INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
ETHNORELATIVISM
This approach promotes cultural relativism, emphasizing that no culture is inherently superior or inferior to another.
This also encourages individuals to embrace cultural diversity, fostering a more inclusive and tolerant global community. By adapting an Ethnorelative mindset, people can engage in meaningful cross-cultural interactions, breaking down stereotypes and building connections across diverse societies.
ETHNOCENTRIC
- This mindset can lead to misunderstandings and a lack of appreciation for diverse perspectives. Embracing ethnocultural diversity allows for richer experiences and fosters mutual respect. Overcoming ethnocentrism involves being open-minded, acknowledging cultural differences, and recognizing the value that each culture brings to the global tapestry of human existence.
DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (DMIS)
Denial
Does not recognize cultural differences.
One's own culture is experienced as the only real one
Lacks interest to understand other cultures
Acceptance
Focuses on cultural differences
Respects and values differences
One's culture is seen as one of the many equally complex cultures
Defense
Belittles other cultures
One's culture is seen as better than other cultures
One's culture is seen inferior than other cultures
Adaptation
The individual is very open to the world view when accepting new perspective
Uses empathy more effectively
Intentionally changes own behavior to respect another culture
Minimization
Focuses on similarities of culture
Everyone thinks and feels the same
One's own culture is experienced as universal
Integration
Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATOR
Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
Reflectiveness and mindfulness
Open-mindedness
Sensitivity
Adaptability
Ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influence each other)
Politeness
MICROAGGRESSION refers to subtle, often unintentional acts or comments that communicate derogatory or negative messages towards individuals belonging to marginalized groups. These actions can be based on factors like race, gender, or ethnicity. While seemingly harmless on the surface, microaggressions can have a cumulative and harmful impact on the recipients, contributing to feelings of exclusion or invalidation. It's important to raise awareness about microaggressions and promote education to create more inclusive and respectful environments. Acknowledging and addressing these subtle forms of discrimination is crucial for fostering diversity and equality.
TYPES OF MICROAGGRESSION
Environmental Microaggression are subtle actions or comments that unintentionally belittle or dismiss concerns about the environment. It could be someone making fun of eco-friendly practices or downplaying the importance of sustainability efforts. These small behaviors may make people who care about the environment feel invalidated or excluded. Addressing environmental microaggressions is essential for creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for those passionate about ecological issues. By promoting understanding and respect for diverse perspectives on environmental matters.
Behavioral Microaggression occurs when unintentional actions that send negative messages about someone's race, gender, or other characteristics. It could be body language, gestures, or subtle behaviors that make people feel unwelcome or dismissed. These actions may seem minor, but they can add up, making individuals from marginalized groups feel excluded. Recognizing and addressing these behaviors is important for creating an environment where everyone feels respected.
Verbal Microaggression is often unintended comments or remarks that subtly convey negative messages about a person's identity, such as their race, gender, or background. These comments might seem harmless, but they can be hurtful and contribute to a feeling of exclusion or discomfort. Addressing verbal microaggressions involves raising awareness about their impact, educating people about respectful communication, and fostering a culture of inclusivity. By recognizing and addressing these subtle forms of discrimination, we can create environments where everyone feels valued and respected.
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Simply put, nomination is opening up a topic to start a conversation.
Restriction
Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. These are specific instructions that confine you as a speaker to limit what you can say.
Turn-Taking
This pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. It simply means to give others the opportunity to speak, and asking oneself permission to speak.
Topic Control
Determines the development of a topic through the cooperation and contribution of the communicators in a conversation
Topic Shifting
In long meetings, participants may need to move in and out a topic. To inform listeners that a new topic is being introduced, we use topic shifting. It involves moving from one topic to another.
Termination
Refers to close-initiating expressions that end a topic or conversation.
Repair
Refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. It is a common response to fix or to solve any barrier in communication
SPEECH ACTS
THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
Locutionary act refers to what has been said or the actual act of uttering.
Identify the locutionary act by asking "What is said?"
Illocutionary act is the purpose or meaning of what has been uttered.
Identify the illocutionary act by asking "What is the intention of the message?"
Perlocutionary act is the actual effect or the consequence of saying something.
Identify the perlocutionary act by asking "What is the effect of the message?
DIRECT VS INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS AND PERFORMATIVES
Direct Speech Acts
The form of the utterance is related to its meaning.
example: "May I have one whole sheet of paper, please?"
Indirect Speech Acts
The form of the utterance is NOT related to its meaning.
example: "Hey, I forgot my pad paper".
Performatives
are statements said by the right person under the right circumstances that result in a change in the world.
"I now pronounce you husband and wife".
5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPEECH ACTS
Assertive
An utterance that a speaker uses to state an assumption or a reality about the world.
This class includes acts of stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying, concluding, predicting, etc.
example: Vaccines work!
Directive
An utterance that a speaker uses to make the receiver to perform an action.
This class includes acts of requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, recommending, etc.
example: Do your modules, please
Commissive
An utterance that a speaker uses to perform a future action.
This class includes acts of promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, etc.
example: I will finish my PETA today!
Expressive
An utterance that a speaker uses to expresses feelings and emotion.
This class includes acts of apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, welcoming, deploring, objecting, etc.
example: I love you, sis
Declaration
An utterance that a speaker uses to change the state of the world.
This class includes acts of appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, surrendering, excommunicating, arresting, etc.
example: You are hired!
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Informative Speech
Is a presentation that aims to provide the audience with factual information, explanations, or descriptions about a specific topic. It typically focuses on educating and increasing the audience's understanding of the subject matter.
In this type of speech, the speaker strives to be clear, concise, and objective, presenting information in a logical and organized manner.
The primary goal is to impart knowledge, rather than persuade or entertain. Effective informative speeches often incorporate visual aids, examples, and real-world applications to enhance comprehension.
Entertainment Speech
Is a presentation designed primarily to amuse, entertain, and engage the audience. Unlike informative or persuasive speeches, the main goal here is to provide enjoyment, laughter, or emotional resonance rather than imparting information or influencing opinions. Entertainment speeches often incorporate humor, anecdotes, storytelling, or engaging narratives to captivate the audience's attention.
These speeches can take various forms, including stand-up comedy, humorous anecdotes, or lighthearted storytelling, contributing to a relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere.
Persuasive Speech
It is a form of communication where the speaker aims to influence or convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint, belief, or course of action.
In this type of presentation, the speaker employs various rhetorical strategies to build a compelling case, utilizing evidence, reasoning, and emotional appeals to sway the audience's opinions. Unlike informative speeches that focus on providing neutral information, persuasive speeches are inherently biased, seeking to advocate for a specific position.
Effective persuasive speeches often involve understanding the audience's perspectives, addressing potential counterarguments, and using language that resonates with the listeners to inspire agreement or action. Ultimately, the goal is to create a persuasive impact and motivate the audience to embrace the speaker's stance.
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
Definition Speech
Is a type of presentation where the speaker's primary aim is to clearly define and explain a specific term, concept, or idea for the audience. In this form of speech, the focus is on providing a precise and comprehensive understanding of the chosen subject, often by breaking down its key components or characteristics.
The speaker may explore the origin, usage, and significance of the term, ensuring the audience gains a thorough comprehension.
Definition speeches play a crucial role in fostering shared understanding and eliminating ambiguity surrounding certain terms. Through precise language and illustrative examples, speakers strive to convey the essence and nuances of the defined concept.
Demonstration Speech
Is a type of presentation in which the speaker provides a step-by-step explanation or display of how to perform a particular task, achieve a specific goal, or create something. The primary focus is on guiding the audience through practical processes, often involving hands-on activities or visual aids to enhance understanding. Unlike informative speeches that share information broadly, demonstration speeches emphasize the "how-to" aspect, enabling the audience to replicate the demonstrated actions themselves.
Effective demonstration speeches require clear communication, well-defined steps, and the use of tangible examples to ensure that the audience comprehends and can apply the presented instructions. The ultimate objective is to empower listeners with the knowledge and skills to carry out the demonstrated task.
Explanatory Speech
Is a form of presentation where the speaker elucidates and clarifies a particular topic or concept. The primary purpose is to help the audience gain a deeper understanding of the subject by providing detailed explanations, breaking down complex ideas into more accessible components. Unlike persuasive speeches, the objective here is not to convince or sway opinions but to enhance comprehension.
Speakers often use examples, analogies, and visuals to simplify intricate information and make it more digestible for the audience. Effective explanatory speeches focus on clarity, coherence, and ensuring that the audience leaves with a thorough grasp of the discussed topic.
Descriptive Speech
Is a type of presentation where the speaker vividly portrays and paints a detailed picture of a person, place, object, or experience. Unlike informative speeches that provide general information, the descriptive speech focuses on creating a sensory-rich and evocative experience for the audience. Through the use of vivid language, sensory details, and expressive narratives, the speaker aims to elicit a strong mental image or emotional response from the listeners.
Descriptive speeches often appeal to the audience's imagination and senses, aiming to convey a profound understanding or appreciation of the subject being described. The primary goal is to transport the audience mentally to the described scenario, fostering a deeper connection with the content.
TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Speech that Questions Facts
is a presentation where the speaker critically examines and challenges the accuracy or validity of certain information or claims. In this type of speech, the focus is on scrutinizing the veracity of facts, data, or statements, aiming to encourage a thoughtful and analytical approach from the audience. Unlike speeches that solely present information, this type involves raising doubts or skepticism about the reliability of the presented facts.
The speaker may employ critical thinking, evidence analysis, and logical reasoning to question the basis of the information at hand. The overarching goal is to promote a more nuanced understanding of the subject matter by encouraging listeners to question and evaluate the presented facts.
Speech that Questions Values
is a presentation where the speaker critically examines and challenges the underlying beliefs, principles, or moral standards associated with a particular topic. In this type of speech, the focus is on fostering reflection and discussion about the values that underpin certain ideas, behaviors, or societal norms.
The speaker may employ persuasive techniques to question the ethical or moral aspects of the values in question, encouraging the audience to reevaluate their perspectives. Unlike speeches solely focused on presenting information, this type aims to provoke thoughtful consideration and potentially influence a shift in values or ethical perspectives. The overarching goal is to prompt the audience to engage in a deeper examination of the moral foundations that guide their opinions and decisions.
Speech that Questions Values
Is a presentation where the speaker critically assesses and challenges existing rules, regulations, or governmental approaches related to a specific issue or area. In this type of speech, the focus is on scrutinizing the effectiveness, fairness, or ethical implications of the policies in question.
The speaker may employ logical reasoning, empirical evidence, and persuasive techniques to raise concerns or propose alternative solutions. Unlike speeches that merely convey information, this type aims to prompt a reevaluation of current policies and stimulate thoughtful discussion about potential improvements or changes. The overarching goal is to engage the audience in a critical examination of the policies and their impact on individuals or society.
Speech that Refutes
Is a presentation where the speaker systematically challenges and contradicts a specific argument, claim, or viewpoint. In this type of speech, the emphasis is on providing counterarguments, evidence, or logical reasoning to undermine the validity or credibility of the opposing position. Unlike speeches that solely convey information, a refutative speech aims to dismantle the key points of an argument and persuade the audience to reject or reconsider the opposing perspective.
Effective refutative speeches often involve anticipating and addressing potential counterarguments to strengthen the overall case. The primary goal is to demonstrate the flaws or weaknesses in the opposing viewpoint and persuade the audience to align with the speaker's stance.
THREE TYPES OF APPEAL IN PERSUASIVE SPEECH
ETHOS
It refers to the ethical appeal or credibility that a speaker establishes in their communication. In this context, ethos involves persuading the audience by showcasing the speaker's character, reliability, and expertise on the subject. It goes beyond the content of the speech itself and emphasizes the speaker's trustworthiness and moral standing.
Effective use of ethos involves demonstrating competence, integrity, and goodwill to gain the audience's confidence. Ethos plays a crucial role in influencing opinions and fostering trust, making it an essential element in persuasive communication.
PATHOS
refers to the emotional appeal employed by a speaker to connect with the audience's feelings and evoke specific emotions. In this context, pathos involves using language, anecdotes, or examples that resonate with the audience on an emotional level. The goal is to create a deep emotional impact, whether it's eliciting empathy, compassion, joy, or other sentiments.
Effectively utilizing pathos enhances the speaker's ability to engage the audience and make a persuasive or compelling case. It adds a human element to the communication, aiming to evoke a strong emotional response that can influence the audience's attitudes or decisions.
LOGOS
refers to the logical appeal in persuasive communication, where the speaker employs reasoned arguments, evidence, and rationality to support their position or message. In this context, logos involves presenting a well-structured and coherent argument that convinces the audience through sound reasoning. The speaker utilizes facts, statistics, and logical conclusions to build a compelling case and demonstrate the validity of their viewpoint.
Effective use of logos contributes to the overall persuasiveness of a message by appealing to the audience's intellect and logical faculties.
TYPES OF SPEECHES
Impromptu Speech
Is an unprepared and spontaneous presentation where the speaker addresses a topic or question without prior planning or rehearsal. In this type of speech, individuals must rely on their extemporaneous speaking skills to deliver a coherent and effective message on the spot.
Impromptu speeches often occur in situations where speakers are asked to respond immediately, requiring quick thinking and adaptability. The speaker is expected to organize their thoughts on the fly, making the speech engaging and relevant to the given prompt.
While impromptu speeches may lack the meticulous preparation of other speech types, they showcase the speaker's ability to think on their feet and communicate effectively in unforeseen circumstances.
Extemporaneous Speech
Is a presentation delivered with limited preparation, allowing the speaker to use notes or an outline while addressing a topic. In this type of speech, the speaker has some prior knowledge of the subject but doesn't memorize the entire content.
Extemporaneous speeches combine a structured framework with the spontaneity of real-time delivery. The speaker maintains flexibility to adapt their message based on the audience's response or specific circumstances.
This approach blends preparation with improvisation, showcasing the speaker's ability to convey information in a conversational yet organized manner.
Manuscript Speech
Is a form of presentation where the speaker delivers a pre-written script or text verbatim, often reading directly from a written document. In this type of speech, the speaker meticulously prepares and rehearses the entire content, aiming for precise and accurate delivery.
Manuscript speeches are common in formal settings where precision and adherence to a specific wording are crucial. Unlike extemporaneous or impromptu speeches, where speakers rely on spontaneous delivery, a manuscript speech ensures that every word is carefully chosen and follows a predetermined script. While this method provides a high level of control over the message, it may risk appearing less spontaneous or engaging to the audience.
Memorized Speech
Is a presentation where the speaker commits the entire content to memory and recites it without referencing written notes or prompts. In this type of speech, the speaker diligently memorizes the script to ensure precise and consistent delivery.
Memorized speeches are often employed in situations where a polished and rehearsed presentation is essential, such as formal ceremonies or performances. While this method allows for a well-structured and flawlessly executed presentation, it may also limit the speaker's ability to adapt to unexpected changes or engage with the audience in a spontaneous manner.
The success of a memorized speech relies on the speaker's memorization skills and the ability to maintain composure during delivery.
STRATEGIES IN ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING IMPROMPTU SPEECH
Past, Present, Future
A strategy applicable when a question inherently involves the element of timing is to address inquiries related to ongoing activities, achievements, or updates on specific projects or programs. This approach involves providing relevant and recent information, ensuring that the response aligns with the temporal context of the question. By incorporating details about current endeavors and progress, the speaker effectively responds to the time-sensitive nature of the inquiry.
This technique is particularly useful in scenarios where the audience seeks the most up-to-date and pertinent information, emphasizing the importance of timing in delivering a comprehensive response. By tailoring the reply to include recent developments, the speaker enhances the relevance and accuracy of the information shared.
P.R.E.P (Point-Reason-Example/explanation-Point)
This approach is employed for structure responses, and achieving P.R.E.P involves following specific steps.
State your POINT - You must determine your main point and express it clearly from the outset.
Give a REASON - Typically, reasoning begins with "because," so it's essential to provide explanations for why your point is valid.
Provide EXAMPLES/EVIDENCE - Offer one or more instances or illustrations to bolster your main argument and the reasons you've presented. This could include impactful stories, testimonials, statistics, research, or any supporting evidence for your claim.
Wrap up by demonstrating the correctness of your stance. Recapitulate your argument in a way that makes it memorable for your audience.
Bridging
Creating a link between your actions. both what you know and don't know
Reframing
This entails changing the topic's definition or phrase. things you would like to talk about.
Playing Devil's Advocate
a person who expressed a controversial viewpoint to spark discussion or assess the impact of the opposing claims.