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About oil > Terms of Use > Quality indicators > Additives
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Mineral lubricating oils
are mainly produced from petroleum. Oil consists mainly of hydrocarbons and only a small part of the compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Hydrocarbons are substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Mineral lubricating oils are composed of hydrocarbons with carbon numbers from about 20 to 70. As the lubricating oil is produced from crude oil?
Oil, heated in a tube furnace is fed into a distillation column wherein partition walls are arranged for adjustment, called plates. Cymbals hydrocarbon vapors condense, i.e. converted into a liquid. In the column the oil is vaporized and the vaporized hydrocarbons separation (depending on the boiling point) for various column produkty.Vnizu oil remains, which is fed to a tubular vacuum unit, where it divides into the lubricating oil. Tubular vacuum system consists of a tube furnace and distillation column. Fuel oil is heated in a tube furnace to 425 ° C, is fed to the distillation column. In the column of oil evaporates.
In a tube furnace where it is heated fuel oil, and in the column where it is separated into different hydrocarbon distillate oil, pressure is maintained only 40-55 millimeters of mercury instead of atmospheric pressure of 760 millimeters of mercury, as it is used in the direct distillation of crude oil. Oil and distillate residues after stripping contain, besides hydrocarbons, various asphalt-resin simple substances, naphthenic acids, sulfur compounds and other substances that impair the quality of the oil.
Oil and distillate residues are intermediates. Only after clearing them from all harmful impurities get ready oil. Oils obtained by purification of oil distillate, called destillatnymi oils unlike oils derived from residues and called residual. Cleaning oil and distillate residues of contaminants is essential for you, high- quality oils.
There are three ways to clean the oil:
1) purification of sulfuric acid (acid treatment);
2) cleaning Solvent (selective treatment);
3) cleaning bleaching earth.
Method of cleaning oil greatly affects the quality of the oil, therefore it is very often oils include the name and title of the purification process oils, e.g., acid oil, solvent-refined oil. When acidic cleaning asphalt-resinous veschestvaa and unsaturated hydrocarbons found in oil distillate reacted with sulfuric acid to form a hard thick gummy mass - the acid sludge. Acid sludge settles to the bottom of the mixer, where it is removed.
The residual oil was passed to another mixer where to remove residual acid it was treated with alkali. The oil was then washed with water. The remaining water is removed from the oil heating. As a result of all these operations is getting ready acid oil.
Selective purification of used oils, solvents which, when mixed with oil is dissolved in the oil does not entirely all but only some of its component parts. For example, such a solvent is chosen, which will only dissolve the oil harmful substances, i.e. those components of the distillate oil from which wish to get rid of. Mixing the oil with solvent and separating the solvent from the oil, thereby removed the harmful substances from the oil - unsaturated hydrocarbons, resins and so on. It is possible to choose a solvent and in which the solution according to the best quality of the oil and all harmful substances - asphalt-resinous , unsaturated hydrocarbons, etc. - will fall into the sediment.
Cleaning the bleaching earth is to pass-NII oil distillate through a layer of earth. The essence of this process is that the oil is mixed with the ground, is heated, filtered and then ground using special filter presses. Together with the ground, of course, removed and undesired substances present in the distillate oil.
Depending on the required quality of an oil or distillate oil is subjected to purification or polugudron one way or two or even all three, by applying them in a different sequence
Depending on the required quality of an oil or distillate oil is subjected to purification or polugudron one way or two or even all three, by applying them in a different sequence.
Synthetic oils
Preparation of oils from straight run petroleum essentially reduces the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from the lighter with the subsequent cleaning from nezhelatelg tions components.
However, this is not the only way of obtaining lubricating oils. Chemistry Advances made possible to artificially manufacture of lubricating oils of various types of raw material - from gases, paraffin, and even coal of sand, that is, from this kind of raw material, in which there is nothing like a lubricating oil.
The process of obtaining a well-defined chemical compounds and the nature of chemistry called synthesis. Therefore oils produced artificially called synthetic oils. How, then, gives a synthetic oil? For example there is a gas - ethylene. Is a hydrocarbon consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. If the ethylene pressure to compress the 10-15 atmospheres and heated to 200 ° C in the presence of a catalyst, then ethylene gas molecules are interconnected and form new molecules with carbon number of 20 or more.
Because of the small molecules of ethylene molecule artificially produced new, larger and more complex hydrocarbons, which can be used as lubricating oils.
Developed many different methods of producing synthetic oils. Even from the same raw material can be produced in several ways synthetic oils.
Recent years have seen new successes in the art of synthetic lubricating oils. Began to receive lubricating oils which composition and properties differ from hydrocarbon oils. Chemists were able to replace the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbons with fluorine atoms, as a result of such replacement is obtained instead of a new hydrocarbon compound - fluorocarbon.
Fluorocarbon compounds, unlike conventional hydrocarbon oils withstand high temperatures, of the order of 400-500 ° C, and does not oxidize.
Upon receipt of the same silicone hydrocarbon-like substitute for carbon atoms in the backbone of the molecule, the silicon atoms. In the skeleton of the hydrocarbons to form carbon atoms, and in silikonah- silicon atoms interconnected by oxygen as shown in the figure.
Silicone oils have a number of properties, which have no hydrocarbon oils. Silicones can withstand the heat, do not oxidize, do not evaporate, freeze at very low temperatures, and so on.
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