climates; how people will change their natural environment.

5.G.1.3 Exemplify how technological advances (communication, transportation and agriculture) have allowed people to overcome geographic limitations.

1. Geographic challenges are often resolved through technological innovation.

2. Types of geographic limitations posed in various regions of the United States.

3. Examples of technological advances in the United States through Reconstruction (e.g., cotton gin, John Deere plow, Erie Canal, steam engine, railroad, telegraph and other forms of communication) and how they allowed people to overcome geographic limitations.

5.G.1.4 Exemplify migration within or immigration to the United States in order to identify push and pull factors (why people left/why people came).

1. Social, political and economic factors can determine settlement patterns.

2. People may move to different places as a result of involuntary or voluntary action.

For example: Africans to United States’ east coast, Puritans to New England, movement of Cherokees on the Trail of Tears to the west, Highland Scots to North Carolina, Germans and Irish to United States, and Chinese to the United States’ west coast. (Does this cover a specific time period in history?)

1. Various examples of migration and immigration.

Examples of push and pull factors that lead to migration or immigration.

Examples of societal issues that influenced individual or group decisions to leave or settle in a place.

1. How political factors, like government stability or instability, influenced settlement patterns.

2. Ways economic factors, like the availability of jobs or natural resources, influenced settlement patterns.

Key Terminology

• Push factors- in migration theory, the social, political, economic and environmental forces that drive people from their previous location to search for new ones.

• Pull factors- in migration theory, the social, political, economic, and environmental attractions of new areas that draw people away from their previous location.

5.E.1.1 Summarize the role of international trade between the United States and other countries through Reconstruction.

1. Nations trade with one another based upon their need for resources.

2. Governments create policies that transform economic growth and development.

3. National economies are interdependent.

4. National economies can limit or stimulate the direction of international markets.

5. The role of supply and demand in a market economy.

6. The role of mercantilism in the creation of the United States.

7. How and why the United States developed trading partners.

8. Examples of major imports and exports in the United States through Reconstruction.

Key Terminology

• Mercantilism - an economic policy under which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they buy.

• Market economy- an economic system in which prices are determined by the free exchange of goods and services with minimum government interference.

5.E.1.2 Explain the impact of production, specialization, technology and division of labor on the economic growth of the United States.

1. The interconnectedness of labor, capital, and markets contribute to the complexity of a nation’s economic system and drive or limit opportunities for economic growth.

2. A nation’s economic success may be linked to its access of resources, and the goods and services it provides.

3. Ways the economic growth of the United States is shaped by the interaction of production, specialization, and division of labor.

4. How factors of production influence the growth of a nation’s economy.

Key Terminology

• Economic growth - the change in the level of economic activity form one year to another.

• Production - the act of growing, making or manufacturing goods and services.

• Specialization of labor - the situation in which a nation produces a narrower range of goods and services than they consume/specialization in mass production occurs when a worker repeats a single operation over and over. (Get new definition)

• Division of labor- The process whereby workers perform on a single task or very few steps of a major production task, as when working on an assembly line.

5.E.2.1 Explain the importance of developing a basic budget for spending and saving.

1. Financial decisions involve systematically considering alternatives and consequences.

2. Financial decisions often determine the economic growth of a state, region, or nation.

3. A basic budget is a plan for how income will be used.

4. A basic budget includes plans for both spending and saving.

5. Construct a budget for personal living that includes plans for both spending and saving.

Note: With this Clarifying Objective, it is appropriate to pair modern day examples of budgeting with those that fit within the time frame of the course.

For example: Students might use a historical example such outfitting a wagon train for the Oregon Trail and/or their own personal budget to exemplify the need for a spending and savings plan.

Key Terminology

• Choice- a decision someone must make when faced with two or more alternative uses for a resource, also an economic choice.

5.E.2.2 Evaluate the costs and benefits of spending, borrowing and saving.

1. Financial decisions involve systematically considering alternatives and consequences.

2. Every spending decision has an opportunity cost.

3. The achievement of a nation’s goals is often tied to its economic decision-making.

4. The role of opportunity cost in economic decision making.

5. The benefits and consequences of credit and borrowing.

6. Evaluate a loan and/or credit application to determine whether it is a good economic choice.

7. Evaluate an economic decision made by the United States up to Reconstruction in terms of costs and benefits.

Note: With this Clarifying Objective, it is appropriate to pair modern day examples of spending, borrowing, and saving with those that fit within the time frame of the course.

5.H.1.1 Evaluate the relationships between European explorers (French, Spanish and English) and American Indian groups, based on accuracy of historical information (beliefs, fears and leadership).

1. Communities develop distinct identities based upon physical location, the cultural makeup of the population and economic conditions.

5.H.2.2 Explain how key historical figures have exemplified values and principles of American democracy. 

2. Daily life in the colonies varied based upon the racial and cultural background, and the gender of the inhabitants.

3. The impact geography had on the economic and cultural development of the thirteen colonies.

4. For example: New England colonies were largely farming and fishing communities. Middle colonies were part agriculture, part industrial. Southern colonies were almost entirely agricultural.

5. How and why the political and economic structure among the colonies varied.

6. For example: Six of the original colonies (New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and New Jersey) were started as proprietary colonies. The purpose of these colonies was to make profit for stockholders back in England.

Key Terminology

• Political Freedom - the right to participate freely in the political process, to choose and remove public officials, to be governed under a rule of law; to receive and share information and ideas, to openly debate; and to freely assemble.

• Economic Freedom - the right to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property without unreasonable governmental interference; the right to seek employment wherever one pleases; to change employment at will; and to engage in any lawful economic activity.

• Social organization - the structured relationships of individuals and groups within a society that holds it together.

5.H.1.3 Analyze the impact of major conflicts, battles and wars on the development of our nation through Reconstruction.

1. Conflict and compromise may drive a nation’s political, social, and economic development.

2. Political and military strategies can dictate the direction and outcome of wars.

3. War transforms society.

4. Examples of social, political, and economic issues that were a source of conflict and how those issues impacted the development of the United States through Reconstruction.

For example:

5. Social: Slavery, American identity, reform movements, religious movements.

6. Economic: Slavery, tariffs, taxation, industrialization.

7. Political: Slavery, nullification, suffrage, citizenship

8. How epidemics and disease impacted conflict.

9. Major battles that started, were turning points and ended wars, through Reconstruction (e.g., The Trail of Tears, Battle of Wounded Knee, the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Yorktown).

10. The economic, social and political significance of the French and Indian War, American Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Civil War) on the development of the United States.

Key Terminology

• Economic development - actions taken to improve the ability of people to more productively use capital, natural and human resources in the production of goods and services.

• Political development - the development of institutions, attitudes, and values that shape the governance of a society.

• Social development - pattern or process of change exhibited by individuals resulting from interactions with other individuals, social institutions, social customs, etc.

5.H.2.1 Summarize the contributions of the “Founding Fathers” to the development of our country.

1. Certain times and conditions can provide the opportunity for individuals to exhibit leadership that may change the course of history.

2. Individual leaders may shape the political, economic and social development of a nation.

3. Collaborative action among citizens can determine the development of a nation.

4. How thoughts, actions and individual personalities of leaders influenced the events and outcomes of the American Revolution (e.g., Thomas Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence, George Washington and the battles of Trenton and Yorktown, and Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty).

5. How individuals collaborated in the shaping of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.

6. How thoughts, actions and individual personalities of leaders influenced the decisions and outcomes of the Constitutional Convention (e.g., James Madison and the Virginia Plan, William Paterson and the New Jersey Plan, the writing of the Federalist Papers by Hamilton, Jay and Madison).

7. How leadership influenced the political development of the early nation (e.g., the Federalist presidential administrations, the development of judicial review, the creation of the National Bank).

Key Terminology

• Founding Father- a person who founds or establishes an important institution, esp. a member of the United States Constitution Convention (1787).

• Constitution - the system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and limits of a government or another institution. The fundamental law of the United States, framed in 1787, ratified in 1789, and amended 27 times since then.

5.H.2.2 Explain how key historical figures have exemplified values and principles of American democracy.

1. Individuals with shared values and principles can shape the development of a nation.

2. Individuals can affect political, economic and social change in a democratic nation.

3. Underrepresented groups may struggle to receive political, economic and social equality within a democratic nation.

4. The values and principles of American democracy (e.g., individual freedoms, popular sovereignty, rule of law, equal rights and opportunities, entrepreneurial spirit).

5. Key historical figures who played a role in the political, economic and social development of the United States including but not limited to Alexander Hamilton, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Jane Addams, Harriet Tubman, and Frederick Douglass.

6. Individuals who helped to effect political, economic and social change for underrepresented groups within the United States including but not limited to John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, William Lloyd Garrison, and Wendell Phillips.

7. The ways groups effected change in the United States include public speeches, civil disobedience, conventions, protests, assemblies, and publications used in social movements).

Key Terminology

• Popular sovereignty - the citizens are collectively the sovereign of the state and hold the ultimate authority over public officials and their policies.

• Rule of Law - principle that every member of a society, even a ruler, must follow the law.

• Equal rights - everyone should get the same treatment regardless of their parents or grandparents’ origin, their race or religion, or economic status; all citizens have political, social, and economic equality.

• Democracy- a form of government in which political authority rests with the people and is exercised by all people, either directly or indirectly through their elected representatives.

5.H.2.3 Compare the changing roles of women and minorities on American society from Pre-Colonial through Reconstruction.

1. Gender and/or ethnicity can limit access to full participation for certain groups within a society.

2. The rights of individuals and groups within a democratic society can change over time.

3. The roles that women and minorities played in the foundation and development of the United States (e.g., Abolitionists, suffragettes, political activists, soldiers, slaves and freedmen, entrepreneurs).

4. How the rights of individuals changed within the United States over time (e.g., voting rights, equal protection under the law, citizenship, 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments).

5.C&G.1.1 Explain how ideas of various governments influenced the development of the United States government (Roman, Greek, Iroquois, and British).

1. Ideas about self-government are borrowed and adapted from others nations (or civilizations).

2. Conflicting ideas can lead to debates and consensus about the nature of government.

3. The origins of self-government.

4. How ideas about self-government in other nations influenced the development of the United States.

For example: Framers of the Constitution drew upon elements of the Iroquois Constitution, the Enlightenment, the Roman Republic and Athenian democracy.

Key Terminology:

Government - an institution that determines and enforces a society’s laws. The size and nature of a government varies according to the society it governs.

5.C&G.1.2 Summarize the organizational structures and powers of the United States government (legislative, judicial and executive branches of government).

1. Governments are structured to address the basic needs of the people.

2. Branches of government often involve a complex system of checks and balances.

3. Organizational structures of the branches of the United States government.

4. Constitutional powers of each branch of the United States government.

5. How each branch checks and balances the others.

Key Terminology

• Branches of government - established in the United States Constitution to divide the power of government between legislative, executive and judicial branches.

5.C&G.1.3 Analyze historical documents that shaped the foundation of the United States government.

1. A nation’s founding documents reflect its basic principles.

2. A nation’s political documents are often shaped by philosophical theories.

3. How philosophical writings (e.g., Paine, Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu) and British government actions including the Proclamation of 1763, the Townshend Act, the Stamp Act, and other restrictions encouraged the emergence of colonial leadership and establishment of the United Colonies and later United States.

4. Key founding documents including the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers, the United States Constitution and various state Constitutions, and their influence on the United States government.

5. How the flaws of the Articles of Confederation led to the development of the United States Constitution.

6. How The Federalist Papers argued for ratification of the United States Constitution.

7. How The Anti-Federalist Papers argued for a national Bill of Rights.

Key Terminology

• Articles of Confederation - The first document created to govern the newly formed government after the American Revolution. It created a “firm league of friendship” among the thirteen original states. The states agreed to send delegates to a Confederation Congress.  Each state had one vote in Congress.

• Federalist Papers - consists of 85 essays that were written and published during the years of 1787 and 1788 in several New York newspapers to ratify the proposed constitution 

5.C&G.2.1 Understand the values and principles of a democratic republic.

1. A nation’s values and principles are reflected in its type of government system.

2. In a democratic republic, ultimate power lies with the people.

3. Certain groups are sometimes excluded from membership in a democratic society.

4. Democratic values and principles are evident in the founding documents of the United States.

5. Values and principles from other democracies (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome) influenced the formation of the United States government.

6. Reasons why groups are sometimes excluded in a democratic system.

5.C&G.2.2 Analyze the rights and responsibilities of United States citizens in relation to the concept of "common good" according to the United States Constitution (Bill of Rights).

1. Democratic governments balance the rights of individuals with the common good.

2. The pursuit of the common good may conflict with the rights of individuals in a nation.

3. Where and why the concept of the “common good” is reflected in the United States Constitution.

4. Rights of citizens granted by the United States Constitution as they relate to the concept of the “common good.”

5. Responsibilities of citizens under the United States Constitution as they relate to the concept of the “common good.”

6. Times in United States history when the rights of individuals were secondary to achieving the needs of common good.

Key Terminology

• Common Good - involves individual citizens having the commitment and motivation (that they accept as their obligation) to promote the welfare of the community (even if they must sacrifice their own time, personal preferences or money) to work together with other members for the greater benefit of all.

• Bill of Rights - first ten amendments to the Constitution ratified in 1791, these amendments limit governmental power and protect basic rights and liberties of individuals.

5.C&G.2.3 Exemplify ways in which the rights, responsibilities and privileges of citizens are protected under the United States Constitution.

1. Ideally, a democracy protects the rights and privileges of citizens.

2. Democratic ideals are exhibited in a nation’s principle documents.

3. Responsibilities of United States citizens include, but are not limited to participating in the democratic process, serving on a jury, obeying the laws, supporting and defending the Constitution, and when required, serving the country.

4. Example of rights and privileges of United States citizens includes but is not limited to voting and running for office).

5.C&G.2.4 Explain why civic participation is important in the United States.

1. Democratic governments provide opportunities for the voices of all individuals to be heard.

2. Democratic government is most effective when citizens actively participate.

3. Civic participation allows individuals the opportunity to be directly involved in the political process by staying informed about political issues, communicating with elected officials and voting.

4. Examples and challenges of citizen participation in the democratic process of the United States through Reconstruction.

5.C.1.1 Analyze the change in leadership, cultures and everyday life of American Indian groups before and after European exploration.

1. Diverse groups contribute to the cultural, social, economic and political development of a nation.

2. Nations and groups are often transformed through internal and external factors.

3. Key American Indian groups before and after European exploration.

4. Aspects of culture and everyday life among American Indian groups prior to European arrival to the Americas.

5. How culture and everyday life for American Indian groups was altered after Europeans came to America.

For example: The Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Trail of Tears, the French and Indian War, the impact of the horse and decimation of the buffalo.

For example: (You may want to include a Key list of American Indians to ensure all regions of the United States are covered. This will also tie in with the first bullet under student will know)

Key Terminology

• Diversity – the inclusion of people from different cultural, ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds in a pluralistic society.

• Cultural diffusion - the spread of culture and the factors that account for it, such as migrations, trade, communications, and commerce.

5.C.1.2 Exemplify how the interactions of various groups have resulted in borrowing and sharing of traditions and technology.

1. Interactions between cultural groups may lead to cultural diffusion.

2. Examples of borrowing and sharing of traditions and culture.

3. Examples of shared traditions and culture that can still be seen in their lives today.

5.C.1.3 Explain how the movement of goods, ideas and various cultural groups influenced the development of regions in the United States.

1. Movement of people, goods and ideas can be driven by factors such as a desire for wealth or scarcity of resources.

2. The movement of goods, ideas and people can transform the culture of a region.

3. Regions may experience differences in economic growth, political systems and social structures due to geographic and cultural diversity.

4. For example: The 18th century Scots-Irish immigration to the American colonies

5. Examples of settlement patterns and how they impacted a region culturally, politically and economically.

6. Why people move from one region to another within the United States.

7. Regions are the basic unit of study in geography that have a unifying characteristic (e.g., physical, human and economic)

For example: The United States was divided into four distinct regions prior to the Civil War. The Northeast was characterized by its industrial and commercial economy. The Midwest was a rapidly expanding region of yeoman farmers. The Southwest was a booming a frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. Finally, the South was characterized by the agricultural plantation system.

Key Terminology

• Movement - the moving of people, ideas, information and products around the world.

5.C.1.4 Understand how cultural narratives (legends, songs, ballads, games, folk tales and art forms) reflect the lifestyles, beliefs and struggles of diverse ethnic groups.

1. Elements of a group’s culture can be expressed in various artistic ways.

2. Cultural expressions can reveal the values, lifestyles, beliefs and struggles of diverse ethnic groups.

3. The historical background of cultural narratives in order to understand the context of those narratives.

4. Examples of diverse cultural narratives.

Key Terminology

• Ethnic group- people who share a common cultural background, including ancestry and language.