Test/Assignment

Part-A: Fill with appropriate word :

The Boolean expression is a set of ________ which are very suitable for __________ circuits.
A statement which may either be _________ or ________ is known as preposition.
A switch can either be closed or __________
The Boolean postulates are _____________ with respect to operators: AND or OR.
_____________is a term in which one or more Boolean variables are connected by the AND operators.
A ___________ is a digital circuit with one or more inputs but only _______output.
__________Map is a technique used for the simplification of ____________expression.
A____________ is a digital circuit that takes ___________input lines and selects exactly one of the possible ____________output lines.
The computer works with the __________data and human beings prefer to use ____________data.
The digital circuit used for encoding is known as _______________.

Part-B: Make True or False in front of the following statement

Boolean Algebra is a Two state Algebra
X is greater than 9 AND X is less than 5
X is greater than 9 OR X is less than 5
NOT(TRUE)
The precedence of OR Operator is greater than AND operator
The precedence of NOT Operator is greater than AND Operator
The Operation OR and are Distributive
The Operation OR and AND obey Substitution
The Boolean expression in which product terms are connected by the OR operators is known as product of sums
A sum term of all the entries in a row of a truth table is known as Truth Table
Karnaugh map is a graphical representation of a Truth Table
A pair on a Karnaugh map can eliminate one variable
A quad on a Karnaugh map can eliminate two variable
Half adder can add binary numbers with more than one digit
A decoder is a many to one digital device
Encoder is a part of output device in a computer system
A keyboard encoder translates decimal data into binary data
The simpler the expression, the simpler the circuit needed for it.
An Octet on a K-map can eliminate 8 variable
Y(A,B,C,D)= ∑ m(1,3,4,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,14,15) contains 4 Quad

PART-C:

Apply principle of duality in Boolean algebra to express (x+y).(x’+y’).(y+z) .Find it’s equivalent minimum POS form.
Find the minimum number of logic gates in Y(A,B,C,D)=∑m( 1, 5,6,7,11,12,13,15), implement it using any universal gate?
Describe two ways to eliminate racing problem in JK Flip-Flop
Why Controlled Buffer Register is better for holding data as PIPO?
Draw a 4 bit Adder/Subtractor circuit .How you will use it for Incrementer and Decrementer function?

PART-D:

A Computer uses RAM chips of 1024 X 1 capacity, How many chips are needed and how should their address lines be connected to provide a memory capacity of 1024 Bytes?
A Computer uses RAM chips of 1024 X 1 capacity, How many chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 16K Bytes? Explain in words how the chips are to be connected to the address Bus?
How many 128 X 8 RAM chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 2048 Bytes?
In problem statement of que.3 , how many lines of address bus must be used to access 2048 bytes of memory? How many of these lines will be common to all chips?
In the problem of que4 how many lines must be decoded for the chip select? Specify the size of decoders
A ROM chip of 1024 X 8 bits has four select inputs, and operates from a 5-olt power supply.How many pins are needed for the IC package? Draw a Block diagram and label all input and output terminals of this ROM.

PART-E

What do you mean by modulus of a counter? Explain with suitable example.
Why Synchronous counter is fast? Why Ripple counter is slow?
Draw the counter and explain which is following the states : 5,6,7,8,9,5, 6,....
What is decade counter? What are it’s uses?
Obtain a T-F-F from D-F-F.
Differentiate : (a) Racing V/s Toggle (b) Edge Triggering V/s Level Triggering
write precise standard value for TTL :(a) Power dissipation per gate(b) Propagation delay (c) Fan-In (d) Fan-Out (e) Noise Margin
What is Totem Pole Output?
Draw the Truth table of Master-Slave F-F
What is the purpose of controlled Buffer Register? How it ensures previous data, in case of absence of LOAD input?

Assignment# -Design and development of Digital Electronics LAB setup using Soft computing Approach

PART-F

Data to be processed by computers originate as written documents. It is necessary to convert these to a form that can be stored in a computer. This task is done by___________________.
A commonly used input unit is the_________. Data is entered manually using the __________by pressing _____ corresponding to the input _______ to be stored and processed by computers.
Manual data entry using a _________is error prone. It is preferable to have devices which will directly read data and store them in a computer’s memory. Such devices are now available.
For ____________ data, Optical character readers, magnetic ink character readers and bar code readers are used.
Keyboard or an ______________________is used to input text. These devices are used for storage and processing of data in computers are two state devices. It is necessary to transform or code all data using only two symbols. The two symbols used are, by convention the digits 0 and 1.These are called binary digits or bits for short.
The number of unique strings possible in a code with 2 bits in each sting is ____.In general the number of unique bit strings with n bits are____. Each string in this set of strings may be used to code or represent one character. There are _____ unique strings with 7 bits each.
The American Standards Institution has evolved a standard code to represent characters to be stored and processed by computers. These codes are called _______, uses___ bits to represent each character. The ASCII code defines codes for English letters (Capital and Small) decimal digits, 32 special characters and codes for a number of symbols used to control the operation of a computer. The symbols used for control are non printable. A string of 8 bits are known as a Byte. A Byte can encode _____ Characters.
A character represents code known as _________ has been standardized. _____, the current standard is a 32-bit code and has the capability to represent_____ languages of the______.
Encoding of Decimal Numbers depends on the manner in which they are to be processed by the computer. If they are merely used as a symbols without any attached value (For example Motor car registration number, Item code, Mobile number) They are equivalent to text and are coded using the ______. If values are to be assigned to decimal numbers and if they are used as operand in arithmetic operation then they are converted to equivalent____________.
Large Numbers requires long sequences of 0’s and 1’s to represent them. A more concise representation is obtained using the ____________notation. The base of _________l numbers is ____ the e.g. symbol with equivalent 4 bit binary values used in this system { 0=000, 1=0001, 2=0010, 3=0011, 4=0100, 5=0101, 6=0110, 7=0111, 8=1000, 9=1001, A=1010,B=1011, C=1100, D=1101, E=1110, F=111} .For binary 101 1101 1011 1110001110100 with equivalent hex=
Errors may occur while recording or reading the data and when data is transmitted from one unit to another unit in a computer. Detection of a single bit error in the code for a character is possible by introducing an extra bit in its code .This bit, known as the _____bit , it is appended to the code. This bit is chosen so that the total number of 1’s in the new code is even. If a single bit is incorrectly read, written or transmitted then the total number of 1’s in the corrupted code would become odd. Thereby indicating an error. A single ________cannot _______any errors, it can ________one bit error.

12. If all the numbers if the solution to the quadratic equation (x2-10x+31)r=0 in decimal number system was x=5 and x-8 then the radix of number= _________________

13. Perform the subtraction with the following unsigned decimal number by taking 10’s compliment of the subtrahend

(A) 5250-1321 = (B)1753-8640 =

( C) 20-100 = (D)1200-250 =

14. Perform the subtraction with the following unsigned binary number by taking the 2’s complement of a subtrahend

(A) 11010-10000= (B)11010-1101=

(c )100-110000= (D) 1010100-1010100=

15. Perform the arithmetic operations (+42)+(-13) and (-42)-(-13) in binary using singed 2’s complement representation for negative numbers.

16. The equivalent Representation of the number (+46.5)10 as a floating point number with 24 bits=________________________________

17. A 36 bit floating point binary number has eight bits plus sign for the exponent and 26 bits plus sign for the mantissa. The mantissa is a normalized fraction. Numbers in the mantissa and exponent are in signed magnitude representation. The largest and smallest positive quantities that can be represented, excluding zero are ____________________ and _______________

18. The 2421 code of decimal 3984 is the_________________. Complement all the bits of the coded number and find 9’s complement of 3984 = ___________

19. The processor speed is often quoted by vendors as _______.This is nota very good measure as the amount of work done to perform different instructions may vary widely.

20. A more realistic measure of the speed of the processors is what is known as it’s ____ rating. ____is an abbreviation of _____ ________ Evaluation Corporation, which is a group of professionals and processor manufactures. This rating is based on time taken to execute a set of what are known as ________ programs on a processor. Higher speed processors have higher _____ Rating.

PART-G:

Q-1: Grandfather of BOB has 1000 B&W photographs. Each photograph is of postcard size (3'' X 5 ''). BOB would like to scan them and store in a CD and DVD. Prepare a table to demonstrate, space required for their storage, assuming a scanner with 300 bpi X 600 bpi resolution is used and 8 bits are used per pixel?

Q-2) the colored Album of Alice has 200 colored picnic photo. Each photo is of dimension = 8’’ X 11” area. Alice wanted to digitize and stored all with 24 bits per pixel with scanner of resolution =600 CCD, If the scanner scans 1200 lines per inch for high resolution, then how much storage is needed?

Q.3) The marriage function video of Tom is of 3 hours long. It is taken in color .It is desired to store the video in compressed form in a personal Computer. How much storage is required for it? Frame size =640 X 480 with frame rate 30 and color depth of 24 bits.

Q-4) Estimates for The time taken by OCR software to convert a scanned text to ASCII depends on the processing speed of the computer which is used for recognition and also the efficiency of the OCR software. For scanning resolution of 300 dpi and using currently available desktop computers such as 3 MHz clock with 4 cores CPU, the time varies from 2 seconds to 4 seconds per page. This does not include the time needed to manually proofread a page after it is recognized. The proofreading time depends upon the number of errors in the output and also the experience of the proofreader in reading and correcting the input text. An average proofreader can take from 2 to 5 minutes to read and correct errors in a page of text containing around 3200 characters. Using this fact, estimate following cases:

Case-1: The binding is cut and individual pages are scanned, (a)With inexpensive flatbed scanner, where each page is to be put on the glass plate and cover closed before scanning commences. This will take approximately 15 seconds per page. (b) The time taken by the light beam assembly to move and scan the whole page depends on the speed of motor which moves the beam. It varies between 3 seconds to 6 .You can take an average of 6 seconds per page.(c) After scanning the OCR will take time to recognize characters and convert the bitmap to ASCII form. The time needed depends upon the quality of OCR software and the computer used. It also varies from about 2 to 4 seconds. You can take an average of 3 seconds per page.

How much time will be needed to scan a 1000 page bound book, convert it to ASCII and correct the output? How much storage space is needed to store it in the computer’s memory?

Assume that a person works nonstop. i.e. Time taken to scan a page and convert it to ASCII form is ____Seconds .For scanning 1000 page book the time needed is ____ Hours. Thus scanning a 1000 page book and converting it to ASCII will take about ___ Hours.

Case-2: Use of sheet-fed scanner: It uses a tray in which the sheets to be scanned are put. The scanner automatically feeds the pages one by one and scans them. The speed is approximately 25 pages per minutes. The tray may contain about 100 pages. Thus manual time is reduced. Assuming it takes 30 seconds to load the tray manually, a 1000 page will take _______seconds to scan. The OCR recognition time will be _____ seconds. Thus the time to scan and convert a 1000 page book to ASCII will be _____Seconds which can be approx. _____Hour. The time for proofreading will still be 33 Hours.

Case-3: Use of V-Shaped book scanners: In the case-1 and Case-2, we assumed that the bound book is cut into sheets and scanned. In many cases, particularly, if it is a library book or a rare book, cutting may not be allowed. Bound books are scanned using a photographic process. The book is opened and placed on V-shaped cradle. The pages are illuminated from above. Two digital cameras take pictures of the two pages simultaneously .These pictures are fed to OCR software which converts them to ASCII form. The pages of the book are turned manually by an operator-shaped scanners are used by the GOOGLE to digitize books. As the book pages will be slightly curved when placed on the V-shaped cradle, some part of the page may be out of the focus of the cameras. A correction method using another infrared camera has been patented by the Google. Google also has a patent to use background music to regulate and minimize errors made by operators who manually turn pages of books placed on the scanners. The time taken to scan a 1000 page book using this method is estimated to be 1.5 hours. Error rate in this case is also around 1 in 100 words. If books are proofread to correct errors, it will need 33 hours per book. However it is reported that Google stores scanned books as in without proofreading. It is also reported that 24-man hours are required to scan 50 books (Average 500 pages). Now calculate the storage space needed to store the text.

Case-I: If the text is of uniform font, then OCR software will convert bit maps to ASCII .Assuming that a page has 40 lines with 80 characters per line, the space needed to store 1000 page is: _______ MB.

Case-ii: If the text is pure text for ½ page and the other half is a picture (black and White with no gray tones) and the print area is =5”X8”.The number of bits for this picture =_________MB.

Number of bits for the text (1/2 page) =_________Bytes

Total space needed for a page= _____________Bytes

Total space needed for 1000 Pages=______________MB

Compare the results with the case-1, ad demonstrate for which case the storage is needed for which case?

PART-H