January 2021

Volume 47, Issue 2

Columns

How Will the NBA Offseason Alter the Team Dynamic?

By Zora Lakhera, M3

The 2019-2020 NBA season was not like any other. There were multiple large breaks, most people could easily predict the winner (LA Lakers), there were no fans in the stands, and the games happened during a global pandemic! Unexpected teams rose to glory while some ‘regular winners’ lost against underdogs. This happened mainly because of the significant team changes that occurred after the 2018 - 2019 season. But how will the team dynamics change this year? Which team will dominate? Which team will drop down? To analyze the possibilities, we have to look at three main factors: trades and moves, the current dynamic, and draft selection.

Trades and moves

As always, there are many ongoing trades this year. Teams such as the Lakers, Bucks, and Warriors are focused on getting strong and supportive players to help ensure that their stars stay, while most other teams are focused on strengthening and building on their current players. The Golden State Warriors are rebuilding their team with players like Kelly Oubre Jr. and James Wiseman. The Los Angeles Lakers, are looking at trading Danny Green for Dennis Schroder or Wesley Mattews, and have made Anthony Davis stays. People suspect that in the coming years, the Lakers may even want to develop a ‘superteam’. At the same time, the Milwaukee Bucks are trying to trade their rising stars for already established players such as Bradley Beal, Jrue Holiday, and more. Most of these trades are being made to ensure Giannis Antetokounmpo stays put. The Nets on the other hand, are looking at/acquiring strong players such as Bruce Brown, James Harden, and more.

Some other possible and confirmed trades/moves include:

  • Russell Westbrook to the Washington Wizards (P)

  • Kris Dunn to the Celtics (P)

  • James Harden to either the Nets or the 76ers (P)

  • Chris Paul traded to the Phoenix Suns for Kelly Oubre Jr. Ricky Rubio, Ty Jerome, Jalen Lecque, and a 2022 first round pick (C)

  • Gordon Hayward, Rajon Rondo, Bogdan Bogdanovic sign with the Hawks (C)

  • Kelly Oubre Jr. to the Warriors (C)

  • Marc Gasol joins the Lakers (C)

  • Serge Ibaka joins the Clippers (C)

Current dynamic

This season, the Los Angeles Clippers, Milwaukee Bucks, and others did not do as well as expected. But on the other hand, teams such as the Miami Heat, Oklahoma City Thunder, and the Denver Nuggets did much better than predicted. Currently, these popular teams still have many star players and a large growth potential. However, many other teams don’t have the same cap space or attractiveness to get these star players and move forward. This puts a clear divide in the NBA and puts several teams at a clear advantage.

Below is the list of 5 teams (no specific order) that did extremely well in all aspects (post, pre, and regular) of the NBA 2019-2020 season. These teams are very ‘attractive,’ have a lot of money, have led the playoff predictions at one point in time, have very high game winning streaks/totals, and have great reputations. They may not have had the best postseason, but were generally very successful teams this year.

  1. Los Angeles Lakers

  2. Milwaukee Bucks

  3. Toronto Raptors

  4. Los Angeles Clippers

  5. Boston Celtics

Draft selection

This year the NBA draft selection went quite well for many teams. The first three picks this year were Anthony Edwards (Timberwolves), James Wiseman (Warriors), and LaMelo Ball (Hornets). In my opinion, the team that gained the best players were the Golden State Warriors because they got the people they needed to balance out their team (James Wiseman, Nico Mannion, and Justinian Jessup).

Predicted dynamic

After looking at the factors that contribute to the makeup of the team dynamics (draft selection, team trades & moves, and current dynamic) and some additional info, we can make predictions on the NBA future. Below are 5 teams that are most likely to dominate next season.

  1. Los Angeles Lakers

      • The Lakers have several star players such as Lebron James, JaVale McGee, Dwight Howard, and more. The team will also be making trades to get better players such as Dennis Schroder or Wesley Matthews. They did incredibly this season and are expected to remain on top.

  2. Milwaukee Bucks

      • The Milwaukee Bucks are currently signing several good players, and Giannis is most likely going to stick with this team. This team is predicted to do even better this year.

  3. Brooklyn Nets

      • The Nets are a team that is currently re-building itself with stars. The team has players including Kevin Durant, Joe Harris, and Kyrie Irving; because of this they are attracting more players like James Hardin. The Nets had a good season last year but are expected to do much better.

  4. Los Angeles Clippers

      • The Clippers have players such as Paul George, and Kawhi Leonard. They are also attracting/seeking better players to build their team. They were expected to do great last year but unfortunately didn't. This year will likely be different.

  5. Golden State Warriors

      • This team has started to rebuild itself and is going strong. They’ve made great trading and drafting decisions so far and are expected to come back into the spotlight.

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Summary and upkeep (some major sports highlights):

  • Los Angeles Dodgers win the MLB world series

  • Los Angeles Lakers win the NBA title

  • Tampa Bay Lightning win the NHL Stanley cup

  • Seattle Storm wins WNBA

  • Smyly signs a 1 year, 11 million dollar contract with the Braves

  • Justin Turner walks on baseball field with a positive COVID-19 result (after the Dodgers win) which resulted in a large spread

  • Barcelona, Real Madrid, or Atletico Madrid are predicted to win La Liga 2021

  • Sabalenka wins third tennis title of 2020

  • People predict either the Minnesota Vikings or Chicago Bears to win the Super Bowl

  • Dustin Johnson wins golf masters

  • Kim Ng hired as the first female general manager for the Miami Marlins and women are become more and more prevalent in baseball

  • If the Olympics can’t be held in 2021, they will be cancelled

Atheist Jew

By Jonathan Friedberg, S5

To say that I have a complicated relationship with religion could only be called a gross understatement. Both my parents are Jewish, but neither believe in God, so I was never very religious growing up. From there on out I developed a tense agreement with religion: I’d go to synagogue on the high holidays, say a prayer on Shabbat, learn Torah passages for my bar mitzvah, and go no farther than that. Like many members of our generation, I was part of a religion solely for the sake of tradition.

As I grew up and learned more about history and politics, my opinion of religion quickly deteriorated. Throughout history, religion has motivated countless wars, massacres, lynchings, and colonial genocides. Even today, it is the cause of discrimination, xenophobia, and violence internationally. Aside from the societal impacts, I disliked the idea scientifically. To me, religion was a collection of absurd assertions made thousands of years ago that everybody decided to believe for no good reason. I tried to respect other people’s right to believe what they wanted, but on the inside I dismissed these beliefs as absurd or even childish. If you were to find me at a lunchtime debate on the topic in F2 or M3, I would reliably assert that the world would be better off if we abolished all religion.

Although my impassioned take on religion had some reason behind it, I was forced to deal with some difficult questions: Why has religion survived for so long? Why do so many people believe in it despite its obvious harms? Why have countless judicial and social bodies deemed it as a fundamental right? My response: religion is an “opiate of the masses” and people like to be promised heaven and moral superiority by an official body. For a long time, I found that explanation satisfactory, and my unmitigated aggression towards religion continued.

Eventually, my one-dimensional dismissal of religion had to be challenged. Religion is a very complex subject, and trying to universally simplify it to an “us and them” mentality, which dismisses everyone with a different opinion is sure to fail. There are a number of good reasons why religion remains a powerful and sometimes even positive force in the modern day, and I’ll go over the ones I find convincing here.

First is a sense of community. There is a special kind of connection that comes from eating the same food, celebrating the same holidays, and believing the same things about the world. It’s a vague but familiar experience, and there will always be a certain level of understanding between me and anyone else who grew up on matzah ball soup. Whenever I’m with family, or with other Jews, there’s a level of mutual understanding between us. This isn’t unique to religion either, it exists everywhere from nationality to club membership. Of course, this benefit can easily turn to moral superiority, xenophobia, and discrimination. But it doesn’t have to, and it’s worth recognizing the beautiful side of it.

The next idea is spirituality. Whereas religion usually has a strict sense of doctrines organized for many, spirituality is more individual, and consists of personal beliefs about how to live in the world and why. I know a few people who don't subscribe to strict religious doctrines, but are deeply spiritual and take solace in that. Spirituality and religion aren’t necessarily linked, but I’ve found that the two often go hand in hand; religious stories and traditions can inspire spiritualism. This idea is particularly appealing to me because it captures the mystical, positive, and reaffirming side of religion without the dogma and extremism. This may sound vague, but I’ll give examples to illustrate the idea:

The first spiritual idea that truly struck me as beautiful was actually a Christian one: heaven and hell. The basic narrative is simple: sin is tempting and easy, and if you sin you’ll go to hell. However, if you take the high road and live a life free of sin, you’ll be rewarded with heaven. In a solely religious context, that idea is almost meaningless to me. I have no belief in the afterlife, and heaven and hell seem more like a carrot and stick to achieve social conformity. But applied to real life, the idea suddenly becomes incredibly wise. If you were to give in to all your flaws and the world’s temptations, you would eventually fall into your own personal version of hell. To anyone else who’s spent a day lying in bed doing nothing and then subsequently hated themselves, I’m sure you understand what I’m talking about. On the other hand, if you take the high road and fulfill your potential, you can reach the realm of self actualization, or in this case, we could call it heaven. Applying this typical religious idea in a personal way redeems it in my eyes. And this is only one idea in one religion, and there are countless more with just as much wisdom. The five pillars of Islam, The concept of flow with nature in Taoism, and Karma in Buddhism, are all incredibly powerful and meaningful ideas, and those were just the ones that came of the top of my head. There are countless other amazing religious ideas that I don’t have the space to describe.

Above all other ideas, there was one which resonated with me most deeply: b’tselem elohim. This is Hebrew for “in the image of God”. In Genesis, it is reverently proclaimed that all human beings are made “b’tselem elohim”—in the image of God. Beyond the literal physique of humans, the underlying implication is that there is something in each and every person that resembles God, and makes them equal before God. In Judaism, God is largely the personification of justice, truth, and morality. Therefore, equality before God meant equality in justice. Regardless of the infinite factors that make people different, there is a unifying quality, some consciousness or humanity that gives each person inherent value. That idea, b’tselem elohim, is the foundation of our entire legal and social system—that every person is equal before the law, and that every human has fundamental dignity. This concept may seem obvious to us now, where equality is possibly the highest virtue of our society, but the idea of immutable equality is not an easy or natural one to realize, let alone to develop and articulate as a story that resonates with people.

Finally, there is one very vulnerable, very human justification for religion: life is hard. And scary. It’s tough to get out of bed and go on with everything every day, and the combination of nihilistic dread with our ever-looming mortality doesn’t make it any easier. If religion can give billions of people comfort, purpose, and meaning, then perhaps we ought to respect it.

At this point in my journey with religion I reached a dilemma. How could I reconcile the good with the bad? The community, meaning, and direction granted by religion, with the racism, homophobia, misogyny, violence, and blindness that religious texts espouse? This question is a difficult one, and nobody has fully answered it to this day. However, many have tried, and sometimes with great success. Being Jewish, my favourite example is Reform Judaism. Reform Judaism maintains the belief in one God as well as many of the other foundational parts of the religion, but chooses to leave behind the anachronistic social facets of life from when the Torah was written. Women are encouraged to be rabbis, homosexual relationships are allowed and celebrated, and there is a greater focus on tikkun olam — repairing the world. In synagogue, instead of men and women sitting on opposite sides with a partition in the middle, everyone sits together. As opposed to solemn chants, services are full of singing and guitars. Carefully weighed choices like these help update a religion so it suits the knowledge and morality of today, without abandoning the key beliefs that give it an identity.

Personally, I think I’ve found a solution that works for me. I will continue to identify as a Jew; someday I hope my children will as well. I still don’t believe in God, but some of the stories about Him do seem to have a good bit of wisdom when read the right way. I will still fast every year on Yom Kippur, and I will still remember the Exodus every Passover. I’m incredibly glad I had a bar mitzvah. After much thought and much turmoil, I think I’ve reached a better place in relation to this whole mess called religion. Finally, I can feel proud to call myself an Atheist Jew.

Figure 1: An artist’s rendering of an ammonite (an ocean-dwelling mollusc).

Figure 2: A lifesize model of a quetzalcoatlus - the largest known pterosaur (an order of reptiles) - and the largest flying animal ever known to exist.

Figure 3: Images of foraminifera fossils under a microscope.

The Meteorite That Killed the Dinosaurs - Unforeseen Consequences

By Sanskriti Shindadkar, S5

We all know the scientific model that predicted the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago - a meteorite that had crashed on Earth. Even if some dinosaurs survived the meteor impact, the ensuing natural disasters (such as tsunamis and incinerated forests) along with climate change (imagine prolonged winters caused by darkened, debris-filled skies) definitely would have finished the job. Ultimately, the meteorite strike caused a mass extinction called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event. It wiped out three quarters of all plant and animal species, and brought Earth into the current Cenozoic Era. A couple examples of species which went extinct are included below.

However, that’s not all the asteroid did - it also completely changed the chemistry of the ocean. As Noah Plavansky, a biogeochemist at Yale commented, it “transformed ecosystems for millions of years” (Joel, 2019). The ocean went through rapid acidification, which directly contributed to this mass extinction. Understanding the impacts of acidification are more important now than ever before, with climate change speeding up this process. Are we possibly headed towards another mass extinction?

First, let’s dive into why ocean life was so heavily impacted (pun intended) by the strike. When the meteorite hit the earth, it demolished many carbonate-rich rocks, releasing incredible amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The oceans absorbed much of this carbon, thus becoming more acidic. In 2016, geochemists found fossils of thousands of marine plankton known as foraminifera, dated to be from right after the meteorite impact. This is significant because these fossils provide direct evidence of the ocean’s acidity levels after the crash. These samples had large traces of boron isotopes, which are indicative of acidity. The results were shocking - a scientific study concluded that in the first 100-1000 years after the impact, the oceans had a 0.25 pH unit increase in acidity (Henehan et. al, 2019). Though that may not sound like a lot, remember that the pH scale is logarithmic, and this small decimal number actually represents an increase in acidity of over 75%.

This sudden increase in acidity resulted in many catastrophic consequences. Most importantly, it devastated phytoplankton - debatably the most critical species on this planet. Acidic conditions “disrupted [their] biological-carbon pump that drove photosynthesis” (Bispott & Vallino, 2017). With the disruption to phytoplankton populations, entire ecosystems were affected. This is because phytoplankton make up half of all primary producers in the ocean—they are the main source of food for zooplankton, which along with phytoplankton, form the very base of the food chain. Larger organisms, such as fish and mammals, depend on them for survival. As a result of the destabilizing food web, many larger species such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs also vanished around this time. Increased acidity also drove many shelled organisms to extinction (such as ammonites shown in Figure 1). This is because with such an intense increase in acidity, these creatures must expend more energy to form their shells. Hence, according to a scientific study published by Yale, the oceans experienced a productivity loss of 50% before the marine ecosystem could begin to recover (Henehan et. al, 2019).

It’s important to note that older studies concluded that although the meteorite impact would have led to increased ocean acidity, it would not have been enough “to cause global extinctions” (University of Southampton, 2015) to the extent observed for the K-Pg event. It was also assumed that the concurrent volcanic activity - one million cubic kilometers of lava slowly released by the Deccan Traps, located in modern-day India (Goughe, 2019) would have played a larger role in the mass extinction as compared to any effects of ocean acidification. However, the consequences we’re discussing are in light of more recent evidence.

So what does this mean for us? The Smithsonian Institute predicts that the ocean pH level will drop by 0.3-0.4 levels by 2100, and we are already experiencing a 30% acidity increase (or 0.11pH level increase) from the Industrial Era (NOAA, 2012). Michael Henehan, an established geochemist and palaeoclimatologist who led the study on the increasing ocean acidity levels after the asteroid impact, commented that “If 0.25 was enough to precipitate a mass extinction, we should be worried". We can already see the impacts ocean acidification has on coral reefs, which contribute to essential ecosystems, protect coastlines, and support local economies.

Perhaps humans would care more about climate change if they understood how urgent the issue is and how little time we have to act before we damage the ocean to a point of no return, and single-handedly cause another mass extinction.


Works CitedBispott, O. & J. Vallino. (2017). Ocean Acidification and its effect on Phytoplankton growth. Marine Biological Laboratory. [PDF]. https://www.mbl.edu/ses/files/2017/02/Bispott_FINAL.pdfGough, E. (2019, February 25). Massive Volcanic Eruptions 66 Million Years Ago Happened Almost Exactly When the Dinosaurs Died Off. Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/141611/massive-volcanic-eruptions-66-million-years-ago-happened-almost-exactly-when-the-dinosaurs-died-off/Henehan, M. et al. (2019, November 5). Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact. PNAS. https://www.pnas.org/content/116/45/22500/tab-article-info. Joel, L. (2019, October 21). The Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Acidified the Ocean in a Flash. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/science/chicxulub-asteroid-ocean-acid.html. NOAA. (2012). A primer on pH. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/A+primer+on+pH#:~:text=change%20in%20acidity.-,Percent%20change%20in%20acidity,%2B)%20in%20an%20aqueous%20solution.&text=Since%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution%2C%20the,in%20the%20hydrogen%20ion%20concentration.The Smithsonian Institute. (2019, June 20). Ocean Acidification. Smithsonian Ocean. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification.

Art by Samantha Lee, S5 Artist

Philanthrocapitalism: Thoughts on Ethical Billionaires

By Karen Zhang, M3

The largest, wealthiest companies in the world such as Amazon, Facebook and Google seem untouchable. Their CEOs are making billions of dollars every year as we watch the wealth gap in society increase. Yet, these same wealthy CEOs are pledging to give away parts of their fortunes to help fix the problems their companies have caused; many, such as Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerburg, have committed billions of dollars to philanthropic projects to address social problems on the mission of advancing human potential and promoting equality. But, is it philanthrocapitalism or just corporate hypocrisy?

The concept of philanthrocapitalism is a double-edged sword to many; the fundamental question is if wealth is inherently immoral and if so, then “ethical wealth” would be an oxymoron. While it is difficult to dig down into the core of how billionaires perceive the world and how their own biases inform their approach to wealth, there are many troubles with wealthy people running and administering charitable efforts. Many of the arguments about the ethics of the sheer concentration of wealth the top 1% possesses boil down to arguments about merit. Some say that the rich deserve the money they have and, therefore, should use it as they see fit. Somewhere in the middle, there are people that argue that while they have earned their money based on hard work, they now have the moral obligation to use their wealth to ameliorate other’s suffering; after all, capitalism is the system that elevated the rich.

What is Philanthrocapitalism?

With the rise of billionaires that have amassed exorbitant amounts of wealth, the scope of philanthropy has changed. Philanthrocapitalism is different from traditional forms of philanthropy and charity work because it involves a capitalist and for-profit approach to solving the world’s pressing issues. An increasing number of billionaires are engaging in this new form of “market-based philanthropy”. The wide held belief is that the billionaires of the world will be the solution to the world’s problems because wealth distribution will benefit those in need.

The CEO Society

The apparent generosity by CEOs is a small contribution to large problems created by the success of their company. It amounts to redirecting fractions of spoils of neoliberal tech capitalism in the name of generosity to try to address the problems of wealth inequality created by the system that allowed spoils to accrue in the first place. The “CEO society” is a society where values associated with corporate leadership are applied to all dimensions of human endeavour. By portraying the image of using private wealth for the public good, it diverts attention and resources away from the failings of capitalism. It is no longer a problem as to whether corporations should be responsible for more than their own business interests, but how philanthropy can be used to reinforce the system that enabled the small number of people to accumulate obscene amounts of wealth in the first place.

In 2019, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative teamed up on a $500 million Bay Area housing fund as an investment fund to preserve affordable housing in the Bay Area. However, tech companies such as Facebook are the ones who contributed to the California housing crisis. Despite the fact that wealthy companies are one of the main contributors to many of the social problems in our world, they are also the most subject to blame. Because CEOs are at the forefront of the political and media stage, they are the most vulnerable to being blamed for the economic injustice in our world and thus, must balance their company’s and personal commitment to profit and social outcomes. On the outside, philanthrocapitalism is a moral cover for companies because when chief executives are portrayed as “socially responsible,” it allows corporations to run as irresponsibly as ever and grants them that moral right through public engagement in the company’s reputation management. Companies are willing to sacrifice some short-term profit for the sake of preserving public reputation and philanthropy is often undertaken in a business-oriented way to balance the importance of reputation and corporate self-interest. Giving to charity is the prime opportunity for CEOs to appear as “doing good” without having to sacrifice commitment to making profit at a social cost.

In 2015, Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan committed 99% of their equity in Facebook shares to philanthropy, and this became a widely celebrated act. However, they made the donation to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, claiming that the decision to donate to their own for-profit company was to “gain flexibility to execute their mission more effectively.” The problem is that the charitable donation does not have the transparency requirements that NGOs have, and this limits how much wealth can be taxed and reinvested into society for good purposes.

Privatizing philanthropy and allowing wealthy individuals and private entities to take over charity is concerning because their privatized, market-based approach removes their social responsibility and allows them to use philanthropy as a moral cover to leverage their wealth and advance their own corporate interests. While the world has seen tremendous benefits from philanthrocapitalist efforts from organizations such as The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation combating global poverty and improving global health in developing nations, philanthrocapitalist actions are more likely to justify wealth inequality in the public’s eye and allow billionaires to exacerbate the global problems they claim to be the best agents of change for. It is hard to say whether billionaires are ethical or whether philanthrocapitalism will be successful, but the problems that arise with it should not be ignored.

CEO of Nonsense: How Student-Run Organizations Exploit Social Issues For Personal Gain

By Meghna Saha, S6

Quarantine has given us some time on our hands - some of us have worked extra hard on our schoolwork, picked up a couple new hobbies, or explored a new music genre we never would have thought of (how’s Progressive Metal for ya?). One thing we can all agree on is the fact that we’ve spent a lot of time online - and with the transition to an online platform, I can say that not only myself, but others, have seen an increase in student-run ‘organizations’ that strive to solve anything - ranging from equity to cultural barriers.

I take no issue with innovative causes and unexplored territory in the realm of social justice and awareness. We should be collectively striving to better ourselves and expand our knowledge on unknown subjects. But what I have an issue with is the number of accounts that have self-declared themselves as the pinnacle of a movement, creating applications for their ‘staff’ and developing a hierarchy within their own organization. It does not sit right with me that students are neglecting to do their research on pre-established and accredited organizations, with more funding and members that can actually create change. If a club were to effectively collaborate with an existing organization or start a new chapter of a properly-run organization, the story would read differently.

I haven’t even touched on the worst part of these accounts (mostly found on Instagram) - they’re incredibly vague. They seem to have no clear and focused cause, merely that ‘barriers = bad’ or ‘racism = bad’. It becomes a toxic echo chamber where you recognize something is bad, but you don’t know how to solve it beyond cutely coloured instagram posts with 20 words and a Canva template. The appearance of these Instagram infographics paired with a soft palette has stormed through social media, but when they already say what another has said, it leads to digesting the same content over and over again, with no main goal. It’s almost like a meal that you’re stuck eating everyday. A quick Wikipedia search and look at Twitter statistics does not ground an organization. I definitely believe social media is an amazing way to gain support and educate others, but the regurgitation of information and the concept of applications and positions often show people’s true intentions.

Especially in UTS, as we progress through our high school years, there may feel the need to be the CEO, the president, or the founder of a company - all as a means to highlight your achievements on your resume. Colleges will love it right? The words ‘Founder’,’ CEO’, or ‘President’ may grace your resume but is that worth the destruction of your dignity? People are taking advantage of systemic barriers and social justice issues worldwide, for personal gain. I am by no means a college admission officer; in fact, I am quite the opposite, but how self-indulgent can you be to believe that others cannot see through this act? You are preying on disadvantages and systemic barriers, just for what exactly? To fill out your tenth activity slot on your common application? To show that you REALLY care about the world?

Some of the issues that these accounts speak about are real. They are not packaged up in an aesthetically pleasing, pastel-pink post with their Abril Fatface Font. People face some of these issues daily. They suffer daily. I cannot even fathom how incredibly diminishing and disrespectful the act of capitalizing on others’ suffering for your own greed is.

Not even to mention that most of these ‘organizations’ have been started coincidentally as university applications open - adding to the transparent narrative that they’ve written for themselves. Take a look for yourself, what does your position even mean? These words have become meaningless, autofilled, LinkedIn job titles. I will never understand at what point you sacrifice your dignity to put yourself on a polished plate of nonsense and feed it to college admission officers.

Your post-secondary education may be important, but so is empathy. If you cannot develop this trait, there will be no success for you. And if there is, remember it was on the grounds of you exploiting actual social justice issues for the pretty title of CEO.

Art by Stella Zheng, S5 Artist

Art by Nathan Lee, S6 Artist

A Post-Trump Republican Party

By Vivek Sapru, S5

Four years ago, one day before Donald J. Trump became the presumptive Republican Presidential nominee, a prominent American Senator tweeted the following dire prediction: “If we nominate Trump, we will get destroyed...and we will deserve it”. Oddly enough, the senator in question wasn’t a Democrat. Instead, the man posting that somewhat prescient tweet was none other than the President’s famed “attack-dog”: Lindsey Graham.

On the surface, the above anecdote seems to be just another example of the bizarre internal dichotomy of the 2016 GOP. The 2016 Republican primary remains the best example of a winning candidate being viscerally hated by the Party’s establishment, and yet loved by it’s base. However, this all ties into a deeper narrative. As of writing (pre November 3rd), it seems quite likely that Donald Trump will lose the 2020 election. That begs the question, what comes next for the Grand Old Party?

A number of variables dictate the future of the GOP, and thus, the future of the United States. First and foremost is the scale of the potential defeat. In the moderate scenario, Trump could lose by only 20 electoral votes and 2%-3% of the popular vote. In the worst-case scenario, Trump could lose by nearly 300 electoral votes with Joe Biden winning the popular vote by a margin of 5%-7%. Secondly, if the moderate (and more likely scenario) occurs, which battleground states does Trump retain/win? Keeping Rust-Belt states like Pennsylvania or Wisconsin while losing Arizona and North Carolina could have radically different ramifications on the Republican post-mortem after the election. Finally, the question of the voting demographics. Will Trump retain the traditional GOP advantage amongst older White voters and make some inroads amongst minority voters or will there be a blowout for Republicans in most demographic groups?

With the aforementioned questions in mind, I foresee three possible scenarios:

      1. The Return to Reaganism.

      2. A Continuation of Trumpism.

      3. A New GOP.

Simply put, in the first scenario, the GOP returns to its pre-2008 form with a few key changes. The party, presumably tired of the melodrama of its populist experiment and a horrendous loss in 2020, would turn back to its roots of Evangelicals, Free Market Libertarians/Conservatives, Interventionist-types and the lingering remnants of the Country Club Republicans. However, the Pandora’s Box of Trumpism has made some unalterable changes to the GOP as a whole, and even these old-school Reaganites would be forced to adapt. It is unlikely that they will be as unabashedly pro “capitalism for capitalism’s” sake as prior Republican administrations. Even moderate current Republicans like Marco Rubio have openly called for “Common-Good Capitalism”, a somewhat leftist suggestion. Secondly, there is a general consensus that American voters no longer think highly of interventionist Neoconservatism (86% of Americans think that military action should be an action of last resort while 71% believe that Congress should pass legislation to prevent military action overseas.) Thus, two of the core tenets of old-school Republicans would have to be tempered, if not dramatically changed. Even more worrying for those who long for a Reaganite restoration is the fact that it would be utterly unable to win elections. After all, Mitt Romney, the very definition of 21st century vanilla conservatism, lost to Barack Obama in the 2012 election. The traditional Republican politician and platform is unable to appeal to the blue collar workers in the Midwest that shattered the infamous Democratic “Blue Wall”, who tend to favour protectionist economic policy.

Furthermore, in the ongoing American culture war, this faction would be ill-prone to represent the Right’s beliefs, while obviously being unable to convert many Left-leaning individuals. Specifically, the grievances that many amongst the Right, far-left and even some independents have are often best demonstrated by these Establishment Republicans. Both Bernie and Trump call for a “Political Revolution” or to “Drain the Swamp!”, with the establishment in question being that of old school conservatives.. Additionally, there is a growing sentiment amongst Conservatives that the Mainstream Media is biased against the Right and inherently untrustworthy. According to Gallup, this sentiment is widespread: only 15% of Republicans and 36% of independents trust the media. While I concur with this idea of media bias, the Republican establishment does not. When John McCain, a decent and honourable man, was dragged over the coals by the media in 2008, Republicans had no response. In 2012, Mitt Romney was repeatedly and unfairly depicted as a disgusting sexist (for making a comment about his efforts to recruit more women during his tenure as State Governor) and as an out-of-touch businessman. Once again, the Right had no response to the media’s excesses. In a post-Trump world, conservatives will almost certainly continue to demand forceful responses to the Left on just about every hot-button societal/cultural question (abortion, political correctness, the media etc); traditional Republicans unfortunately, have few answers to offer.

The second scenario is likely to occur if Biden barely ekes out a victory on November the 3rd or if Trump's loss isn’t decisive enough to be a full repudiation of his Presidency. It could see Donald Trump remain as the GOP’s flagstaff, perhaps even attempting to return to the White House in 2024 (a feat only accomplished by Grover Cleveland). However, I find it highly unlikely that the Party-or even his voter base, who prefer “winners”- would tolerate such a failed candidate. Thus, it seems more likely that the populist/nationalist wing of the GOP shall be heralded by figures including Donald Trump Junior or popular Fox host Tucker Carlson. The clear question this poses is how well would a Trump redux fair 4 or 8 years from now?

In my opinion, they could do fairly well. For the most part, especially in the pre-COVID era, I think Trump could point to a number of major successes with regards to the economy, foreign affairs and even some general domestic policies. Fundamentally, a politician with all the benefits of Trump but few of his obvious drawbacks (his loudmouth narcissistic personality online, sexual assault allegations, major gaffes in public statements) could succeed in winning an election. This hypothetical candidate could put the Rust Belt back in play by focusing on the blue-collar successes of Trump’s administration as well as brandishing their protectionist credentials (the renegotiation of NAFTA, pull-out from TPP, increased tariffs). A potential populist candidate could also run on the plethora of success Trump had in other regards. Median household income grew by $6000 in just 3 years under Trump (compared to $257 from 1999-2016) while the GDP grew consistently faster than under Obama (even during the pandemic, 56% of American’s said they were better off financially), and the unemployment rate (especially for African Americans and Hispanics) dropped to historic lows. With regards to criminal justice, Trump passed the First Step Act, freeing thousands of incarcerated Americans. In terms of foreign policy, Trump led the way in pulling out of foreign conflicts, withdrawing thousands of US soldiers from the “never-ending wars” in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria while also partaking in historic Middle East peace agreements between Israel and her neighbours. Overall, there is a lot of material for Trump’s potential successors to run with. Crucially, they will not be encumbered by his major personal flaws, specifically, with regards to his extremely questionable personal character.

However, it’s not all sunshine and rainbows in the world of populist right-wingers. They face a number of stumbling points that could prevent them from being the heirs of the GOP. Firstly, voter’s memories may linger, especially if the pandemic continues to rage on during Joe Biden’s term. Secondly, demographic change may doom a populist right wing party into oblivion (as I have written about previously). With previously stalwart Republican strongholds like Texas and Arizona turning into purple swing states, in part due to the increase of their Hispanic populations, it is unlikely that populist anti-immigration policies will gain much traction.

The final possibility I envision would be the end of both the old school GOP and its current flirtation with populism, and a complete revival. This scenario is most likely to occur in an unprecedented large electoral defeat, but could also occur in a less significant loss. In this situation, the party would adopt certain aspects of both the Reaganite and Trump wings respectively, while also moving forwards with regards to immigration, race-related issues, climate change etc. Right now, it seems unimaginable that such a radical transformation could occur in the Republican party that we know today, but if worst comes to worst on November 3rd, the current strand of Republicanism may be repudiated, forever.

What would this new conservative party look like? For one, it would be forced to broaden its appeal across the country (a fact noted in the GOP’s internal autopsy after the 2012 election). Trump has made some inroads in broadening Republican popularity amongst Black Americans as well as Latinos. This hypothetical new Republican would likely build upon “common-sense” police/criminal justice reform, expanding upon Trump’s initiatives, while staying away from the radical Left’s turpitudes. For example, according to yet another Gallup poll, 81% of African Americans want to retain the same amount of police presence. Obviously, the major problem of police brutality would have to be addressed, but perhaps a future Republican administration would be better placed to do so; after all, it did take Nixon to go to China! Other policy changes that would have to be made would be with regards to topics ranging from climate change to drug legalization. A more Libertarian route with the latter could help appeal to youth, especially those in Gen Z, while for the former, market oriented solutions to tackle climate change could improve the GOP’s standing with Independent voters.

At the end of the day, each of the above predictions has its own benefits and pitfalls, for the Republican Party and for America herself. We cannot be sure of what exactly will happen in the remaining days before the election, and in the years to come. What I can say, however, as a steadfast right-winger, is that should President Trump turn out to be a crippling Faustian bargain, American conservatism will be set back for a generation. That, is something that the Republican Party cannot and must not allow to occur.

Of course, bear in mind that all of the above has one major caveat: a Trump re-electoral victory on November the 3rd, 2020. But of course, we all know, that would be impossible, wouldn’t it?

How Has the YouTube Algorithm Influenced Our Lives?

By Ethan Jeon, F2

Have you ever wondered how YouTube has been deeply involved in our lives? YouTube’s purposes are versatile: they serve any people’s needs, from cooking, to learning how to solve the Rubik’s Cube. Just like other online programs and forms of media, YouTube is especially dominant during pandemic, as we’ve switched over to online usage to a greater degree than we ever have before.

One especially significant, unexplainable, somewhat “random,” and interesting part of YouTube is the algorithm. The YouTube algorithm is a program which influences which videos reach out to which audience. The algorithm’s purpose is to match any kind of audience to the videos they like. Therefore, the algorithm finds a specific topic, then suggests videos on that specific topic to the audience. At the same time, for these specific videos to be on the algorithm, the videos need to reach the algorithm first. Therefore, YouTubers are finding new and creative ways of chasing the algorithm so their videos can be spread to a wider audience.

As soon as your video catches up to the algorithm, a magical phenomenon happens: you become the algorithm. Essentially, your videos will not only be known to your current subscribers, but a variety of people from a general audience who see the video, watch it, and decide whether or not they like the content. In my article, I would like to explain the algorithm and why the YouTube algorithm has become so pervasive.

The algorithm has evolved a lot from the first video uploaded in 2005 to the present. In the earlier days, of 2005-2012, YouTube based its algorithm on CTR, which is Click-Through Rate, or amount of clicks or views on a certain video. This was problematic because people grew their channel mainly with “clickbait” titles and thumbnails, as watch analytics and retention were not considered.

In 2012-2016, YouTube added a small factor based on recommending videos based on a certain topic the user frequently watched or observed on the platform. YouTubers started experimenting with watch time, and it turned out that videos 10+ minutes, rather than 2-4 minutes in the past would make their video more likely to catch up to the algorithm. This discovery was revolutionary, because there was a new way for YouTubers to further promote their channel.

Going back to the main point, the algorithm wanted their audience to have the most watch time on the platform. On the contrary, the algorithm still had major flaws, as people would click on long videos, watch the first few minutes, then click off. This was because the algorithm was still inconsistent in figuring out which videos would make people want to watch all the way, judging only by the general topic.

2016 was a major advancement in machine learning and AI in general for all industries. YouTube turned out to be one of the first industries to use machine learning to improve their platform. It was a major success, and finally, the algorithm was able to recommend videos where firstly, people would watch more videos on their recommendations, increasing ad revenue for the company. Secondly, content creators improved on retention (a general term for average viewers and watch time combined). I myself am not an expert, but by observing the videos that do exceptionally well, I was able to find that these external factors were pivotal for content creators who take YouTube as a job. Aside from making the content itself entertaining, the algorithm provided an extra medium for advertising, leading to many content creators constantly studying the algorithm as it kept evolving.

As I mentioned earlier, YouTubers and other famous YouTube creators will try and catch up to the algorithm in order for their video to be accessible to as many people as possible. Now, at the core of YouTube are the content creators who actually beat the algorithm. They are the ones who studied the algorithm extensively, planned beforehand, and fully immersed themselves in the world of YouTube. This led to increased subscriber counts, even growing exponentially. It is especially in 2020 when most people have an influx of time on their hands, giving rise to these new creators.

Before YouTubers started their channels, some had already done research on the algorithm. However, the hardest part of YouTube is starting a YouTube channel. Many failed, but several YouTubers came up with proficient methods that no other YouTubers thought about in the past.

For example, one of the biggest growing YouTubers on the platform is Dream, who makes Minecraft-oriented content. To start his channel, he decided to make videos on trending topics back at the time, which gave him the foundation to start his channel. It is certain that people will watch any video about a trending topic from any content creator, because the topic is already well-known and widely suggested by the algorithm. As another example, Mark Rober, a former NASA engineer, made a video on #TeamTrees, a worldwide fundraiser and trending topic, whose goal was planting 20 million trees by the end of the year 2020. The video, because it discussed a topic that the whole world knew about, became viral.

In addition, one rule these YouTubers came up with after gaining a foundation of subscribers was to never stay with the same topic. It is important for YouTubers to come up with original content, and to have a diverse array of videos, but still keep inside their speciality or what their content is generally based on. It helps introduce viewers to newer forms of content, and engages them better because of this.

The algorithm has influenced our lives in many, many ways. I started using YouTube purely because I wanted to search up videos on a certain topic, and at the time, I found YouTube lessons or lectures that benefitted me, mainly for school. Essentially, I used it as another form of study if I was stuck and needed an extra hand for help. Eventually, I came to the realization that YouTube was a diverse community, where people would post just about anything, so I started to watch YouTube based on my interests, such as math.

I discovered channels like BlackPenRedPen, 3Blue1Brown, and Numberphile who made (and still makes) high-quality content about interesting areas of mathematics or science. I was entertained by the videos, and I clicked on the videos given to me by the algorithm, which expanded my view on what I wanted to watch. This brings me to today, where I still learn something new about the algorithm every day by looking at what my recommendations have to offer.

In all, I believe that the YouTube Algorithm has influenced many more people that I thought. YouTube serves as a platform for entertainment, and the algorithm furthers the idea of making it easier for the entertainment to find the right audience. No matter how much the YouTube Algorithm will change in the future, one fact will surely stay the same: engaging the viewers.

Hello? I Think We've Lost Our Connection . . .

By Jessie Chen, M4

As the school year begins, many people are worried about the impacts of social distancing and virtual learning on our social lives.

Masks cover most of our faces, hiding many of the facial cues we use to communicate with others. The difficulties inherent in video conferencing (such as blurring, freezing, jerkiness, out-of-sync audio) create a confusing environment for people to interact in. Both options are completely new ways of connecting that seem to work on the surface. But there’s a reason why they make you feel uneasy, even if you’re technically socializing with others.

The problem is that these disruptions, whether it’s a mask covering someone’s face or glitches in a video call, scramble subtle social cues we use in day-to-day conversation. Our brains struggle to fill in the gaps: is that person glaring at me or just looking around? It’s hard to tell because their mask covers their mouth. Are they subconsciously judging me because the lighting makes my face look like a skeleton? I hate video calls.

We may attempt to fix these problems through using only video conferencing (where one can see the entire face without a mask) with better connection and better lighting. But while this may fix the video quality and eliminate disruptions to some extent, we may still feel discomfort when we speak because it feels like everyone in the call is staring at you, and we are all hyper-aware of our appearance when our cameras are turned on. It seems like there isn’t a true way to mimic casual conversation from daily life virtually without feeling slightly awkward.

An alternative solution to maintain casual conversation over long distances is simply making phone calls instead of video calls. This may sound obvious: after all, anyone can call others at only the touch of a button — why would someone choose to eliminate the facial aspect of communication? Isn’t seeing each others’ faces exactly what we’re missing? In reality, phone calls take away the slight awkwardness of face-to-face calls because you can communicate solely through voice. Facial expressions cannot be misconstrued, which means there are less likely to be feelings of discomfort and confusion. As experts have said, no facial cues are better than faulty ones.

The best part of phone calling is the casual atmosphere. The biggest difference between video and voice is that your appearance doesn’t matter as much. Voice calls allow for an additional layer of privacy,a non-intrusive way to keep in touch with others if you’re uncomfortable with showing your face or your background. Voice calls also mimic pre-pandemic social interactions- a friend’s voice is less likely to change than their appearance, providing a sense of stability and familiarity.

As you chat with someone on the phone, you may become aware of the slightest details. Putting the phone right next to your ear makes your brain subconsciously sense that there is a person close to you physically, and unlike video calls, you can clearly hear the slight nuances and changes. When video is eliminated, you become focused on the things they are saying, and you can pick up subtle shifts in expression through breathing patterns, slight tone shifts, and the occasional hesitation. When it comes to developing relationships in isolation, sometimes it’s better to be heard and not seen.

Art by Katherine Ye, M4 Artist

Submissions

An Analysis of Plot Twists

By Sarah Tian, S5

Note: The following is my opinion from my own personal experience. You might disagree with me and that’s okay. There’s no one right or wrong opinion. This also contains major spoilers for Mortal Instruments books 1 and 3, Throne of Glass books 2 and 7, Merlin Season 1 Episode 8 and hints at spoilers for The Umbrella Academy and the Trials of Apollo book 3. You have been warned.

Plot twists: now an integral element of fictional writing, a common trope used to subvert the reader’s expectations and to use that shock to draw them into the story. Here’s a plot twist for you: plot twists are, quite frankly, in my experience, overused tropes that now rarely lend intrigue to novels and shows. Don’t get me wrong - plot twists, when well-executed, are some of the best ways to engage the readers into a fictional world. The problem? Plot twists are so common that they’re rarely well executed in modern media. In fact, when brainstorming, I could only list about four plot twists that, in my mind, were “good” plot twists in novels I had read in about the last six months. More often than not, poorly-executed plot twists detract from established canon, reflect negatively upon central characters or just don’t make sense in general. According to the website TV Tropes, a plot twist is defined as “a sudden, unexpected change in the fortunes or situations of the characters, setting, or plot.”. So that’s what a plot twist is, but what makes a plot twist “good” or “bad”? So glad you asked. A “good” twist should fulfill the majority, if not all, of the following criteria. It should be simple and easy for the viewer to understand. It needs to make sense. Going hand in hand with this is that the characters need to react in character to the reveal. The twist needs to be relatively unavoidable. Finally, the twist needs to matter.

A good twist needs to be simple. If a twist is too complex, then the author will risk losing their audience at the cost of a complex twist. If the twist takes the author longer than this article to explain, it’s probably not a good twist. With the amount of available media, if the audience winds up too confused, they can just put the book down or turn off the television. One example of a plot twist that was too complex comes from The Mortal Instruments. Overall, it was a great series that was enjoyable to read, but I had huge problems with one of the character arcs. Take a guess. If you haven’t read the series, let me just say there’s a character whose ancestry is so befuddled, he changes surnames four times throughout as three books??? (Seriously. The Wikipedia page lists him as “Jace Morgenstern/Herondale/Lightwood/Wayland”). A “reveal” of his ancestry is considered to be a major plot twist in the first book, which is then contradicted in the third book, when he again changes surnames. Quite frankly, these plot twists were way too complex for the simple nature of the plot conveyed through them. It makes sense (...kind of) and everybody reacts in character, but the twists are just so needlessly complicated that it loses some of its effectiveness, especially the second time around...not to mention that finding out one character is in a romantic relationship with her brother who’s not actually her brother but she has a brother with the same first name as her not-brother is...needlessly complicated. And quite frankly kind of repulsive. On the other hand, there’s an extremely good twist in Kingdom of Ash, the final book of the Throne of Glass series. Major spoilers up ahead, so please skip the rest of this paragraph if you haven’t yet read this book. Celaena, the main character, is told that she, together with the King of Adarlan, Dorian, will need to give up their lives as a sacrifice to the gods for their ancestor’s mistake. This is cemented by the phrase “nameless is my price” and is used to refer to the nameless bastard mark on Celaena’s brow. Although it seems given that Celaena is somehow going to survive, due to the protagonist-shielding she receives, it’s unknown how when her fate seems so certain. Then, when they’re about to die forging the Lock, Dorian’s father appears and says that he, instead of them, will make the sacrifice. The twist comes in the form of Dorian’s father revealing he had no name. At that point in the book, I put Kingdom of Ash aside and picked up Throne of Glass again. Dorian’s father indeed was never given a name. I had never questioned his anonymity, assuming that it felt natural enough to not address the king by name. This is a good twist. It makes sense, advances the plot and is generally satisfying to read.

Moving right along, a good twist needs to make sense in canon. This seems really obvious and straightforward, but the amount of plot twists that, quite frankly, do not make sense are shocking. Consider JK Rowling’s bombshell about Professor Dumbledore being gay. This has absolutely zero precedence in canon. At all. I don’t think I even need to explain this one, it’s not technically a plot twist given that it was not in a book, but it was pretty heavily implied in the movie the Crimes of Grindelwald and makes about zero sense. Bad twist. On the other hand, the recent Netflix series The Umbrella Academy has two major plot twists, one for each season that make perfect sense in canon. By this, I mean there are small clues the reader can pick up during a rewatch of the series if they already know what the twist is. Given the recent release of the series, I will refrain from spoiling it here, but these two specific twists are exceptionally well done from this point of view. They make sense in canon because it’s so easy, retroactively, to see the clues the writers dropped before the reveal of the twists, which gives the series an overall high rewatch value simply because I could sit there and, knowing what the twists were from the first watch, look for those clues. While there were a few things inside the twists that made slightly less sense, the overarching twist is one of the more well-executed twists I’ve had the fortune to stumble upon. It’s overall quite a well done twist.

However, on the flip side, there are plot twists that make sense in canon but are so obvious that they’re not even a twist. If an author spends 20 pages talking about how this character’s totally going to die and then, to everybody’s complete shock and surprise, they miraculously survive, it’s a bad twist. It makes sense in canon, it’s simple, but because it is so flagrantly obvious that there’s going to be a “twist”, it loses all of its effect and is barely even considered a twist. Another twist that made sense in canon but made no sense in how it was delivered was - and again, major spoiler alert - Celaena’s reveal as the lost princess of Terrasen in Crown of Midnight. The twist in itself was fine, albeit a bit cliche, but it was the way the twist was delivered that I have some thoughts about. You see, Celaena delivers the news herself to her ex-boyfriend Chaol. This means that for the entirety of two books (three if you count the prequel), she knew who she was and what her duty to her country was and straight up ignored it. Yes, there wasn’t much she could do about the issue given the whole indentured-and-imprisoned plotline, but the fact that the story was told from her point of view and never once did she even mention her duty to her country reflects negatively on her personality. It seems extremely weird for her to not once mention it throughout the course of two books and to only mention it when she was sent off to Wendlyn. The negative effect this has on her character makes me feel like it wasn’t worth the shock value. I’d much rather read about a princess who finds herself a slave of her country’s enemy.

Next up is in-character reactions. This is pretty straightforward. The characters need to react to the twist in character. A good example of this comes in the eighth episode of the first season of the BBC show Merlin. It’s the standard Merlin-sees-lost-boy-Merlin-saves-lost-boy until the dragon Kilgharrah reveals that this particular boy is destined to be Arthur’s downfall. It’s not the most interesting of twists in itself, but Merlin’s reaction is what makes it interesting. Up until this point, Merlin has been characterized mostly as two things: unwaveringly loyal to Prince Arthur and extremely kind and benevolent. This twist puts these two things in conflict. Merlin first refuses to help the boy, leaving Arthur and the boy, later revealed to be named Mordred, cornered alone during a rescue attempt, citing that he could not help someone who was destined to kill Arthur. However, once he hears Mordred’s telepathic cries for help, Merlin shows up and helps them complete the escape. His response is perfectly in character and balances both of his major characterizations, making it a lot more interesting than what the twist actually entailed. Good twist.

A good twist also needs to be relatively unavoidable. If, by taking out the twist, the plot is simpler and cleaner, the twist isn’t going to be any good. For a twist to feel natural, it needs to be unavoidable for the characters. If there’s an easy way out of the twist that’s explained away only by a character being “stubborn” or “noble”, it’s not going to be satisfying for the audience (I’m looking at you, Trials of Apollo!). This is why plot twists are risky. If there’s too much riding on the twist and the twist ends up looking like it’s avoidable, the audience will question why the characters gave up so much for a twist. It feels like pure shock value. Yes, I’m still looking at you, Trials of Apollo. I don’t understand why that had to happen. It was unsettling, sure, but it felt like pure shock value. It felt more like a suicide mission kept secret than a twist.

Finally, the twist needs to matter. If the author spends a long time hyping up the twist, but the audience has either already figured it out or the twist is just small, the twist will feel like a let down. For one example of a twist being too small, we can turn back to the portrayal of Jace in The Mortal Instruments. I’m sorry I keep bashing on this series, by the way -, it was a great series but the plot twists were a bit sub-par. In the third book, City of Glass, Jace has a character arc about demon blood. See, his surrogate father, Valentine, told Jace he experimented on him with demon blood. Half a book later, his girlfriend’s mother tells him he didn’t experiment on him with demon blood, but in face angel blood. This twist just doesn’t feel like it matters, especially since it was contradicted by yet another twist in the same book. It fulfills all the other criteria for a good twist but because it felt like it didn’t matter, the twist just felt like a waste of time. It wasn’t effective at all.

So after a behemoth of a thought dump about what separates a good twist from a bad twist, what was the point of all that? The point is that plot twists are one of the basic building blocks to create a plot in modern fiction. It feels expected to write a plot twist and because of that, most plot twists are generally not well written. I could have listed so many other poorly executed plot twists in here (like Game of Thrones’s final season. Shock value much?) that felt like it destroyed its own story and basically left gaping plot holes and unfinished character arcs. I guess the moral of this story is please don’t write a plot twist just for the sake of writing a plot twist. Actually look at it and think whether it would make more sense to include it or not. Shock value is good but not at the cost of plot or characterization, and it’s the author’s job to keep those in balance or the author risks losing their audience. Don’t let your plot twists turn into plot holes.

Art by Bonnie Zhang, FII Artist

COVID-19 and Dating

By Abe Wine, S5

You are going on a date, the first in months, maybe. What places come to mind? A restaurant, a movie theatre, a mall, an art gallery? But with The Disease going around, you probably don’t want to be sitting around inside. Depending on when and where you’re reading this, it might even be banned. So, you conclude, the great outdoors it must be: long walks on the streets of Toronto, with nothing but your extensive knowledge of luxury chalk brands and tennis serve technique to keep the conversation going.

I like this plan. It is an honest date, in my opinion. If you enjoy it, then you have enjoyed each other’s company for the full duration of the date instead of -3 seconds of exchange as you buy tickets before watching a movie. How things work out is a legitimate reflection of how you two get along.

Just as we are thinking we have the upper hand—us, the pitiful humans scrabbling out an existence, daring to feel for each other—winter rears her ugly head. Winter in Canada can be good: it is good to feel winter seeping through your clothes for a few seconds as you move from a car to a building or from a building to a car, to see your breath as you go for a brisk walk around the block with your class on a break, to throw snowballs, to break icicles, to look at the falling flakes. It is not as good to trudge through 20 centimetres of snow as you wonder to yourself if holding hands through gloves still counts. As I write this, there has been a warm spell in Toronto. I just checked the forecast, and the temperature only goes down from here. It’s almost mid-November, so I think that it won’t go back up until spring. That isn’t fun, nossir. But have hope, every situation can be handled. Buy hot drinks, wear many layers, walk instead of sitting, stuff like that. But still, a bummer. Strange to think that mother nature should be able to freeze or thaw out human interaction in the 21st century. But she is, and she does.

There’s also the problem of finding a place to meet. Regrettably for dating, UTS is a good school: people apply from all over. Meeting anywhere apart from school is difficult unless you’re next-door neighbors by a geographical fluke. Covid 19 has unfortunately made TTC less of an option than it used to be. If you’re among the elderly elite of the school who can freely drive wherever the Hell you want without supervision, then I respect and admire you; us proles, however, must make do with what we’ve got. I mean, you’re not exactly going to ask your mom or dad to drop you off at a date. It’s fine if they’re picking you up a little late from school; that’s more justified. But having them go out of their way when there’s no school to drive their kid to a date? Call me whatever you like, but that’s not a measure even I would resort to.

This makes meeting after school the best option for many. As I write we have one class per day and two different classes per week. Moreover, you attend school online for a good chunk of those days that you have school. Let me indulge in calculation. Suppose for the sake of argument that you have seven classes and three spares (the non-overload amount for my grade). On a randomly chosen day there is a 49% chance that you and your date both do not have a spare. On a day that you both do not have a spare, there is a 25% chance that you both have the in-person cohort for that day. Therefore, there is about a 12% chance on a random day that you are both physically at school. Remember, this is not even the probability of being in class together; this is the probability of being physically in the building at the same time so that you can go on a date after school, for example. Keep in mind that this neglects the Humbert–371 split, people voluntarily staying home as a personal choice, co curricular activities after school, with a hearty et cetera.

With this already dismal figure in mind, one can only shudder at the nightmarish probabilities stacked against polyamourous relationships at UTS. A disclaimer to the reader: if you are in a polyamourous relationship, consider not reading the rest of this paragraph; I would not want to discourage love with facts and figures. You can make anything happen if you want to. But for a bit of perverse enjoyment, let us compute the probabilities anyways. To extend the perversity, let us, instead of relying on comforting and concrete numbers like 7/10, let the variable x denote the probability of a random day not being a spare. In other words, x is approximately the number of classes you are taking divided by 10. Let n denote the number of individuals in your polyamourous, exclusively UTS-based relationship, including yourself. Then the probability that y’all do not have a spare on a given day is x^n. The probability that y’all have the cohort that goes to school on that day is 1/(2^n). Therefore the probability that you can all go on a date after school on a random day is the dreary (x/2)^n. For the spare frequency we assumed earlier, we get 4% for a threesome, 1.5% for a foursome, 0.5% for a fivesome, and so on to impossibility. Keep in mind, this formula is only accurate for small n compared to the number of people attending class on a given day. For example, if the entire school was engaged in a polygamous relationship then the miniature probability of 0.45^700 would be an overestimate; not everybody can attend school at once due to class sizes so the true probability would be zero. You have been warned; do not use this formula for planning which requires a high degree of precision and a large number of people involved. The derivation of the fully accurate solution is left as an exercise to the reader.

But all that’s not the worst of it. Remember, if you have a spare on Monday, then that spare shows up on Thursday too. If you are in cohort B on Tuesday and your (we revert to considering monogamous relationships) partner is in cohort A on Tuesday, then you’re not at school together on Friday, either. The bad days are correlated to each other. And keep in mind that you have the same classes and cohorts for the whole three-week chunk. Basically, either you see your date a whole lot (relatively speaking, for covid), or barely at all. This kind of splish splash whippity whappity uncertainty is not good for any relationship. One needs stability, reliability, but that is not what the situation has given. Ah, the old days when everybody went to school every day!

Another issue: wearing masks causes acne. Cue the earlier sentence containing the word ‘proles’ but with appropriate substitutions. The whole shabang, and by shabang I extend myself from covid 19 or wearing masks and instead mean possessing an epidermis, can be a real pain in the ass at times, or always. This applies when you exist platonically in society, or even just alone with yourself and a mirror, but it is doubly a factor when you are, as the subject of this essay would suggest, going on a date. There is a lot to be said about acne, especially about how to not have it. I will restrict myself to covid 19 relevant details. Try to restrict, within reason, the number of situations where you need to wear a mask. If you’re visiting a friend and are near their house, consider staying in the backyard or something instead of going inside. If you’re reluctant to share with people that you don’t want to go in their house because you don’t want to wear a mask and get acne, consider saying that you don’t want to go inside to prevent covid 19 spread. As for the masks themselves, try to get soft cloth fabrics that don’t irritate your skin. As well, the more loose-fitting the mask is the better for your skin, but the worse for disease control; that is a tradeoff I leave in your hands. Also, wash your face as soon as you get home. Consider the upside of the whole situation: masks hide the acne they cause.

Speaking of masks, we have the issue of whether or not to wear a mask while on a date, and more generally what degree you are to social distance. If your date is flagrantly disregarding mask wearing and social distancing protocols, remember that it is your duty as a Canadian citizen, honourable UTS representative, and self-respecting member of the human race to make sure that they’re really hot before you go along with it. On your end, try not to pressure anybody to do things they aren’t comfortable with, because that is not cool beans.

Those are my thoughts on the subject. I hope you enjoyed my essay on COVID-19 and dating.


[Disclaimer: Technically speaking, at the time of writing, to the best of my knowledge, swearing to tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth, when you deduct income tax on the bottom line, cross all t’s, dot all i’s, obtain the proper paperwork signed in triplicate, put all matrices in reduced row echelon form, edit out all instances of the phrase “the fact that”, and get adequate leeward heel to point upwind, I have not actually been on a date recently.]