Back to Ultimate Large Numbers List Part II
ULTIMATE LARGE NUMBERS LIST
PART III
Cascading-E, Extended Cascading-E & Beyond
finite numbers of order type w^w to any number up to and including the absolutely infinite ...
XV. Dimensional Array Epoch
[ E100#^#100 , E100#^#^#100 )
Entries: 295
E100#^#100
E100### ... ###100 w/100 #s
godgahlah
This number pushes the limit of xE#, and soon we will be beyond what we can practically express even in xE#. However this is just the beginning of Cascading-E Notation. In Cascading-E we can write a godgahlah more simply as E100#^#100. This number can be approximated in Array Notation as <10,100,99,99,...,99> w/99 99s. This makes it an array with 101 entries. It is thus larger than goobol = <10,100(1)2>. On googology wiki this number is approximated as <100,101(1)2> which is <100,100,...,100> w/101 100s.
E100,000#^#100,000
E100,000#### ... ... ####100,000 w/100,000 #s
godgahlahgong
Also can be written in cascading-E as E100,000#^#100,000.
{10, {10,10(1)2} (1)2}
iteralplex
The plex version of an iteral. This is one of the 120 original named numbers by Jonathan Bowers.
E100#^#100#2
E100######## ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ########100
w/godgahlah #s
grand godgahlah
Also can be written E100#^#100#2 = E100#^#(E100#^#100) = E100#^#godgahlah. This is usually the earliest use of "grand" to represent a single recursive step, as creating a new root for every kind of recursion quickly exhausts roots. From here on in if we have @100#n = "googolism", then "grand googolism" will be @100#(n+1).
E100,000#^#100,000#2
E100,000######## ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ########100,000 w/godgahlahgong #s
grand godgahlahgong
Alternatively, E100,000#^#100,000#2.
E100#^#100#3
E100#grand godgahlah100
grand grand godgahlah
This is E100#^#100#3 in Cascading-E. We can also called this number two-ex-grand godgahlah, although this doesn't really shorten the name.
E100,000#^#100,000#3
E100,000#grand godgahlahgong100,000
grand grand godgahlahgong
This is E100,000#^#100,000#3. This was the highest official entry with the original release of my Ultimate Large Numbers List. That being said someone out there probably suggested ...
1+E100,000#^#100,000#3
grand grand godgahlahgong and one
In an earlier version of this list, this number was mentioned unofficially (non-entry) as an example of the first really large number on the way to infinity. Adding one to googolism's is a common knee-jerk response from non-googologist's. By mentioning such a number, non-googologist's imply that "there is no largest number" and therefore there is no point in trying to make one. By claiming that they have "named the largest number by adding one" they hope to lampoon the endeavor entirely.
What they fail to realize is that googologist's are not trying to make the "largest number", but rather simply enjoy making extremely large numbers, and competing with fellow googologist's in this effort. Secondly, there is a big difference from adding one to someone else's googolism and building your own from the ground up. This is equivalent to "standing on the shoulders of giants" in the worst possible sense. There is generally a "gentlemen's agreement" in googology which says you should not make reference to the other person's number in your definition in an attempt to "trump" them, since any number can be trivially made larger by adding one to it (including some infinities I might add). The second rule is you don't get bragging rights if your number is constructable with methods already established by a competitor. In a sense, adding one contributes nothing to the discussion of large numbers. The idea isn't just to make the largest number, but also to keep devising new and better ways to generate large numbers. So it is a misconception that googologist's are only trying to find the largest number. Rather googologist's are always trying to find a larger number, and not just a slightly larger number, but a colossally mind-bogglingly crushing SUPER ULTRA MEGA NE PLUS ULTRA Larger Number ... and that just for a warm up...
2+E100,000#^#100,000#3
grand grand godgahlahgong and two
...because for every googolism, there will be a +1er to add one to it. See (grand grand godgahlahgong and one). Moving on...
2E100,000#^#100,000#3
two grand grand godgahlahgong
This is a step up from the +1ers, as we are now adding a grand grand godgahlahgong to a grand grand godgahlahgong. We can truncate this as two times a grand grand godgahlahgong. Since our ordinary number sense is logarithmic however, this isn't really an impressive improvement. If the grand grand godgahlahgong is represented by a solid packed sphere of fundamental particles, two grand grand godgahlahgong, would be like having two of these spheres. Does it really seem that much larger, no matter how large the original number was?
3E100,000#^#100,000#3
three grand grand godgahlahgong
How about 3 times a grand grand godgahlahgong...
7E100,000#^#100,000#3
seven grand grand godgahlahgong
How about 7 times a grand grand godgahlahgong...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^2
grand grand godgahlahgong squared
This is the next stage in the naive non-googologist's attempt to extend a target googolism. Basically an attempt to pre-empt the impulse to say "two times your number" and jump to "your number times your number". Now you can imagine our sphere of particles compare to a grand grand godgahlahgong of such spheres!!! o_0;
This will tend to get a visceral reaction, especially since we can't even imagine how big this number is. Despite that fact however, this is just squaring, so any grade school kid could come up with that. Furthermore try to remember that if we began by looking at a single fundamental particle and zoomed out until we reached a grand grand godgahlahgong particles, we'd only have to zoom out twice as long to reach a grand grand godgahlahgong squared. Given how mind-crushingly long the zoom out would be, the fact that it would take twice as long barely makes a difference. Hence, from a googological point of view there is virtually no difference between these numbers. Moving on...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^3
grand grand godgahlahgong cubed
What's better than a square ... a cube...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^4
grand grand godgahlahgong to the fourth
or a 4th power ...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^(E100,000#^#100,000#3)
grand grand godgahlahgong to the power of itself
Next up along the hierarchy of naive responses is raising the number to its own power. Again, with numbers this large it has virtually no effect. That probably sounds mind boggling but just imagine N, then N^N, then (N^N)^(N^N), and continue in this manner for N steps, and call this number M. Someone comes along and says "I could trounce M, how about M^M". Are you really going to be impressed by their response? Ditto for googologist's who've gone much much further ...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^^(E100,000#^#100,000#3)
power tower of grand grand godgahlahgong's a grand grand godgahlah terms high
This one is a classic. Even non-googologist's eventually realize that simply raising a number to the power of itself isn't really that competitive for certain large numbers, especially after they have at least been exposed toGraham's Number. So next they decide to create a power tower of this number, naively thinking this will trounce the competition. But for anything above Graham's Number this already has virtually no effect. If "N" is any googolism, you can bet someone out there will mention N^^N as a response. Rule 34 of googolism states: "If a googolism exists, there is a salad number for it, ... no exceptions". Moving on...
(E100,000#^#100,000#3)^^^^^ ... ^^^^^^(E100,000#^#100,000#3)
w/(E100,000#^#100,000#3) ^s
Time to bring out the big guns. Our intrepid non-googologist has now gotten wind of Knuth-up arrow notation. They promptly take N and generate N^^^...^^^N w/N ^s. As any googologist worth his/her salt knows, no matter how amazingly powerful a "method" is in ordinary terms, it will always be obsolete moments later. The general rule of thumb is, never use a method that occurred earlier in the game to extend a number late in the game. It's effect will always be negligible relative to the current methods. Even the next entry is vastly larger despite making only a minute change...
E100,000#^#(1+E100,000#^#100,000#2)
So the non-googologist actually realizes that they can't use any methods other than the most recently established one. Great. Now they attempt to apply that principle and ... miss the point. Since a grand grand godgahlahgong is E100,000####...####100,000 with a grand godgahlahgong #s, a naive response might be to have E100,000####...#####100,000 with a grand godgahlahgong +1 #s. This isn't much of an improvement over just adding one to the number! This response however is still mind-bogglingly better than the last attempt.
To prove this just consider the following. Let n=grand godgahlahgong, and N=grand grand godgahlahgong.By definition N = E100,000#^(n)100,000. We first observe that:
E100,000#^(n+1)100,000 > E100,000#^(n+1)3 = E100,000#^(n)100,000#^(n)100,000
> E100,000#^(n)100,000#100,000 > E100,000#^(n)100,000#2
= E100,000#^(n)(E100,000#^(n)100,000) = E100,000#^(n)N
Next we work from the other end. We can say that:
<N,N,N> < E(N)N##N < E100,000##(N+1) = E100,000##100,000#N <
E100,000###N < E100,000#^(n)N
So we conclude...
<grand grand godgahlahgong,3(1)2> < E100,000#^(grand godgahlahgong+1)100,000
E100,000#^#100,000#4
grand grand grand godgahlahgong
This is the obvious response to a grand grand godgahlahgong. This number is mind-bogglingly more massive. However, just like all the previous attempts to extend a grand grand godgahlahgong this is still too tame an extension, because it employs a method we have been using since the beginning: basic recursion. At this point, the recursion is so complex that applying one additional recursion doesn't make much of a difference from a googologist's point of view. Okay so how about...
E100,000#^#100,000#5
grand grand grand grand godgahlahgong
Same problem as before. Still just basic recursion... how about ...
E100#^#100#100
grandgahlah
This is the smallest new number defined with Cascading-E Notation. A grandgahlah may also be called a grand grand grand ... grand grand grand godgahlah where there are 99 grands. For this we can use the short hand name ninety-nine-ex-grand godgahlah. This still isn't a significant improvement from agodgahlah since we already introduced proto-hyperions a long time ago.
E100#^#100#101
hundred-ex-grand godgahlah
Trivial, but it just sounds cool...
E100,000#^#100,000#11,863
grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand 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grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand 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grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand 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grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand godgahlahgong
Also known as eleven-thousand-eight-hundred-sixty-two-ex-grand godgahlahgong. Just kidding. This is a number based on the original trail of grands I had left at the end of my ULNL with it's initial release to suggest the next direction of development. Obviously, listing out the grands is inefficient. Still it's mind-boggling to think how all these "grand"s modify "godgahlahgong". Even so, this kind of stuff is easily trumped by the many numbers that follow as we begin to explore the consequences of Cascading-E notation...
E100#^#100#(1+E100#^#100)
godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah
This response is far far better than any of the previous responses... but it's still a naive extension. Why? Because it still only requires a single extra proto-hyperion to achieve these results, and with two proto-hyperions we get even further.
E100#^#100#(1+E100#^#100#2)
grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah
For a naive continuation, let's start nesting this -ex-grand construction and see how far that gets us ...
E100#^#100#(1+E100#^#100#3)
grand-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah
This is also two-ex-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah ... let's see where that leads ...
E100#^#100#(1+E100#^#100#4)
grand-grand-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah
Also three-ex-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah.
E100#^#100#(1+E100#^#100#5)
grand-grand-grand-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah
Also four-ex-grand-godgahlah-ex-grand godgahlah. We are basically still in the ballpark of godgahlah and barely moved ...
E100#^#100#100#2
grand grandgahlah
E100#^#100#100#2 = E100#^#100#(E100#^#100#100) = E100#^#100#(grandgahlah). The great grandgahlah is the grandgahlahth member of the godgahlah series.
E100#^#100#100#3
grand grand grandgahlah
Grand's can be stacked just as before. Let's skip on ahead to ...
E100#^#100#100#100
greagahlah
The pattern here should be clear. This is greagol + godgahlah to stand for E100#^# followed by 100#100#100. Adapting more of these is simple. Drop "gol" and "god" and simply concatenate the remaining letters. Let's see what this leads to ...
E100#^#100#100#100#2
grand greagahlah
As usual we can have a "grand" version of greagahlah as well ...
E100#^#100#100#100#3
grand grand greagahlah
and a "grand grand" version. Moving on ...
E100#^#100#100#100#100
gigangahlah
The next major construction. gigan(gol) + (god)gahlah = gigangahlah.
E100#^#100#100#100#100#2
grand gigangahlah
another "grand" version. From here on out you can assume for each of these there is at least one grand version implicitly.
E100#^#100#100#100#100#100
gorgegahlah
gorge(gol) + (god)gahlah = gorgegahlah.
E100#^#100#100#100#100#100#100
gulgahlah
gul(gol) + (god)gahlah = gulgahlah.
E100#^#100#100#100#100#100#100#100
gaspgahlah
gasp(gol) + (god)gahlah = gaspgahlah.
E100#^#100#100#100#100#100#100#100#100
ginorgahlah
ginor(gol) + (god)gahlah = ginorgahlah.
E100#^#100##100
gugoldgahlah
A slight breach of form here, since we need "gold" to indicate what row we are on. From here on out we can simply use "googolism" + "gahlah" to continue. The continuations from here should make sense ...
E100#^#100##100#100
graatagoldgahlah
graatagold + godgahlah. Just take graatagold and replace the 'E' with 'E100#^#'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100
greegoldgahlah
greegold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100#100
grinningoldgahlah
grinningold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100#100#100
golaagoldgahlah
golaagold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100#100#100#100
gruelohgoldgahlah
gruelohgold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100#100#100#100#100
gaspgoldgahlah
gaspgold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100#100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100#100#100#100#100#100#100#100
ginorgoldgahlah
ginorgold + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100#100#100#100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100##100##100
gugolthragahlah
gugolthra + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100#100'. We could go through all the "thra's", but let's go a little faster than that. We still are only just crawling out of the shadow of godgahlah as far as Cascading-E Notation is concerned ...
E100#^#100##100##100##100
gugolteslagahlah
gugoltesla + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100##100##100'.
E100#^#100##100##100##100##100
gugolpetagahlah
gugolpeta + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100##100##100##100'.
E100#^#100##100##100##100##100##100
gugolhexagahlah
gugolhexa + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100##100##100##100##100'.
E100#^#100##100##100##100##100##100##100
gugolheptagahlah
gugolhepta + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100##100##100##100##100##100'.
E100#^#100##100##100##100##100##100##100##100
gugoloctagahlah
gugolocta + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100##100##100##100##100##100##100##100'.
E100#^#100###100
throogahlah
throogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100###100'. Here we've gone back to dropping "gol" at the end of the name. Let's take this to it's logical limit ...
E100#^#100####100
teroogahlah
teroogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100####100'.
E100#^#100#####100
petoogahlah
petoogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100#####100'.
E100#^#100######100
ectoogahlah
ectoogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100######100'.
E100#^#100#######100
zettoogahlah
zettoogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100#######100'.
E100#^#100########100
yottoogahlah
yottoogol + godgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100########100'.
E100#^#100#^#100
godgahlahgahlah / gotrigahlah
godgahlah + godgahlah = godgahlahgahlah. 'E100#^#' + '100#^#100' = 'E100#^#100#^#100'. Obviously we've reached the limit of this approach. So let's begin a new strategy. We can use multipliers to repeat a delimiter. Inserting "tri" in the middle will give us 3 arguments separated by #^#'s. So gotrigahlah = E100#^#100#^#100. We've finally stacked #^# recursion on top of #^# recursion. But we are still just getting started with Cascading-E Notation (E^). We haven't even introduced hyperion multiplication yet ...
E100#^#100#^#100#2
grand gotrigahlah
The obligatory "grand" version just to remind you we can still do this ...
E100#^#100#^#100#3
grand grand gotrigahlah
grand's can be arbitrarily stacked on basically any googolism in ExE including ones that already have grands ...
E100#^#100#^#100#100
grantrigahlah
grangol + gotrigahlah. Here we go again ...
E100#^#100#^#100#100#2
great grantrigahlah
might as well. moving on ...
E100#^#100#^#100#100#100
greatrigahlah
greagol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100#100#100'.
E100#^#100#^#100#100#100#100
gigantrigahlah
gigangol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100#100#100#100'.
E100#^#100#^#100##5
gorgetrigahlah
gorgegol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100##5'.
E100#^#100#^#100##6
gultrigahlah
gulgol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100##6'.
E100#^#100#^#100##7
gasptrigahlah
gaspgol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100##7'.
E100#^#100#^#100##8
ginortrigahlah
ginorgol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100##8'.
E100#^#100#^#100##100
gugoldtrigahlah
gugold + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100##100'. The pattern should be clear, so let's speed things up a bit ...
E100#^#100#^#100###100
throotrigahlah
throogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100###100'.
E100#^#100#^#100####100
terootrigahlah
teroogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100####100'.
E100#^#100#^#100#####100
petootrigahlah
petoogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100#####100'.
E100#^#100#^#100######100
ectootrigahlah
ectoogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100######100'.
E100#^#100#^#100#######100
zettootrigahlah
zettoogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100#######100'.
E100#^#100#^#100########100
yottootrigahlah
yottoogol + gotrigahlah. 'E100#^#100#^#' + '100########100'.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100
gotergahlah
godgahlah + gotrigahlah = gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#2
grand gotergahlah
grand + gotergahlah = 'E100#^#100#^#100#^#100' + '#2'.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#100
grantergahlah
grangol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#100#2
grand grantergahlah
grand + grantergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#100#100
greatergahlah
greagol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#100#100#100
gigantergahlah
gigangol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100##5
gorgetergahlah
gorgegol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100##6
gultergahlah
gulgol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100##7
gasptergahlah
gaspgol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100##8
ginortergahlah
ginorgol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100##100
gugoldtergahlah
gugold + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100###100
throotergahlah
throogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100####100
terootergahlah
teroogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#####100
petootergahlah
petoogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100######100
ectootergahlah
ectoogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#######100
zettootergahlah
zettoogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100########100
yottootergahlah
yottoogol + gotergahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
gopeggahlah
Let's speed along now that we get the basic pattern. We can increase the multiplier to quickly stack #^# level recursion. we will use peg, hex, hep, aht, enn, and dek. god + peg + gahlah = gopeggahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
gohexgahlah
god + hex + gahlah = gohexgahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
gohepgahlah
god + hep + gahlah = gohepgahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
go-ahtgahlah
god + aht + gahlah = go-ahtgahlah.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
go-enngahlah
god + enn + gahlah = go-enngahlah.
{10,10(1)10}
emperal
The emperal was one of the original 120 named numbers by Jonathan Bowers. It falls slightly below a godekahlah. An emperal may be expanded to:
{10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10(1)9}
<10,100(1)10>
This is a proposed lowerbound for godekahlah in BEAF. If this bound is true, then it is trivially larger than an emperal. This number expands to <10,10,...,10(1)9> w/100 10s.
E100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100#^#100
godekahlah
god + dek + gahlah = godekahlah.
E100#^#*#100
godgoldgahlah
A godgoldgahlah is approximately equal to <10,100(1)100>.
{10,10 (1) {10,10 (1) 10}}
emperalplex
The plex version of an emperal. This would be approximately E100#^#*#emperal in Cascading-E Notation. Since an emperal is itself approximately E100#^#*#10 this means this number can be approximated as E100#^#*#10#2. Clearly this is smaller than 100#^#*#100#2, which is vanishingly small compare to the next entry ...
E100#^#*#100#^#*#100
gotrigoldgahlah / tristo-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,2>.
E100#^#*#100#^#*#100#^#*#100
gotergoldgahlah / teristo-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,3>.
E100#^#*##5
gopeggoldgahlah / pesto-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,4>.
E100#^#*##6
gohexgoldgahlah / existo-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,5>.
E100#^#*##7
gohepgoldgahlah / episto-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,6>.
E100#^#*##8
go-ahtgoldgahlah / ogisto-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,7>.
E100#^#*##9
godenngoldgahlah / ennisto-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,8>.
E100#^#*##10
godekagoldgahlah / dekisto-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,9>.
{10,10(1)10,10}
hyperal
One of the original Bowerisms. It is believed to fall between E100#^#*##10 and E100#^#*##11.
E100#^#*##100
godthroogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99>.
{ 10 , 10 (1) 10 , { 10 , 10 (1) 10 , 10 } }
hyperalplex
This is bigger than a godthroogahlah but less than a grand godthroogahlah.
E100#^#*###100
godteroogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99,99>. Not to be confused with gotergahlah = E100#^#*#4.
E100#^#*####100
godpetoogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#####100
go-ectoogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*######100
godzettoogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#######100
godyottoogahlah
Approximately equal <10,100(1)100,99,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#100
deutero-godgahlah
This is the first number to introduce the "deutero" operator. This duplicates the hypernion, leading to two copies multiplied together. This is believed to be approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)2>. That is a two-row array equal to <10,10,...,10(1)10,10,...,10> w/100 10s per row. This makes this number much much larger than a hyperal. This number is still much much smaller than a dutridecal.
E100#^#*#^#*#100
deutero-godgoldgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100>.
E100#^#*#^#*##100
deutero-godthroogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99>.
{3,3,3(1)3,3,3(1)3,3,3}
dutritri
One of Bowers' originals.
{10,10,10(1)10,10,10(1)10,10,10}
dutridecal
One of Bowers' originals.
E100#^#*#^#*###100
deutero-godteroogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#*####100
deutero-godpetoogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#*#####100
deutero-go-ectoogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#*######100
deutero-gozettoogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#*#######100
deutero-goyottoogahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)100,99,99,99,99,99,99>.
E100#^#*#^#*#^#100
trito-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)2>. Thats <100&10 (1) 100&10 (1) 100&10 > or three rows of a hundred 10s. This number exceeds a dutridecal. Now that we have established how to create the intermediate cases, let's skip to the "power multipliers". deutero is equivalent to squaring the hypernion, trito is equivalent to cubing the hypernion, let's see where that leads ...
E100#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#100
teterto-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#100
pepto-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#100
exto-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^##7
epto-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^##8
ogdo-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^##9
ento-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
{10,10(2)2}
xappol
One of Bowers original 120 googolisms. This is a 10x10 & 10s. It is believed to be slightly smaller than a dekato-godgahlah, which is believed to be larger since it is predicted to have 100 entry rows instead of 10 entry rows. It would be a 10x100 & 10s approximately.
E100#^##10
dekato-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)2>.
E100#^##20
isosto-godgahlah
Here is the 20x power multiplier. Let's move on to the next major milestone.
E100#^##100
gridgahlah / hecato-godgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)2>. This approximation is a 100 x 100 & 10s. This makes it larger than a xappol.
{10,{10,10(2)2}(2)2}
xappolplex
A xappol x xappol & 10s. This would be approximately equal to E100#^##xappol, making it larger than a gridgahlah but much much smaller than a gridtrigahlah.
E100#^##100#^##100
gridtrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)3>.
E100#^##100#^##100#^##100
gridtergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)4>.
E100#^##*#5
gridpeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)5>.
E100#^##*#6
gridhexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)6>.
E100#^##*#7
gridhepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)7>.
E100#^##*#8
grid-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)8>.
E100#^##*#9
grid-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)9>.
E100#^##*#10
grid-dekgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)10>.
E100#^##*#^##100
deutero-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)2>. Approximately equal to 2 planes of 100x100 10s in array notation.
{3,3(3)2}
{3,3,3(1)3,3,3(1)3,3,3(2)3,3,3(1)3,3,3(1)3,3,3(2)3,3,3(1)3,3,3(1)3,3,3}
dimentri
This expands to {3,3(2)(2)(2)2} which becomes 3 planes. This is much much larger than the two planes of deutero-gridgahlah but it's much smaller than the 3 planes of a trito-gridgahlah. This can be imagined as a 3x3x3 cube, like a Rubik's Cube, where each of the 27 cubes contains a 3.
E100#^##*#^##*#^##100
trito-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^##*#^##*#^##*#^##100
teterto-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###5
pepto-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###6
exto-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###7
epto-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###8
ogdo-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###9
ento-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
{10,10(3)2} = 10^3 & 10s
colossal
A colossal is a 3-dimensional array of 10s of edge length 10. It has 10^3 or 1000 entries. That's a lot, though that is manageable and could be theoretically written out in full ... though it would be pretty tedious. This is just slightly smaller than dekato-gridgahlah which has 10 planes, but they are of size 100x100 instead of 10x10.
E100#^###10
dekato-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)2>.
E100#^###20
isosto-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(2)...(2)2> w/20 (2)s.
E100#^###100
kubikahlah / hecato-gridgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)2>. This would be a 100 x 100 x 100 & 10s. This would be much much larger than a dimentri, since a dimentri only has 3 planes, whereas this has 100.
{10,{10,10(3)2}(3)2} = colossal^3 & 10s
colossalplex
A 3-dimensional cube of edge length colossal all of 10s. This would fall below E100#^###100#2, which would be approximately a 3-dimensional cube of edge length kubikahlah all of 10s.
E100#^###100#^###100
kubitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)3>.
E100#^###100#^###100#^###100
kubitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)4>.
E100#^###*#5
kubipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)5>.
E100#^###*#6
kubihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)6>.
E100#^###*#7
kubihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)7>.
E100#^###*#8
kubi-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)8>.
E100#^###*#9
kubi-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)9>.
E100#^###*#10
kubi-dekahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)10>.
E100#^###*#^###100
deutero-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)2>. This would be a "double cube" of 100x100x100. This is the beginnings of extending into the 4th dimension.
E100#^###*#^###*#^###100
trito-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^###*#^###*#^###*#^###100
teterto-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####5
pepto-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####6
exto-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####7
epto-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####8
ogdo-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####9
ento-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####10
dekato-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####20
isosto-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)2>.
E100#^####100
quarticahlah / hecato-kubikahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)2>. Enter the 4th dimension. This would be equivalent to a 100x100x100x100 tesseract in Array Notation.
E100#^####100#^####100
quartitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)3>. #^#### level recursion stacked on top of #^#### level recursion.
E100#^####100#^####100#^####100
quartitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)4>.
E100#^####*#5
quartipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)5>.
E100#^####*#6
quartihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)6>.
E100#^####*#7
quartihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)7>.
E100#^####*#8
quarti-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)8>.
E100#^####*#9
quarti-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)9>.
E100#^####*#10
quarti-dekahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)10>.
E100#^####*#^####100
deutero-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)2>. An entire 100^4 tesseract stacked on top of a 100^4 tesseract.
E100#^####*#^####*#^####100
trito-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^####*#^####*#^####*#^####100
teterto-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####5
pepto-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####6
exto-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####7
epto-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####8
ogdo-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####9
ento-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####10
dekato-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####20
isosto-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)2>.
E100#^#####100
quinticahlah / hecato-quarticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)2>.
E100#^#####100#^#####100
quintitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)3>.
E100#^#####100#^#####100#^#####100
quintitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)4>.
E100#^#####*#5
quintipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)5>.
E100#^#####*#6
quintihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)6>.
E100#^#####*#7
quintihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)7>.
E100#^#####*#8
quinti-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)8>.
E100#^#####*#9
quinti-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)9>.
E100#^#####*#10
quinti-dekahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)10>.
E100#^#####*#^#####100
deutero-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)2>.
E100#^#####*#^#####*#^#####100
trito-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^#####*#^#####*#^#####*#^#####100
teterto-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######5
pepto-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######6
exto-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######7
epto-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######8
ogdo-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######9
ento-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######10
dekato-quinticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)2>.
E100#^######100
sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)2>.
E100#^######100#^######100
sextitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)3>.
E100#^######100#^######100#^######100
sextitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)4>.
E100#^######*#5
sextipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)5>.
E100#^######*#6
sextihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)6>.
E100#^######*#7
sextihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)7>.
E100#^######*#8
sexti-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)8>.
E100#^######*#9
sexti-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)9>.
E100#^######*#10
sexti-dekahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)10>.
E100#^######*#^######100
deutero-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)2>.
E100#^######*#^######*#^######100
trito-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^######*#^######*#^######*#^######100
teterto-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######5
pepto-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######6
exto-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######7
epto-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######8
ogdo-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######9
ento-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######10
dekato-sexticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)2>.
E100#^#######100
septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)2>. This number may also be called a hecato-sexticahlah.
E100#^#######100#^#######100
septitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)3>.
E100#^#######100#^#######100#^#######100
septitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)4>.
E100#^#######*#5
septipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)5>.
E100#^#######*#6
septihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)6>.
E100#^#######*#7
septihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)7>.
E100#^#######*#8
septi-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)8>.
E100#^#######*#9
septi-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)9>.
E100#^#######*#10
septi-dekahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)10>.
E100#^#######*#^#######100
deutero-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)2>.
E100#^#######*#^#######*#^#######100
trito-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^#######*#^#######*#^#######*#^#######100
teterto-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########5
pepto-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########6
exto-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########7
epto-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########8
ogdo-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########9
ento-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########10
dekato-septicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)(7)2>.
E100#^########100
octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)2>. This number can also be called hecato-septicahlah.
E100#^########100#^########100
octitrigahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)3>.
E100#^########100#^########100#^########100
octitergahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)4>.
E100#^########*#5
octipeggahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)5>.
E100#^########*#6
octihexgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)6>.
E100#^########*#7
octihepgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)7>.
E100#^########*#8
octi-ahtgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)8>.
E100#^########*#9
octi-enngahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)9>.
E100#^########*#10
octi-dekgahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)10>.
E100#^########*#^########100
deutero-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)2>.
E100#^########*#^########*#^########100
trito-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^########*#^########*#^########*#^########100
teterto-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########5
pepto-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########6
exto-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########7
epto-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########8
ogdo-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########9
ento-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########10
dekato-octicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)(8)2>.
E100#^#########100
nonicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(9)2>. This number can also be called hecato-octicahlah.
{10,10(10)2} = 10^10 & 10s
dimendecal
This forms a 10-dimensional cube of edge length 10 all of 10s. It's a little smaller than a decicahlah, since a decicahlah is more like a 10-dimensional cube of edge length 100 all of 10s. A dimendecal has 10,000,000,000 entries!
E100#^##########100
decicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(10)2>.
E100#^#^#11
undecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(11)2>.
E100#^#^#12
duodecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(12)2>.
E100#^#^#13
tredecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(13)2>.
E100#^#^#14
quattuordecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(14)2>.
E100#^#^#15
quindecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(15)2>.
E100#^#^#16
sexdecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(16)2>.
E100#^#^#17
septendecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(17)2>.
E100#^#^#18
octodecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(18)2>.
E100#^#^#19
novemdecicahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(19)2>.
E100#^#^#20
viginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(20)2>.
E100#^#^#30
triginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(30)2>.
E100#^#^#40
quadraginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(40)2>.
E100#^#^#50
quinquaginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(50)2>.
E100#^#^#60
sexaginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(60)2>.
E100#^#^#70
septuaginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(70)2>.
E100#^#^#80
octoginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(80)2>.
E100#^#^#90
nonaginticahlah
Approximately equal to <10,100(90)2>.
{10,10(100)2}
gongulus
One of Bowers' most famous googolisms ... the gongulus. In a way, this combines Jonathan Bowers fascination with large numbers with his fascination of higher dimensions. This is a 100-dimensional cube of entries, of edge length 10 all of 10s. There would literally be a googol (10^100) entries in this expression. This means we would not be able to write it out in full. This number is only slightly smaller than a godgather, which brings us to ...
XVI. Super Dimensional Array Epoch
[ E100#^#^#100 , E100#^#^#^#100 )
Entries: 82
E100#^#^#100
godgathor
A godgathor is comparable to Jonathan Bowers' gongulus. It's comparable to a 100-dimensional array. Evaluating godgathor we obtain:
E100#^#^#100 = E100#^#####...#####100 w/100 #s in a row
A godgathor should be greater than <10,100(100)2> which is larger than <10,10(100)2>. Thus a godgathor should be slightly larger than a gongulus. <10,100(100)2> is also equivalent to <10,100(0,1)2>.
E100#^#101100
goober bunch
This number was coined by me to break up the monotony of my "main sequence" numbers. It can be defined as E100(#^#^100)^#100. It was intended to illustrate that #^#^# is far worse than merely #^#^100. The topmost hyperion can be replaced by any positive integer that ExE can generate. So E100#^#^#*#^#^#100 for example is much much worse than simply E100#^#^(100)*#^#^(100)100. Only the second one get's substituted. Thus we have E100#^#^#*#^#^#100 = E100#^#^#*#^#^(100)100. #^#^(100) is then used to create godgathor-level recursion on top of #^#^#. When it's done we have #^#^N where N is waaaaaaaayyyyyyyy larger than a mere 100. A goober bunch looks like it should be huge relative to something as modest as E100#^#^#100#100, for example, but in fact E100#^#^#100#100 is way way larger than a mere goober bunch.
{10,10({10,10(100)2})2}
gongulusplex
Now here is a cool number. It's a gongulus-dimensional cube of edge length 10 all of 10s. It would have a 10^gongulus entries, a gongulus-plexed entries if you will :p
This passes up the godgathor of course, but it's smaller than ...
E100#^#^#100#2
grand godgathor
Yes we still can stack grands on these new numbers, and they always work the same. We just append as #2, or a #(n+1) if it already ends in #n.
E100#^#(1+E100#^#^(101)100)(E100#^#101100)
gibbering goober bunch
Sorta like the "grand" version of goober bunch, but highly unorthodox. Despite how "large" it might seem it is still smaller than ...
E100#^#^#100#3
grand grand godgathor
The "double grand" version of godgathor. Now let's move on to ...
E100#^#^#100#^#^#100
gotrigathor
Yup. We can use the infix multipliers here too. This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)3>.
E100#^#^#100#^#^#100#^#^#100
gotergathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)4>.
E100#^#^#*#5
gopeggathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)5>.
E100#^#^#*#6
gohexgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)6>.
E100#^#^#*#7
gohepgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)7>.
E100#^#^#*#8
go-ahtgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)8>.
E100#^#^#*#9
go-enngathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)9>.
E100#^#^#*#10
godekgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)10>.
E100#^#^#*#^#^#100
deutero-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^#^#*#^#^#*#^#^#100
trito-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^#^#*#^#^#*#^#^#*#^#^#100
teterto-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)5
pepto-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)6
exto-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)7
epto-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)8
ogdo-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)9
ento-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)10
dekato-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)(0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#)20
isosto-godgathor
This is conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(0,1)...(0,1)2>. w/20 (0,1)'s.
E100#^(#^#*#)100
hecato-godgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(1,1)2>. This is also equivalent to <10,100(0,1)...(0,1)2> w/100 (0,1)'s.
E100#^(#^#*##)100
godgridgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(2,1)2>. A 2-D array of 100-D arrays. More precisely it's a 100^2 array of 100^100 arrays.
{3,3(0,2)2}
dulatri
One of the original 120 named numbers by Jonathan Bowers. The notation {3,3(0,2)2} is modern and didn't exist back in 2002 when Bowers' first introduced this number. Originally it Bowers' defined it as a "(3^3)^2 array of 3's". Imagine a 3^3 array of 3^3 arrays. This can be seen by expanding the expression to the following:
{ 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (2,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (2,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (1,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 (0,1) 3^3&3 }
The "separators" here, are not themselves denoting additional "dimensions", at least not in the usual sense. Instead (0,1) separates any dimensional spaces. So the number of dimensions between (0,1) are not limited to 3, but any finite dimensional space. With that in mind, we can have "rows of dimensions" and "planes of dimensions" and so on. This can be thought of as going beyond infinite dimensional space, and continuing to (w+1)-dimensional space, (w+2)-dimensional space, and so on.
E100#^(#^#*###)100
godkubikgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(3,1)2>. A 3-D array of 100-D arrays. More precisely it's a 100^3 array of 100^100 arrays.
E100#^(#^#*####)100
godquarticgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(4,1)2>. A 4-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*#####)100
godquinticgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(5,1)2>. A 5-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*######)100
godsexticgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(6,1)2>. A 6-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*#######)100
godsepticgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(7,1)2>. A 7-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*########)100
godocticgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(8,1)2>. A 8-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*#########)100
godnonicgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(9,1)2>. A 9-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*##########)100
goddecicgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(10,1)2>. A 10-D array of 100-D arrays.
E100#^(#^#*#^#)100
godgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,2)2> = <10,100(100,1)2>. This would be much larger than a dulatri even though this is also a dimensional array of dimensional arrays. However in this case it's a 100-dimensional array of 100-dimensional arrays.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#)100
hecato-godgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(1,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*##)100
godgridgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(2,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*###)100
godkubikgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(3,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*####)100
godquarticgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(4,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#####)100
godquinticgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(5,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*######)100
godsexticgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(6,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#######)100
godsepticgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(7,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*########)100
godocticgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(8,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#########)100
godnonicgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(9,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*##########)100
goddecicgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(10,2)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#^#)100
godgathortruce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,3)2> = <10,100(100,2)2>. Let's introduce the rest of the postfix operators, beginning with -truce.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#)100
godgathorquad
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,4)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#)100
godgathorquid
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,5)2>.
E100#^(#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#*#^#)100
godgathorsid
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,6)2>.
E100#^#^##7
godgathorseptuce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,7)2>.
E100#^#^##8
godgathoroctuce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,8)2>.
E100#^#^##100
gralgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)2>. Here we introduce the new "gral" root for the first time. This indicates that the uppermost exponent of the hyperion power tower is '##'.
E100#^#^##100#^#^##100
graltrigathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)3>.
E100#^#^##100#^#^##100#^#^##100
graltergathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)4>.
E100#^#^##*#^#^##100
deutero-gralgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)(0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^##*#^#^##*#^#^##100
trito-gralgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)(0,0,1)(0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^##*#^#^##*#^#^##*#^#^##100
teterto-gralgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,1)(0,0,1)(0,0,1)(0,0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^##*#^##)100
gralgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,2)2>.
{3,3(0,0,0,1)2}
trimentri
One of Bowers' original 120 named numbers. This array is also equivalent to {3,3(0,0,3)2}, which is clearly smaller than a gralgathortruce but larger than gralgathordeus.
E100#^(#^##*#^##*#^##)100
gralgathortruce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,3)2>.
E100#^(#^##*#^##*#^##*#^##)100
gralgathorquad
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,4)2>.
E100#^#^###5
gralgathorquid
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,5)2>.
E100#^#^###6
gralgathorsid
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,6)2>.
E100#^#^###7
gralgathorseptuce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,7)2>.
E100#^#^###8
gralgathoroctuce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,8)2>.
E100#^#^###100
thraelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^###100#^#^###100
thraeltrigathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,1)3>.
E100#^#^###*#^#^###100
deutero-thraelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^###*#^#^###*#^#^###100
trito-thraelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^###*#^###)100
thraelgathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,2)2>.
E100#^(#^###*#^###*#^###)100
thraelgathortruce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,3)2>.
E100#^#^####100
terinngathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,100)2> = <10,100(0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^####100#^#^####100
terinntrigathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,1)3>.
E100#^#^####*#^#^####100
deutero-terinngathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^####*#^#^####*#^#^####100
trito-terinngathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,0,1)(0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^(#^####*#^####)100
terinngathordeus
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,2)2>.
E100#^(#^####*#^####*#^####)100
terinngathortruce
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,3)2>.
E100#^#^#####100
pehaelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,100)2> = <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^######100
hexaelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,100)2> = <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^#######100
heptaelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,0,100)2> = <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)2>.
E100#^#^########100
octaelgathor
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,100)2> = <10,100(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)2>.
XVII. Tetrational Array Epoch
[ E100#^^#4 , E100#^^#100 )
Entries: 48
E100#^#^#^#100
godtothol
Approximately equal to <10,100(0,0,...,0,0,1)2> w/100 0s. This can also be simplified to <10,100((1)1)2>. At this point we have reached X^X^X arrays. However we are still only getting started. Now we can start climbing our way up to higher and higher power towers of #'s.
E100#^#^#^##100
graltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((2)1)2>. These googolism's are composed of two parts. The first tells us how many hyperions are at the top of the power tower, and the second tells us how many levels up it is until the top.
E100#^#^#^###100
thraeltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((3)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^####100
terinntothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((4)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#####100
pehaeltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((5)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^######100
hexaeltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((6)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#######100
heptaeltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((7)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^########100
octaeltothol
Conjectured to be approximately <10,100((8)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#100
godtertol
Approximately equivalent to X^X^X^X arrays. Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((100)1)2> = <10,100((0,1)1)2>. The root here "tertol" implies "4", and this is because there are 4 #'s below the topmost exponent.
E100#^#^#^#^##100
graltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^###100
thraeltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^####100
terinntertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#####100
pehaeltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^######100
hexaeltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#######100
heptaeltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^########100
octaeltertol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#100
godtopol
Approximately equivalent to X^^5 arrays. Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((1)1)1)2>. The root "topol" here is chosen for a bit of fun. Instead of the perhaps more predictable "peptol" or something of that sort, I opted to use a root that suggests "topple" as this power tower is at risk of toppling over at any moment now!
E100#^#^#^#^#^##100
graltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((2)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^###100
thraeltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((3)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^####100
terinntopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((4)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#####100
pehaeltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((5)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^######100
hexaeltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((6)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#######100
heptaeltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((7)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^########100
octaeltopol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((8)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#100
godhathor
Approximately equivalent to X^^6 arrays. Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,1)1)1)2>. Again, rather than use something like "extol" (it was actually originally extathol), I used "hathor", as it ryhmns with "gathor", is the name of an egyptian god (a theme will see a little more of later on), and also starts with "h" like "hex".
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^##100
gralhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^###100
thraelhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^####100
terinnhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#####100
pehaelhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^######100
hexaelhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#######100
heptaelhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^########100
octaelhathor
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100(((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#100
godheptol
Approximately equivalent to X^^7 arrays. Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^##100
gralheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((2)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^###100
thraelheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((3)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^####100
terinnheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((4)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#####100
pehaelheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((5)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^######100
hexaelheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((6)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#######100
heptaelheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((7)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^########100
octaelheptol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((8)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#100
godoctol
Approximately equivalent to X^^8 arrays. Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^##100
graloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^###100
thraeloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^####100
terinnoctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#####100
pehaeloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^######100
hexaeloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#######100
heptaeloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
E100#^#^#^#^#^#^#^#^########100
octaeloctol
Conjectured to be approximately equal to <10,100((((0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)1)1)1)2>.
XVIII. Post-Tetrational Array Epoch
[ E100#^^#100 , 3^^^3&3 )
Entries: 189
E100#^^#100
tethrathoth
The tethrathoth (or simply thoth) is equal to E100#^#^#^#^ ... ^#^#^#^#100 w/100 #s. It is comparable and slightly smaller than Jonathan Bowers' goppatoth. It is roughly equivalent to an X^^99 array. It is conjectured that this number is approximately:
<10,100((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)2>
Using Bowers' Array Notation. At this point we've reached the practical limits of Bowers separator notation, as he does not officially have a way to directly write out arrays beyond this point. This leads us to ...
10^^100 & 10
goppatoth
One of Bowers' largest of his original set of 121 googolisms. This one is interesting in being at the limit of what is considered to be well defined in array notation (even to this day!). This would be a tetrational array. Specifically it would be a X^^100 array, making it just slightly larger than a tethrathoth. In fact, a goppatoth should be approximately E100#^^#101 in ExE. Goppatoth is the first number that Bowers does not write out directly in array notation, even though it is in fact possible. Instead he only describes the "array structure" using his array structure shorthand. Even though Bowers' does not provide an exact array we can write it out ourselves as:
<10,10((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((0,1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)2>
This, when expanded out completely, will give us 10^^100 entries all of 10. At this point the separator notation is bursting at the seams and is not particularly useful. It should also be noted that this is not the same as a size 100 X^^X array of 10s. That would have 100^^100 entries all of 10s. This quirk of array notation is what makes a lot of these late Bowerisms difficult to express directly.
E100,000#^^#100,000
tethrathothigong
For old time sake, here is the "gong" version of a tethrathoth, the tethrathothigong. It is equal to E100,000#^#^#^#^...^#^#^#^#100,000 w/100,000 #s. In array notation is would be a whopping X^^99,999 array! Technically speaking this number is mind-crushingly larger than having a mere hundred cascade levels ... but it's still a very modest improvement compare to how far we're going to take it from here ...
E100#^^#100#2
grand tethrathoth
The grand tethrathoth is equal to E100#^#^#^#^ ... ^#^#^#^#100 w/tethrathoth #s. This is incomparably larger than the tethrathothigong, though from a googologist's perspective just a stone's skip away from the tethrathoth. It is comparable to and slightly smaller than Jonathan Bowers' goppatothplex. It is roughly equivalent to a X^^(tethrathoth-1) array. The next explicitly named googolism after a goppatothplex is a triakulus. This number is much much MUCH larger and it will take us a long time to reach it!
10^^goppatoth & 10
goppatothplex
A X^^goppatoth array. This makes it just "slightly" larger than a grand tethrathoth. This is notable for being the last well-defined googolism of Bowers' original set. The next Bowerism of the original set is a tridecatrix, which is {10,10,10} & 10. However pentational arrays have never been formally defined, let along dekational arrays! These will be added for size reference regardless, based on there theoretical placement.
E100,000#^^#100,000#2
grand tethrathothigong
The "grand" version of a tethrathothigong would be much larger than a goppatothplex but way way smaller than a ...
E100#^^#100#3
grand grand tethrathoth
Even without new names we can repeatedly apply grand to create an arbitrary number of new "googolisms". Thus there is never really any artificial stopping point.
E100#^^#100#4
grand grand grand tethrathoth
Let's keeping adding grands and see where that leads ...
E100#^^#100#5
grand grand grand grand tethrathoth
4 grands ...
E100#^^#100#6
grand grand grand grand grand tethrathoth
5 grands ...
E100#^^#100#7
grand grand grand grand grand grand tethrathoth
6 grands ... skip a few ...
E100#^^#100#100
ninety-nine-ex-grand tethrathoth / grantethrathoth
99 grands ... (we can call this one grantethrathoth from grangol + tethrathoth) ...
E100#^^#100#101
hundred-ex-grand tethrathoth
100 grands ... now what ... hmm ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100)
googol-ex-grand tethrathoth
... a googol grands ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#2)
googolplex-ex-grand tethrathoth
... a googolplex grands ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#100)
grangol-ex-grand tethrathoth
... a grangol grands ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100##100)
gugold-ex-grand tethrathoth
... a gugold grands ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^#100)
godgahlah-ex-grand tethrathoth
... a godgahlah grands ... 'member godgahlah ... seems quaint now doesn't it ...
E100#^^#100#1#2
tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
Here we can use are simple "-ex-grand" construction to name some ExE expressions.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100)
tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
Note that having a tethrathoth grand's is not the same as E100#^^#100#1#2. There is an offset of 1 that has to be accounted for, annoyingly.
E100#^^#100#2#2
grand-tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
Another ExE expression which can be awkwardly named using the "-ex-grand" construct.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#2)
grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
Again grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth != E100#^^#100#2#2, even though it is close.
E100#^^#100#3#2
grand-grand-tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
We can keep making these constructions fairly easily.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#3)
grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth != E100#^^#100#3#2.
E100#^^#100#4#2
grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
E100#^^#100#4#2 = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100#4) which is smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#4)
grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth > E100#^^#100#4#2
E100#^^#100#5#2
grand-grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
E100#^^#100#5#2 = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100#5) which is smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#5)
grand-grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
grand-grand-grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth > E100#^^#100#5#2.
E100#^^#100#100#2
grand grantethrathoth
Much larger than any of the previous entries is the grand version of a grantethrathoth. This is vanishingly small compare to ...
E100#^^#100#1#3
tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand-tethrathoth-minus-one-ex-grand tethrathoth
E100#^^#100#1#3 = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100)) = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100)#2. The names starting from here are getting rather cumbersome...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100))
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
As you can see, nesting the "ex-grand" construct does allow us to get even further. But how much progress are we really making against ExE notation?
E100#^^#100#2#3
Not much. This expands to E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100#2)) which naturally is much much larger. Those +1s can not compete.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#2))
grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
This will in turn be beaten by ...
E100#^^#100#3#3
Which is still relatively small.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#3))
grand-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
Two -ex-grands ... we must be getting far now ...
E100#^^#100#100#3
grand grand grantethrathoth
Actually we are practically standing still. We are still only up to the grand grand grantethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#1#4
This number is larger than E100#^^#100#100#3, despite the 1. Simply expand it using the variant recursive rule: E100#^^#100#1#4 = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100)#3 > E100#^^#100#100#3.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100)))
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
Three applications of "-ex-grand" yet it's still smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#100#4
grand grand grand grantethrathoth
It should be clear now that nesting "-ex-grand" is only going to get us about two elementary recursions above a tethrathoth. Like before this number is still smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#1#5
E100#^^#100#1#5 = E100#^^#100#(E100#^^#100)#4 > E100#^^#100#100#4.
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100))))
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
Larger than E100#^^#100#1#5 and yet much much smaller than...
E100#^^#100#100#5
grand grand grand grand grantethrathoth
From here it should be obvious that E100#^^#100#100#n is always less than E100#^^#100#1#(n+1). Therefore this number is less than E100#^^#100#1#6 which is much much less than ...
E100#^^#100#1#100
This number is less than ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#( ... ... (1+E100#^^#100)) ... ... ))
w/100 E100#^^#100s
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
A modest attempt to extend the tethrathoth using the obvious approach of extending the sequence: tethrathoth, grand tethrathoth, grand grand tethrathoth, three-ex-grand tethrathoth, four-ex-grand tethrathoth, ... etc. This extension however is not as ambitious as it seems! This number is still smaller than a greatethrathoth. We've really only begun. Even without inventing a single new delimiter, we have only begun. We can do with much more even with just #^^# and the exisiting ExE.
E100#^^#100#100#100
greatethrathoth
greagol + tethrathoth = greathrathoth. This is still less than E100#^^#100#1#101 which is much much smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#1#1#2
E100#^^#100#1#1#2 = E100#^^#100#1#(E100#^^#100). This number is smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#( ... ... (1+E100#^^#100)) ... ... ))
w/tethrathoth E100#^^#100s
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand- ... ... -tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
w/tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
How crazy is that?! This is the sort of number someone might come up with the extend the tethrathoth series given the notation N-ex-grand tethrathoth is the (N+1)th member of the tethrathoth series. Yet it barely taps into the possibilities with Extended Cascading-E Notation (xE^) or even mere LECEN (Limited-Extension Cascading-E Notation). It's still smaller than a grand greatethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#100#100#2
grand greatethrathoth
Another standard ExE googolism. A modest extension to tethrathoth as far as ExE is concerned. Note:
E100#^^#100#100#100#2 = E100#^^#100#100#(E100#^^#100#100#100).
So grand greatethrathoth is the greatethrathoth member of the grantethrathoth sequence, just like greagolthrex is the greagolth member of the grangol sequence. Yup. That does sound insane.
E100#^^#100#1#1#3
E100#^^#100#1#1#3 = E100#^^#100#1#(E100#^^#100#1#1#2) > E100#^^#100#1#(1+E100#^^#100#100#100) > E100#^^#100#100#(E100#^^#100#100#100). This number is still smaller than ...
E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#( ... ... (1+E100#^^#100)) ... ... ))
w/E100#^^#100#(1+E100#^^#100#(...(1+E100#^^#100))...)) "E100#^^#100"s
w/tethrathoth "E100#^^#100"s
tethrathoth-ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand- ... ... -tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
w/tethrathoth-ex-grand-...-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
w/tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
This is just insane!!! Yet this is clearly the wrong approach because even torturing language this far doesn't get us as far as a mere grand grand greatethrathoth. This again shows the linguistic approach is vastly inferior to the mathematical approach.
E100#^^#100#100#100#3
grand grand greatethrathoth
stacking grands on a greathethrathoth. Moving along ...
E100#^^#100#100#100#100
gigantethrathoth
gigangol + tethrathoth. The constructions here should be straight forward. We could run through them, but I've got one last extension for the "ex-grand" construction. In a way we are already a long way from a tethrathoth. The sheer height of the hash-tower is unimaginable now. It's already in roughly the range of the numbers we are currently considering, rendering the height and the number it describes as nearly indistinguishable ... and yet ... we're still only getting started, even with LECEN (Limited Extension Cascading-E Notation).
E100#^^#100#1#1#1#2
Seemingly unimportant, but this number is actually a lower bound on the next entry. The name of this number would be extremely cumbersome. It would basically be the next entry but throw in minus-one's everywhere. As for showing this is larger than the previous entry it is sufficient to expand it to E100#^^#100#1#1#1#2 = E100#^^#100#1#1#tethrathoth > E100#^^#100#100#100#100.
tethrathoth-ex- ... ... -ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth
w/tethrathoth-ex- ... ... -ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
w/tethrathoth-ex- ... ... -ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
...
...
...
w/tethrathoth-ex- ... ... -ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
w/tethrathoth-ex- ... ... -ex-grand-tethrathoth-ex-grand tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
w/tethrathoth "tethrathoth"s
where there are a tethrathoth lines
Despite how insane this is, it's still doesn't get one very far. This is still less than a grand gigantethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#100#100#100#2
grand gigantethrathoth
We've gotten surprisingly nowhere with all those "-ex-grands". Let's now unleash the full power of LECEN ...
E100#^^#100#100#100#100#100
gorgetethrathoth
gorgegol + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#100#100#100#100#100
gultethrathoth
gulgol + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#100#100#100#100#100#100
gasptethrathoth
gaspgol + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#100#100#100#100#100#100#100
ginortethrathoth
ginorgol + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100##9
gargantethrathoth
gargantuul + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100##10
googontethrathoth
googondol + tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100##100
gugolda-carta-tethrathoth / gugoldatethrathoth
We could simply call this number a gugoldatethrathoth, but eventually this adapting process of smashing googlisms together is going to get messy and inconsistent. Here let's introduce one of the more modern features of ExE that was introduced during the xE^ phase of development. The ability to "map" previous googolism's into new ones would be useful so that we don't have to invent a new rule everytime we want to smash two googolism's together. For this purpose the "carta" infix was created. G-carta-H literally means G mapped to H. More concretely it means stacking G level recursion on top of H. This allows for a wealth of new possibilities.
E100#^^#100###100
throogola-carta-tethrathoth / throogolatethrathoth
Skipping on ahead a bit, we have the throogolatethrathoth or throogola-carta-tethrathoth. Note the use of the extension "a" at the end of throogol since we are connecting it with other elements.
E100#^^#100####100
teroogola-carta-tethrathoth / teroogolatethrathoth
Will be using the "carta" infix exclusively from here on out. However it's not hard to imagine the continuation for the rest of the xE# numbers.
E100#^^#100#^#100
godgahlah-carta-tethrathoth
Here we combine the milestones of the end of xE# and E^ respectively. It will be a long while before we reach the limit of xE^.
E100#^^#100#^#100#^#100
gotrigahlah-carta-tethrathoth
We can combine our previous tricks with the carta infix.
E100#^^#100#^#*#100
godgoldgahlah-carta-tethrathoth
godgoldgahlah was a long while ago now.
E100#^^#100#^#*##100
godthroogahlah-carta-tethrathoth
If you are wondering what progress we are making in array notation ... basically nothing. We haven't even officially added a new entry at this point. But don't count ExE out yet. We also are really only getting started. All of this would be equivalent to a "second level tetrational array", that is using tetrational level arrays to describe the size of a tetrational array.
E100#^^#100#^#*###100
godteroogahlah-carta-tethrathoth
We won't go through all the googolisms again, although the carta-infix certainly makes that possible. Let's pick up the pace a little ...
E100#^^#100#^#*#^#100
deutero-godgahlah-carta-tethrathoth
This one might appear to be ambiguous. Does this mean deutero-"godgahlah-carta-tethrathoth" or "deutero-godgahlah"-carta-tethrathoth. Well the former doesn't make too much sense since "deutero" only works if we have a single delimiter that we can multiply by itself. However "godgahlah-carta-tethrathoth" actually has two delimiters: E100#^^#100#^#100. If we assume "deutero" simply doubles all the delimiters then we could disambiguate by calling E100#^^#*#^^#100#^#*#^#100 a deutero-godgahlah-carta-deutero-tethrathoth. Moving on ...
E100#^^#100#^#*#^#*#^#100
trito-godgahlah-carta-tethrathoth
A predictable continuation given the previous discussion. Again we can assume there is no ambiguity as long as we understand the multipliers can only apply to a single delimiter (the one it's attached to).
E100#^^#100#^##100
gridgahlah-carta-tethrathoth
It's like we get a rogues gallery with all the highlights. At this point all that "ex-grand" stuff has been left unimaginably far in the dust, and yet we still are only just climbing out of the shadow of a tethrathoth.
E100#^^#100#^###100
kubikahlah-carta-tethrathoth
This is like a 3-dimensional array followed by a "2" in the next "tetrational block". We still are a long way to getting something we would consider a "larger array", but we will get there. ExE has plenty of room left to grow.
E100#^^#100#^#^#100
godgathor-carta-tethrathoth
Finally we find ourselves returning back to our starting point. What will happen when we get there? ...
E100#^^#100#^#^#^#100
godtothol-carta-tethrathoth
You get the idea. Let's move on to ...
E100#^^#100#^^#100
tethratrithoth / tethrathoth-carta-tethrathoth
Finally we've mapped tethrathoth into itself. Here we can use our infix multiplier instead of the carta-infix. This would be equivalent to a tetrational array followed by 2 in the next tetrational-space ... it's a start ...
E100#^^#100#^^#100#^^#100
tethraterthoth / tethrathoth-carta-tethrathoth-carta-tethrathoth
This is an example of nesting the carta operator, showing that it can be stacked. More simply we can call this a tethraterthoth based on our infix multipliers.
E100#^^#*#5
tethrapethoth
Here we finally get our first new delimiter, '#^^#*#'. This technique however isn't really new. We have already (implicitly) defined hypernion multiplication in Cascading-E Notation (E^). Those same principles carry over to LECEN, xE^ and beyond. The rule is simple. If we have a delimiter of the form &*# then regardless of what & is @m&*#n = @m&m& ... &m w/n m's. Furthermore if we have hypernion G*H, and it's "decomposable, then (G*H)[n] = G*(H(n)). With that in mind we can go much much further, without inventing a single new rule.
E100#^^#*#6
tethra-exthoth
Equivalent to a tetrational array followed by a 5 in the next tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#7
tethra-epthoth
Equivalent to a tetrational array followed by a 6 in the next tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#8
tethra-octhoth
Equivalent to a tetrational array followed by a 7 in the next tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#100
tethrathoth-by-hyperion
Here we introduce a way to perform hypernion-multiplication on googolism's. G-by-H means that if G = E100A100, and H = E100B100 then G-by-H = E100A*B100. Pretty simple. By that logic, we could call this tethrathoth-by-grangol, but in this case I prefer to use "hyperion" to note that we are multiplying a "tethrathoth" (really #^^#) by a hyperion (#). This would be equivalent to a tetrational array followed by a 99 in the next tetrational space. At this point we've reached 1 additional entry past tetrational arrays ... but we are still only getting started, with both post-tetrational array spaces, and xE^.
E100#^^#*##100
tethrathoth-by-deutero-hyperion
Conveniently the meanings of deutero overlap here. Perhaps that's because I originally adapted them from proto-hyperions, deutero-hyperions, trito-hyperions, and so on. These terms came first as part of xE#. Since they cause repetitions of hyperions, it can be seen as a generalization that they cause repetitions of hypernions in general. Next up ...
E100#^^#*###100
tethrathoth-by-trito-hyperion
So it follows that #^^#*### corresponds to tethrathoth-by-trito-hyperion. Moving on ...
E100#^^#*#^#100
tethrathoth-by-godgahlah
This is the first example where we have used the "by" connector to combine two established googolisms. In terms of arrays, this represents the first row in the second tetrational space being filled. Although it's a common mantra that "arrays past tetrational arrays are ill-defined", this isn't precisely true. Such a space is most certainly well defined as long as tetrational space is well defined. In fact we can have an arbitrary number of tetrational spaces one after the other, without any issue. It's clear at this point that hypernion-multiplication is equivalent to "array-addition" at this point. Thus if we have arrays A and B represented by E100A100 and E100B100 respectively, then it follows that E100A*B100 will approximately yield a A+B array. Array Addition is well defined, since it is identical to ordinal addition.
E100#^^#*#^##100
tethrathoth-by-gridgahlah
This would be equivalent to the first plane of the second tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#^###100
tethrathoth-by-kubikahlah
This would be equivalent to the first cube (or "realm" in Bowers' verbage) of the second tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#^####100
tethrathoth-by-quarticahlah
This would be equivalent to the first tesseract (or "flune" in Bowers' verbage) of the second tetrational space.
E100#^^#*#^#^#100
tethrathoth-by-godgathor
This would be equivalent to the first dimensional block of the second tetrational space. That is, this is a X^^X+X^X array. We're starting to make progress, but we still are only getting started with LECEN.
E100#^^#*#^#^#^#100
tethrathoth-by-godtothol
This would be equivalent to the first arbitrary-order-super-dimensional block of the second tetrational space. That is, this is a X^^X+X^X^X array. Which brings us to ...
E100#^^#*#^^#100
deutero-tethrathoth
This would be equivalent to a pair of tetrational spaces in sequence. That is, it's an X^^X+X^^X array, or more compactly a (X^^X)*2 array. We've come a long way, but we still have far far to go. And the arrays keep coming. This is still as well defined as tetrational space, despite the common wisdom.
E100#^^#*#^^#*#^^#100
trito-tethrathoth
Equivalent to a triplet of tetrational spaces. That is, a X^^X+X^^X+X^^X or (X^^X)*3 arrays.
E100#^^#*#^^#*#^^#*#^^#100
teterto-tethrathoth
Equivalent to a X^^X+X^^X+X^^X+X^^X or (X^^X)*4 arrays. Let's see where this leads ...
E100(#^^#)^#100
hecato-tethrathoth
This would be equivalent to a row of a hundred tetrational spaces ... o_o
That is a (X^^X)*100 array. At this point we can see that a (#^^#)^# delimiter is capable of creating (X^^X)*X arrays of arbitrary size.
On the ExE side, this is the first example we have of an expression of the form a^# where a != #. Actually it was possible to do this long before xE^. E^ was the first introduction of Hypernion-exponentiation, and the rule applies equally well to ##^# as to #^#. In all cases a^#[n] is just equivalent to a*a*...*a w/n a's.
E100(#^^#)^#100#2
grand hecato-tethrathoth
Here we would have a hecato-tethrathoth tetrational spaces in a row! Ikes! Still, this is just what happens when we start on "second level" row-of-tetrational-space arrays. Neither ExE nor BEAF is anywhere near to out, so let's keep going ...
E100(#^^#)^#100(#^^#)^#100
tethratrifact
This one is a little unusual but it's based on using the name "tethrafact" for a "hecato-tethrathoth". In array notation this would be a row of tetrational spaces, followed by a 2 in the next row of tetrational spaces. Seems like a pretty small improvement now, but remember we had to skip all ExE expressions of the form E100(#^^#)^#100&100 where & is a delimiter of lower rank than (#^^#)^#, or in fact any row of delimiters whose ranks are all lower than (#^^#)^#.
E100(#^^#)^#*(#^^#)^#100
deutero-tethrafact
So, keeping track of our progress, this would be two full rows of tetrational spaces. That would be equivalent to (X^^X)*X2. Wild.
E100(#^^#)^##100
tethrathothigrid
Here is another more modern name for this number. This would be equivalent to a 100x100 plane of tetrational spaces. We've reached (X^^X)*X^2 arrays. Yes, this is still a totally valid and easily understood array, and we are still only getting started with both BEAF and ExE.
E100(#^^#)^###100
kubicutethrathoth / tethrathothicube
This number actually has two canonical names. Following the same patterns as before this would be a cube of tetrational spaces, or a size 100 (X^^X)*X^3 array. Nifty.
E100(#^^#)^####100
quarticutethrathoth / tethrathothitess
A tesseract of tetrational spaces or a size 100 (X^^X)*X^4 array.
E100(#^^#)^#^#100
centicutethrathoth / tethragodgathor
Things are starting to get weird. This is a dimensional array of tetrational spaces. That is, a (X^^X)*X^X array. Still nothing even close to stopping either notation from continuing.
E100(#^^#)^#^#^#100
tethragodtothol
This would be equivalent to an abritrary super-dimensional space composed of tetrational spaces. A (X^^X)*X^X^X array. Array Notation is still well defined.
E100(#^^#)^#^#^#^#100
tethragodtertol
This would be equivalent to an abitrary trimensional array composed of tetrational spaces. A (X^^X)*X^X^X^X array. So what does this eventually lead to?
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)100
tethra-tethrathoth / tethraduliath
Here we at last arrive at a tetrational array made up of tetrational arrays. That is, this is a (X^^X)*(X^^X) or (X^^X)^2 array. The ability to take a structure and duplicate it in this way is something I like to call "shelling". Technically dimensional space is just the "shelling" of linear space. In the same way we can take a tetrational space and shell it to create a new kind of space. Let's call this a tetration-squared space.
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*#)100
tethradulifact
The names are starting to get a little weird, but keep in mind there are a loooot of names, thousands of them, and we are skipping most of them here. In any case this would be equivalent of a row of tetration-squared spaces, a (X^^X)^2*X array. I think you can see where this is going.
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*##)100
tethraduligrid
So here we have a plane of tetration spaces of tetration spaces, a (X^^X)^2*X^2. Obviously we can keep going like this ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*#^#)100
tethraduli-godgathor
This name might require some explanation. This could be treated as equivalent to E100((#^^#)^(#^^#))^#^#100, which is a^#^# where a = '(#^^#)^(#^^#)'. Thus this can be thought of as a strong modification of a godgathor. This would be, following the pattern as before, a ... dimensional space of tetrational spaces of tetrational spaces. At this point we are at (X^^X)^2*X^X arrays ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*#^^#)100
tethrathruliath
This is a (X^^X)^3 array, a tetrational array of tetrational arrays of tetrational arrays. It might seem a little weird that we have (#^^#)^(#^^#)^2 to represent (X^^X)^3, but this makes more sense when you realize that there is an offset between hyperions and Xs. We can think of (#^^#)^(#^^#*#^^#) as of equivalent rank to #^(#^^#*#^^#*#^^#) = #^(#^^#)^3. Dropping the # base we obtain the equivalent X structure. At this point it should be clear that we can nest or "shell" the tetrational space arbirarily many times. Bowers' doesn't have any specific googolisms for this level, but we have a nice milestone coming up in ExE. But first ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*#^^#*#^^#)100
tethrateruliath
This is a (X^^X)^4 array. Now let's go to the general case ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#100
Monster-Giant
Here is a fun number. This expands to:
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#*#^^#* ... ... ... ... *#^^#*#^^# w/100 #^^#'s)100
This would be a (X^^X)^101 array, a size 101 (X^^X)^X array. Now we can imagine nesting tetrational spaces an arbitrary number of times which brings us to ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#100#2
Grand Monster-Giant
This would be a (X^^X)^(Monster-Giant+1) array. Where could we possibly go from here? Seems like we've reached the end of what makes sense in array notation, right? Wrong ...
E100(#^^#)^((#^^#)^#*#^^#)100
tethra-Monster-Giant
Alright, what in the hell is this?! Well we can keep going. Note that this is much much much much larger than a mere E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#101. To explain let's call a (X^^X)^X a shelled-tetrational space. So this number is a tetrational space composed of shelled-tetrational spaces. Woah. So basically this is a (X^^X)^X*(X^^X) or (X^^X)^(X+1) array. Just like when we reach infinite dimensional space we can keep going with the X+1 dimension, so with tetrational space we can continue with the X+1 order "tetrational space". We've kind of run out of language to describe it, but the mathematics should be clear. It's clear that we can continue in this way. Let's look at a few examples ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^##100
Monster-Grid
Here is a cool extension. This number would be like a 2-super-dimensional-tetrational array, that is, it would be equivalent to a (X^^X)^X^2 array. We could also call this a X^2 order tetrational array. Think of shelling a tetrational structure and obtaining a new structure. So what happens when we shell that new structure? We get this. Every time we shell the previous structure we actually get the next "super dimension". This doesn't magically stop at tetrational arrays, but keeps going even after it. So this would be two super-dimensions past tetrational arrays. Imagining and making sense of this is a little tricky, however I contend that this is still perfectly well defined and presents no real issue. If we compute the number of entries of such a structure it will be exactly (p^^p)^p^2, where p is the value of the prime entry. We could keep going but things get murky at some point before we reach ...
E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#100
Super Monster-Giant
In ExE this number is perfectly well defined, but in Array Notation this is where we hit something of a wall, with unclear array structures. If the climbing method is true however jack has only just begun his climb up to the top of the beanstalk and we are nowhere near what you would get if you actually computed (p^^p)^(p^^p)^p which would instead be approximately p^^(p+1). It is based on this theory that array notation was believed to reach X^^(X2) arrays by e(1). Speaking of which ...
E100(#^^#)^^#100
terrible tethrathoth
Here we have the first ExE googolism to reach the level of e(1). This is still relatively tame as far epsilon numbers go. We've got a long way to go before we would require a new ordinal function. In terms of arrays this is believed by some to be a X^^(X2) array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*#100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-hyperion
Take whatever the previous array structure was for terrible tethrathoth, and have a 100 in the very next entry, and you would have this number.
E100(#^^#)^^#*##100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-deutero-hyperion
Place 100 in the second entry after an e(1)-array (whatever that means).
E100(#^^#)^^#*###100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-trito-hyperion
Place 100 in the third entry after an e(1)-array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*####100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-teterto-hyperion
Place 100 in the fourth entry after an e(1)-array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*#^#100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-godgahlah
The first row after an e(1)-array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*#^#*#^#100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-deutero-godgahlah
The first two rows after an e(1)-array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*#^^#100
terrible-tethrathoth-by-tethrathoth
The first tetrational array after an e(1)-array.
E100(#^^#)^^#*(#^^#)^^#100
deutero terrible-tethrathoth
a row of two e(1)-arrays.
E100(#^^#)^^#*(#^^#)^^#*(#^^#)^^#100
trito terrible-tethrathoth
A row of three e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^#100
hecato-terrible tethrathoth
A row of 100 e(1)-arrays. alternatively ((#^^#)^^#)^# is equivalent to an arbitrary sized row of e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^##100
territethrathothigrid
A plane of e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^###100
terribtethrathothicube
A cube of e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^#^#100
terrible-tethrathoth-ipso-godgahlah
An arbitrary dimensional array of e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^#^#^#100
terrible-tethrathoth-ipso-godgathor
An arbitrary super-dimensional array of e(1)-arrays
E100((#^^#)^^#)^(#^^#)100
terrible-tethrathoth-ipso-tethrathoth
A tetrational array of e(1)-arrays. Cray cray.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^(#^^#)^(#^^#)100
terrible-tethrathoth-ipso-tethrathoth-ipso-tethrathoth
A tetration order tetration array of e(1)-arrays ... o_o;
E100((#^^#)^^#)^(#^^#)^(#^^#)^(#^^#)100
terrible-tethrathoth-ipso-tethrathoth-trebletetrate
A ... uh ... tetration order tetration order tetration array of e(1)-arrays. The names are getting pretty ridiculous but again keep in mind how many thousands of names were needed. The names are actually pretty literal and straight forward. "tethrathoth-trebletetrate" basically just means #^^# tetrated to the third. If this thing sounds like some kind of molecule, well, that was sorta the point. I wanted the names to start getting super complicated sounding like this.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)100
dubletetrated-terrible-tethrathoth
A e(1)-array made up of of e(1)-arrays. That is, a 2nd order e(1)-array. Name should be self explanatory. Basically it's saying this is E100((#^^#)^^#)^^(2)100.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)100
trebletetrated-terrible-tethrathoth
A 2nd order e(1)-array of e(1)-arrays.
E100((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)^((#^^#)^^#)100
quadrupletetrated-terrible-tethrathoth
Er ... a 2nd order e(1)-array order e(1)-array of e(1) arrays :|
E100((#^^#)^^#)^^#100
terrible terrible tethrathoth
This is on the order of e(2). Following the conventional wisdom this would be equivalent to a X^^(X3) array.
E100(((#^^#)^^#)^^#)^^#100
terrible terrible terrible tethrathoth
This is on the order of e(3). Following the conventional wisdom this would be equivalent to a X^^(X4) array.
E100((((#^^#)^^#)^^#)^^#)^^#100
terrible terrible terrible terrible tethrathoth
This is on the order of e(4). Following the conventional wisdom this would be equivalent to a X^^(X5) array.
E100#^^#>#100
tethriterator / tethrathoth ba'al / ninety-nine-ex-terrible tethrathoth
This number begins to push the limits of LECEN. In xE^ however this can be compactly expressed as E100#^^#>#100, using the new #^^#># delimiter which diagonalizes over LECEN with the fundamental sequence:
#^^#>#[1] = #^^#
#^^#>#[n] = (#^^#>#[n-1])^^#
With this in place it now becomes trivial to move way way beyond LECEN...
In terms of ordinals, this would be at the level of e(w). We still are in the "epsilon epoch" but we are just beginning to get somewhere within it. This is believed to be equal to a X^^X^2 array, although it's only a X^^(X+1) array according to the theory of the climbing method.
E100#^^#>#(1+E100)
googol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
Let the climb begin. This would be E100(...((#^^#)^^#)...)^^#100 with a googol+1 ^^#'s.
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#100)
grangol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
Alright let's get through all the highlights. This is a "size grangol e(w)-array" ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#100#100)
greagol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size greagol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#100#100#100)
gigangol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gigangol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##5)
gorgegol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gorgegol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##6)
gulgol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gulgol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##7)
gaspgol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gaspgol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##8)
ginorgol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size ginorgol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##100)
gugold-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gugold e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100##100##100)
gugolthra-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gugolthra e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100###100)
throogol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size throogol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100####100)
teroogol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size teroogol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#100)
godgahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godgahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^##100)
gridgahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gridgahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^###100)
kubikahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size kubikahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^####100)
quarticahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size quarticahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(5)100)
quinticahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size quinticahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(6)100)
sexticahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size sexticahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(7)100)
septicahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size septicahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(8)100)
octicahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size octicahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(9)100)
nonicahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size nonicahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(10)100)
decicahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size decicahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(20)100)
viginticahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size viginticahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^(90)100)
nonaginticahlah-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size nonaginticahlah e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#100)
godgathor-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godgathor e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#101)
goober-bunch-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size goober bunch e(w)-array. 'member goober bunch ... even Pepperidge Farm doesn't remember any more, that was a couple epochs ago now!
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^##100)
gralgathor-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size gralgathor e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^###100)
thraelgathor-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size thraelgathor e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^####100)
terinngathor-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terinngathor e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^#100)
godtothol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godtothol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^##100)
graltothol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size graltothol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^###100)
thraeltothol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size thraeltothol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^####100)
terinntothol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terinntothol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^#^#100)
godtertol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godtertol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^#^#^#^##100)
graltertol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size graltertol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^(6)100)
godtopol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godtopol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^(7)100)
godhathor-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godhathor e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^(8)100)
godheptol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godheptol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^(9)100)
godoctol-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size godoctol e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#100)
tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#100#2)
grand-tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size grand tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#100)
Monster-Giant-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size Monster-Giant e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100(#^^#)^(#^^#)^(#^^#)^#100)
Super-Monster-Giant-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size Super Monster-Giant e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100(#^^#)^^#100)
terrible-tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terrible tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100((#^^#)^^#)^^#100)
terrible-terrible-tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terrible terrible tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#>#4)
terrible-terrible-terrible-tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terrible terrible terrible tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#>#5)
terrible-terrible-terrible-terrible-tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
A size terrible terrible terrible terrible tethrathoth e(w)-array ...
E100#^^#>#100#2
= E100#^^#>#(E100#^^#>#100)
= E100((...((#^^#)^^#)...)^^#)^^#100 w/tethrathoth ba'al "^^#"s
The Great and Terrible Tethrathoth / grand tethriterator
At the end of the original run of the introduction of Cascading-E Notation I ended with this number, which I called a "The Great and Terrible Tethrathoth". With the introduction of Extended Cascading-E Notation, it was eventually renamed grand tethriterator. This number basically is about at the limit of what we can reasonably expect to express in LECEN, which is an acronym for "Limited Extension Cascading-E Notation". This was prior to the invention of the "caret-top" which is the symbol (>). Some might wonder why I stopped at this point during the introduction fo Cascading-E Notation. The problem was I didn't have a neat way to notate what arbitary applications of the tetrational operator ^^# were in terms of the climbing method. According to Bowers this would be exactly equivalent to a X^^(X+1) array. Without the invention of the caret-top the only reasonable next expression seemed to be #^^##, but I knew that wouldn't happen until much later, so I needed something to fill the gap between ((...((#^^#)^^#)...)^^#)^^# and #^^##. Some googologists at the time actually went ahead and set them equal to each other. Worse there was a good justification for this via the Knuth Arrow theorem, where we would add the tetrates, implying that we would get #^^(#+#+..+#) = #^^## (even though this is actually only approximate). I didn't want ExE to fall behind the climbing method which is why the caret-top was invented. It was partially inspired by Bowers own notation for post-tetrational arrays in which {X^^X}^{X} was not interpretted as (X^^X)^X but rather as if there was a whole stack of X's and another X on top. This eventually became my own notation #^^#>#. The caret-top acts as an "iterator" (hence the name tethriterator). It iterates whichever operation it is attached to applied ordinally many times to the first argument. Thus A@B>C will form a ternary operation that extends whichever binary operation, @, it is applied to. This fills out all the gaps and allows us to create Extended-Cascading-E Notation. There is just one problem. No one has been able to show where (X^^X)^X actually fall along order-types. And this is why I've been unable to determine how much further one would have to go to reach 3^^^3&3. That said let's go a little further with these constructs before going over to the next epoch ...
E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#>#(1+E100#^^#100))
tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
We can repeat this construct and be quite sure that we will be nowhere near 3^^^3&3. Why? Because at very least 3^^^3&3 would be approximately equal to 3^3#^^##3, which is 3^3#^^#>#^^#>#^^#3. This goes way way beyond what we are doing here. Now let's nest this sucker into oblivion ... well not literally ... that comes much much later ...
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
tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth-ex-terrible tethrathoth
That's a hundred tethrathoth's in all, and yet this massive construction would be smaller than E100#^^#>#100#100 which would be massively smaller than E100#^^#>#100#^^#>#100 which would be massively smaller than E100#^^#>##100 which would be massively smaller than E100#^^#>#^^#100 which wouldn't come even close to 3^^^3&3 even in it's most modest form. Extended Cascading-E Notation (xE^) has been developed far far beyond this, and even at it's smallest we are still a VERY VERY VERY VERY ... VERY VERY LONG WAY to pentational arrays. In the next epoch are some unimaginably vast numbers which currently no one quite knows where they should fall on the Fast-growing hierarchy ...
XIX. Large Computable Epoch
[ 3^^^3&3 , BB745 )
Entries: 38
3^^^3&3
triakulus
This is the smallest pentational array number Bowers' coins. Currently I'm not entirely certain where it falls on the fast growing hierachy or how much larger it is than the previous entry. All I can say at the moment is that it would have to be much much larger than anything expressible in Limited Extension Cascading-E Notation (LECEN). I believe my Extended Cascading-E Notation (xE^) goes even further than a triakulus, but it remains to be seen how much further. There is currently no consensus on BEAF. There is also no fully formalized definition of "pentational arrays". Although Chris Bird's array notation probably goes much further than this, his system has differences from a hypothetical Bowers' system, and it is not certain what the rules of Bowers' pentational arrays would be like. Solving the problem of Bowers' pentational arrays is an open problem in googology.
10^^^100&10
kungulus
A much larger pentational array number.
10^^^(<10^^^100&10>)&10
kungulusplex
The next recursive step for a kungulus!
10^^^^100&10
quadrunculus
Bowers' only example of a hexational-array number. It is not precisely known how these kinds of arrays would even work.
{10,10,10}&10
tridecatrix
One of the 120 og Bowerisms. This was the largest one just before a golapulus, and was the only example of a "linear array array" of sorts. This one immediately followed goppatoth and goppathothplex.
{10,10,100}&10
humongulus
This is Jonathan Bowers' humongulus and it is a truly massive value. To define it requires the creation of a general theory for how to apply up-arrow notation to ordinals. I believe that my xE^ notation goes at least this far if not further than {X,X,X}-space. Yet this is just the very beginning...
E100{#,#,1,2}100
blasphemorgulus
One of my favorite milestone ExE googolisms. It represents the limit of not only xE^ but also the limit of so called Hyper-Extended Cascading-E Notation (#xE^). #xE^ is believed to be of order-type phi(1,0,0,0). Blasphemorgulus is believed to fall between Jonathan Bowers' humongulus and tetdecatrix. Evidence for this proposition is mainly based on a theory of ordinal hyper-operators that is believed to match Bowers' intended operation of BEAF.
10^E100{#,#,1,2}100
blasphemorgulplex
This isn't intended as a salad number. There is actually an important distinction to be made between a blasphemorgulus and a blasphemorgulplex when dealing with a blasphemorgulminexiplex (remember that all the way at the very beginning of this list!). If we raise a blasphemorgulminexiplex to the power of a blasphemorgulplex, then we get a value of exactly 10. Proof: Let B = E100{#,#,1,2}100. (10^10^-B)^10^B = 10^(10^-B x 10^B) = 10^10^0 = 10^1 = 10. Even though a blasphemorgulplex ~ blasphemorgulus (from a googological point of view), if we incorrectly raise a blasphemorgulminexiplex to a blasphemorgulus we actually just get a number that would be frighteningly close to 1, instead of exactly 10. So the difference matters, at least in that particular context. Of course, way up here in the stratosphere, the difference doesn't matter at all and we can be assured that this has no chance of even being close to a tetdecatrix ...
10^10^E100{#,#,1,2}100
blasphemorgulduplex
This might seem like another "salad" entry, but actually this is the opposite end of the hyper-logarithmic scale from blasphemorgulminexiplex. That is, this is a large large number, in the same way that blasphemorgulminexiplex is a small large number. The dividing line on the hyper-logarithmic scale is 10^10^0 = 10^1 = 10, which might be called an "average" large number. Of course, our googological sense tells us that "most of the journey" was just getting to blasphemorgulus not blasphemorgulduplex, but actually it must be the case that blasphemorgulus is barely anything on a number line from 0 to blasphemorgulduplex.
E100{#,##,1,2}100
blasphemorgulcross
This number was first listed as Beta Release 529 on Extended Cascading-E Numbers 5. There is was not given a name. Internally however, I named it blasphemorgulcross a long time ago on one of my "secret pages", during the post-development after the end of xE^. Later still I noticed blasphemorgulcross on Douglas Shamlin Jr.'s original 2020 number list. Whether this was do to a leak or it was just the obvious name to give this number I do not know, though it's worth noting some other of the names I coined on that page also are in that video. This number is still safely within the bounds of the next Bowerism ...
{10,10,10,10}&10
tetdecatrix
This is a new googolism created by Bowers' to fill some of the gap between a humongulus and a golapulus. It is much larger than humongulus, though its difficult to describe exactly in what way. This array would have exactly a tetradecal 10s in it's array, if only we knew how exactly.
{10,10,10,10,10}&10
pendecatrix
The next in a sequence of new bowerism's extending from tridecatrix. This number is described by an array with a pentadecal 10s.
{10,10,10,10,10,10}&10
hexdecatrix
The next logical construction after pendecatrix. This number is an array of {10,10,10,10,10,10} 10s.
7&10&10
hepdecatrix
Here we have a very early example of nesting the "array of" operator. With just 2 &s , numbers of the form a&b&c already are as strong as SVO (the small veblen ordinal).
8&10&10
ocdecatrix
The next in a fairly logical and straight forward progression from tridecatrix.
9&10&10
endecatrix
The last in the logical tridecatrix to endecatrix progression.
10&10&10
{10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10}&10
lineatrix
Bowers' breaks with his adaptions of smaller googolism's with his -trix affix. Bowers' doesn't call 10&10 dekadecal either, and instead uses iteral. This suggests iteraltrix, but he doesn't use this either. Instead he names this number lineatrix, from the fact that it's array is formed from "linear" arrays.
(<10&10&10>)&10&10
lineatrixplex
Bowers' ends his "Lineational Group" with a lineatrixplex. At this point a single recursive step is rather trivial, but it's cool to visualize none the less. It can be imagined as:
{10,10,10,10,10, ... ... ,10,10,10,10,10} & 10 w/lineatrix 10s in the array
Trippy stuff.
The gap to the next Bowerism is huge. He skips LVO, a common benchmark ordinal, entirely. The next bowerism, golapulus, is believed to fall somewhere between LVO and BHO, and may be larger than TREE(3), though due to a lack of a tight upperbound on TREE(3) we can't say for sure this is the case.
*TREE(3)
This is a famous large number discovered by Harvey Friedman which at some point supplanted Graham's Number as the largest number ever defined by a professional mathematician. It's value is a consequence of Kruskal's theorem. Take any infinite sequence of labeled trees. There must exist a tree such that it is homeomorphically embeddable in an earlier tree. A consequence of this is that if a sequence of labeled trees has no members homeomorphically embeddable into an earlier tree then the sequence must be finite. Now consider all of these sequences. Friedmann showed that there must be a longest such sequence of trees. Now consider the function TREE(k). It is defined as the length of the longest such sequence of trees using only k-labels. TREE(3) is the length of the longest sequence of trees using only 3 labels. It can be proven that TREE(1) = 1 and TREE(2) = 3 , but TREE(3) is the first non-trivial case and it's such a vast number that even extending the Fast Growing Hierarchy to Gamma(0) or even the Ackermann ordinal is not enough. It has been demonstrated that TREE(k) is at least of order type SVO. A more rigorous bound shows that TREE(k) is at least of order type psi(W^(W^w*w)).
This places it somewhere in the Great Silence between a lineatrix and a golapulus. Whatever TREE(3) turns out to be, it won't collapse like the solution to Graham's problem.
Incredibly this still is not the largest number in professional mathematics ...
*Note: The placement of this number is not precisely known. It has been proven to be larger than lineatrix (under any of the current interpretations), and has a lower bound of phi(w(1)0), but there does not exist any tight upperbound for this number currently, so it is not known for certain to be less than golapulus. Golapulus however is much larger, so it might be unlikely that TREE(3) is larger than it. Perhaps more insight into this will be found in the future. For now I am placing TREE(3) here as it's most likely place in the sequence.
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THE GREAT SILENCE
lineatrix ~ golapulus
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10^100&10&10
{10,10(100)2}&10
golapulus
This is a value that just goes way way WAY beyond anything we have yet encountered! It's indescribable with the current techniques I'm employing. It is probably going require the introduction of ordinal collapsing functions.
The gap between this number and lineatrix is just HUGE ... and I don't mean in the usual way. All googolism's are googologically far apart ... but between lineatrix and a golapulus is a great silence. There are no Bowerism's between these numbers. Bowers' makes an increadible leap at this point skipping over a lot of possible inbetween values and jumps straight to this monsterosity! In fact I doubt you'll find many googolism's in the great silence. The systems at this point develop so fast that one can take immediately tremendous leaps into totally new kinds of numbers. A golapulus is just such a "new kind of number". It's not even in the same echelon as lineatrix. It's another breed entirely. An entirely new theory will be needed to reach numbers of this caliber ...
*E100{#^^#&#}100
lugubrigoth
This number represents a tetrational array of hyperions, believed to be equivalent to a tetrational array array. Since dimensional-array arrays would be smaller than tetrational-array arrays, and dimensional-array-array arrays would be larger than tetrational array arrays, this hypothetically places a lugubrigoth between a golapulus and a golapulusplex. It is also believed that lugubrigoth, and tetrational-array arrays in general, reach the order-type of The Bachmann-Howard Ordinal.
*Note: The placement of this entry is highly theoretical because both BEAF and ExE are not well-defined at this level.
|100[1#_2[1]2]2|
This is an expression in Hierarchal-Structor Notation, #[] for short, that is believed to be roughly equivalent to fBHO+1(100). Technically this is where the "Hierarchal" nature of the notation really begins. The notation continues well beyond this point, but it is believed that this value would already surpass lugubrigoth, which is itself already well beyond any of the canonical well-defined ExE Notation. The point being that #[] far surpasses the development of ExE. I created #[] back in 2007-2008, during the year prior to my Large Number Site going online, as part of my initial research into BEAF. The separator [1#_2[1]2] is meant to diagonalize over a substructure of #[] called The Hash-Tower Super-Structure, and it begins the concept of the so called Hash-Block Hierarchy, the ninth level of the notation.
10^100&10&10&10
{10,10(100)2}&10&10
golapulusplex
golapulusplex takes a leap analogous to the gongulus to the golapulus. Just as golapulus is a gongulus array of 10s (whatever that means), a golapulusplex is a golapulus array of 10s. But make no mistake, this is not a simple recursive step forward like last time. No it's something much much worse. This is the first time that Bowers' uses the plex affix for something other than basic recursion. This could be called a form of ordinal recursion, as it's a way to generate a new much larger ordinal from a smaller ordinal by using an ordinal function. Consequently this number is in a completely different league than a golapulus. We have again made another tremendous leap and skipped ALOT! We have skipped BHO, one of the major milestones, but this is still before the TFB ordinal.
{10&10&10&10&10&10&10&10&10&10}
{10,10/2}
dekulus
This is a new bowerism. This would already be well beyond a golapulus, or even golapulusplex, though believe it or not, it would still be computable. This is the last of only three entries in the so called "Golapulus Group".
*SCG(13)
Subcubic Graph Number 13
SCG stands for "Subcubic Graph". SCG(n) is a very fast growing combinatorial function devised by Harvey Friedmann. Friedmann also devised the TREE(n) function mentioned not too long ago. A subcubic-graph is a finite graph in which each vertex has a valence of at most three. SCG(k) is defined as the length of the largest sequence of subcubic-graphs such that the ith subcubic-graph has at most i+k vertices, and no subcubic-graph in the sequence is homeomorphically embeddable into a later subcubic-graph.
*Note: The placement here is actually based on the best known lowerbound. The actual value of this entry is not known. However by Robertson-Seymour Theorem subcubic-graphs are well-quasi-ordered, which implies that such sequences of subcubic-graphs must be finite, and the SCG function should be computable.
10^100&10&10&...&10&10
w/(10^100&10&10) terms
golapulusplux
One of Bowers' original 121 googolisms. This one is no longer found on his new number list, yet the definition is not difficult to rewite in Bowers new notation. Original this was notated as X{10,100,3},golapulusX, which was meant to indicate the number of times to iterate the "array of" operator on the left argument. This number would hypothetically be larger than {10,golapulus / 2} in Bowers modern notation, but less than {10,(golapulus+1) / 2 }. Either way, this would still be much much smaller than ...
{3,3,3/2}
the big boowa
This is Bowers' smallest googolism to utilize the legion bar "/". Bowers' defines {b,p/2} = b&b&...&b w/p bs. So {3,3/2} is {3&3&3} or triakulus. {3,3,2/2} would be {3,triakulus/2}. But this is nothing compare to a big boowa. In Bowers original notation this was notated as:
X3,{3,3}X
An early form of iterating through legion space. I believe that this is equivalent to the modern version.
X3,3,2X
This number is unnamed on Bowers old website, but it's offered as an example to introduce "the rules" for the new array notation. This cryptic explanation is offered:
X3,3,2X = X{3,3,3},2,2X = X{3,3,3}&3,1,2X = X3,{3,3,3}&3X
This is alleviated somewhat by my use of more modern notation to make it clearer. This should be roughly equivalent to {3,3 / {3,3,3}&3 } in modern notation. One thing to note is Bowers repeatedly refers to {3,3,3}&3 as "dutritri" however this appears to be a mistake. The number 3^3&3 is called a dimentri instead. In any case the operation here is not entirely clear as it does not follow the same rules as ordinary array notation. It can be surmised though, that the second entry can become arrays up to any legion space, which suggests this will be bounded by {3,n / 1 / 2}.
X3,3,3X
the great big boowa
This is one of Bowers' original 121 googolisms. The exact mechanism of this notation is unclear, but I believe it will be much weaker than multiple legion bars. This is believed to be approximately equivalent to {3,n / 1 / 3} in more modern notation.
X10^100&10X
the great big bongulus
This is Bowers original number "bongulus". However he eventually named a much smaller number that, so I've taken the liberty of calling this number the great big bongulus instead, following suit with names like the great big boowa. This would be equivalent (theoretically) to a dimensional legion array. Thus this would still all be smaller than {b,p // 2 }, which in turn is much much smaller than the big hoss.
{10^10&10}_10
wompogulus
One of Bowers' original aol hometown googolisms. This one would, hypothetically, be equivalent to tenth level legion bars, making it just a little weaker than the big hoss.
{100,100/////.../////2} w/ 100 "/"s
The Big Hoss
Bowers' comes up with a way to apply the legion array trick multiple times and on multiple levels of complexity. This is one example of such a number. We are now way way way beyond the big boowa.
{10^10&10}_({10^10&10}_10)
wompogulusplex
This should be equivalent to wompogulus-level legion bars. We pass up the big hoss but we've almost exhausted the old notation ...
#10^100&{10^10&10}#
guapamonga
The old value for a guapamonga the penultimate googolism of Jonathan Bowers original set. It is not known exactly where this would fall in the new notation, but it's believed to be vastly smaller than a meameamealokkapoowa oompa. Just one more classic Bowerism to go ...
#10^100&{10^10&10}#_(#10^100&{10^10&10}#)
guapamongaplex
This used to be the number everyone mentioned as the "largest named number" when Jonathan Bowers first introduced his array notation. Despite it's seeming impressive array of ... well arrays ... it's still believed to be vastly smaller than ...
{L100,10}_(10,10)
meameamealokkapoowa
The legions marks can be ranked into a hierarchy of legion marks. This number uses 100th order legion marks. It is the second largest computable googolism of Bowers'.
{{L100,10}_(10,10)&L,10}_(10,10)
meameamealokkapoowa oompa
This is the largest computable number Bowers' has named. It diagonalizes over the strongest version of BEAF that allows for structures of Ls. Despite being frighteningly large, being described as trying to "understand the size of God" in Bowers' own words, there is a good chance it's not the largest known computable number. This honor is probably due to Loader's Number.
D5(99)
Loader's Number
Loader's Number is the output of loader.c, a C progam written by Ralph Loader as part of the Big Number Bakeoff and the winning entry. It diagonalizes over the calculus of constructions and is so powerful that it's not even known what level of recursion it employs. It is hailed as the largest known computable number.
XX. Uncomputable Epoch
[ BB745 , ∞ )
Entries: 12
BB(745)
The 745 State Busy Beaver
The smallest known Busy Beaver that can not be proved in ZFC. This is an improved bound by Johannes Riebel on a previous figure of BB(748), itself an improvement on a figure of BB(1919), itself an improvement over a figure of BB(8000). Since The Calculus of Constructions can be encoded in ZFC, in stands to reason, that this Busy Beaver would go beyond Loader's Number. Since ZFC contains virtually all the computable functions we would likely ever need, we can consider this the beginning of the "uncomputable number" epoch.
Xi(1,000,000)
Goucher's Number / Xiculus
Briefly considered larger than Rayo's Number, but later determined to be smaller. Created by Adam P. Goucher in 2013, it was one of the earliest attempts to beat Rayo's Number. We can call it Goucher's Number, or Xiculus, for reasons that should become clear. Goucher created the Xi function that diagonalizes over a language called SKI Calculus. A subsystem of SKI Calculus is believed to be equivalent to the Busy Beaver Function, and thus the full SKI Calculus should be stronger than Busy Beavers. This implies that Xi(1,000,000) >> BB(1,000,000) >> BB(745). At this point these numbers are far too large for humans to comprehend as a computable algorithm, as the size of the algorithm would be on the order of megabytes. As it so happens, this is still not the largest finite number ever considered, which brings us to ...
Rayo(10100)
Rayo's Number
Probably the most famous and well known of the uncomputable googolism's. The Story goes that this number was the winning entry in a large number Contest Between Adam Elga and Augustin Rayo. Augustin Rayo won with this entry. Rayo(n) is a function that finds the least integer larger than any expression nameable in n or less symbols in First Order Set Theory. For a long time it held the title of "Largest Well-defined Number", ignoring trivial and naive extensions (such as Rayo(10^100+1) for example). Googologist's however, during the classical era (2008-2018) made various attempts to beat this number with a non-naive extension. We will go through the most famous, or perhaps the better word is infamous, examples ...
F_7^63(10^100)
Fish Number 7
One of the earliest attempts to beat Rayo's Number. Fish Number 7, created by Japanese Googologist "Fish" in 2013, creates a hierarchy of "Rayo-like functions", where each new function in the order indexed family, takes the previous function as a symbol or object in the new language. Fish Number 7 is estimated to be equivalent to the zeta(0)-order Rayo function, nested 63 times, and applied to an initial input of 10^100. Likely holding the title of "Large Number" for a time in googology circles, there was some debate as to whether this should be considered a naive extension or not. In any case it was later considered beat by ...
FOOT10(10100)
BIG FOOT
The earliest attempt to dethrone Rayo's Number with a new champion of uncomputable googology that was not considered to be a naive extension. This one was regarded as the new champion after Rayo's Number for some time. It was created by Googology Wiki user Wojowu in 2014. The name was suggested by me and adopted by Wojowu. It is always written in all caps as a convention. To define BIG FOOT, Wojowu defines a language called "First Order Oodle Theory", abbreviated FOOT, and then defines a function FOOT(n) which finds the largest numeric expression in the language of FOOT in at most n symbols. While it held the title for a few years, it was eventually noted that it was not well-defined as it lacked specificity of it's axiomatic system. It is here for historical purposes, and on the theory that it might one day be formalized. Move on we have ...
Em(12^^12)
Little Bigeddon
Little Bigeddon was created by Googology Wiki User Emlightened in 2017, to directly compete with BIG FOOT. To define the number Emlightened defines a variant of set theory, in which rank quantifiers can be added. Little Bigeddon is then defined as:
the largest number, k, such that there is some unary formula, phi, in the language of Set theory with rank less than or equal to 12^^12 such that there exists no number, n, such that phi(n) and phi(k) are both true.
While a unique approach that differs from the above uncomputable entries, it was found to be riddled with errors, and largely abandoned. Again this is included for historical reasons and as a place holder for a potential future formalization. Here I've defined a function Em(r) which takes the above statement and replaces the rank with r. So we can conveniently "define" Little Bigeddon as Em(12^^12). We aren't done yet though ...
Em_2(12^^12)
Sasquatch / Big Bigeddon
Two months after the creation of Little Bigeddon, still in 2017, Emlightened went back to the drawing board, altered the definition of Little Bigeddon to create "Big Bigeddon". Following on the convention of BIG FOOT it was also called sasquatch. It uses the same notation of rank quantifiers of ranks less than or equal to 12^^12. While these numbers held sway for a while, they were eventually deemed ill-defined. You might think at this point maybe the whole endeavor would be abandoned, but we've still got one contender left to beat Rayo's Number ...
LNG^10(<10,10,10>)
Large Number Garden Number
Often abbreviated to LNGN, the name Large Number Garden Number, itself being an "abbreviation" of sorts, of it's full name, which essentially defines itself into existence. Sometime prior to 2020 a User by the name of "Pbot" created the number. The full name, which also serves as loose definition of sorts is as follows:
Come on, friends, the large number garden is finally complete! Let me explain the function of this garden. The first is the determination function of the address and the floor plan. When a character string is read, it automatically determines which miniature garden address it represents and in which miniature garden the floor plan of a large number garden can be reproduced. The second is the floor plan analysis function. If you specify the address of the miniature garden and read the floor plan of the reproducible large number garden there, it will tell you the large number that the garden can produce. The third important function is the ability to generate large numbers. Once a natural number is entered, all character strings within the upper limit of the number of characters are searched, and each is read into the address and floor plan determination function, leaving only the reproducible floor plan for each miniature garden. By enumerating them and loading them into the analysis function of the floor plan, you can obtain the large numbers that they can produce, and by putting them all together, you can create new large numbers! Huh? Can you really get a large number with that? As usual, my ally is skeptical. But hey, here's the floor plan for the large number garden itself. If you load this into the analysis function, it will tell you how large numbers you can generate. Huh? How many characters does this floor plan have? What's the use of knowing such things?
^^This is actually a translation of the original name which was written in Japanese. Like virtually all of these non-computable functions, this is defined by diagonalizing over a langauge, in this case, "First Order Theory beyond Higher Order Set Theory" or FOTbHOST. A function LGN(n) gives us the largest numerical expression with at most n symbols in FOTbHOST. Next LGN 10 times and begin with an initial input of the new tridecal, <10,10,10>. To this day this is considered "the largest well-defined googolism which is not a salad number". Anyone, want to take a crack at beating it?
If we lift at least one of these requirements, either being well-defined, or not a salad number, or both, we can go "further" still (assuming it counts) ...
K[10^100&10](10^^^100&10)
Oblivion
Bowers' attempt to take the crown of uncomputable googology, by suggesting that languages themselves have sizes and one can have larger languages to have stronger languages to diagonalize over. At the time Bowers was aware of both Rayo's Number and BIG FOOT. Bowers suggests that we can create stronger and stronger languages by using more and more bits to describe it. A K[m]-System is a complete and well-defined system of mathematics that can be described with no more than m symbols. We can then create a function K[m](n) which finds the largest number finite number that can be uniquely defined using no more than n symbols in a K[m]-System. It is assumed that Turing Machines, First Order Set Theory, First Order Oodle Theory, FOTbHOST, etc. can all be encoded in a K[m]-System with a relatively small m. Bowers' conjectures, for example that FOOT can be described by a K[10,000]-System, which seems reasonable. It also seems reasonable to say it would not require a gongulus symbols in any reasonable "meta-language" to describe. What you might realize is the problem is that we don't have any actual "meta-language" to encode these languages in, which is why this number is ill-defined, despite diagonalizing over "well-defined" systems. Certain meta-assumptions need to be made, that seem to imply an intuitionistic school of mathematics. Afterall, we could write out the definition of FOOT in plain english or mathematics, in no particular format, and just claim that it took so many characters to write it out. Could we make a single symbol stand in for the entirety of the FOOT language? What are the limits on what symbols are allowed to mean? Oblivion is pretty tame though compare to ...
K_Oblivion[Oblivion](Oblivion)
Utter Oblivion
Bowers' follow up on an Oblivion. An Utter Oblivion uses Oblivion in it's definition, not unlike the way a googolplex uses googol in its definition, or meameamealokkapoowa oompa uses meameamealokkapoowa in it's definition. However this is not a simple leap foward like K[Oblivion](Oblivion). Instead Bowers defines a K_2[m]-System as a meta-language for describing K[m] systems. K_3[m]'s describe K_2[m]'s and so on. This is a lot worse than the previous idea. Not only do we have difficulty describing the meta-language of K[m]-Systems, which must be encoded, theoretically in some low level K_2[m]-System, but now we must contemplate what happens when we have meta-meta-meta-...-meta-languages w/arbitary metas! This idea was already implicit when discussing an Oblivion. This is certainly an idea I've contemplated before myself, and admittedly, I have no more formal definition for it, which is kind of the meat and potatoes of the whole thing. Still, "Utter Oblivion" tends to get an honorable mention on Large Number Lists, despite being very very far from being formalized. In fact, it's possibly an incoherent concept, or maybe not as strong as it seems. Who can say. So is that it? Are we done? Well ... er ... no. There is still the indescribable to consider ... what ...
[Least Indescribable Integer Greater than all describable integers]
Sam's Number
This number, according to it's original description, is simply indescribable. This has been taken to mean that it is beyond any definition or description that we could ever create in this universe. Thusly, it must be larger than anything anyone anywhere anywhen could ever define, making this the default "largest number". While this "number" is necessarily ill-defined, there must also necessarily be numbers larger than any description we could ever create that we may call "indescribable". So even without an actual definition, we will simply say this marks the point in the list where indescribable numbers would begin. The exact quote to describe Sam's Number is as follows:
Sam's number is so gigantically huge it cannot be described. It boggles the mind. Actually, it would boggle a megafugafzgargoogolplex minds. If you want a small glimpse of how big it is, here. Sam's Number is enormously larger than Rayo's Number. It can fill a greagol multiverses. Actually it can fill so much more than that, it is undescribable.
This is not really a definition. It is an oblique reference to a definition which is never actually provided. In any case, let's say, for argument sake, we take this seriously. If Sam's Number exists and simply can not be described, that seems to imply no definition could be provided. Since everything up to this point at least has some kind of definition, it can be "described" as it were, even things like Oblivion and Utter Oblivion, it follows that Sam's Number transcends them, and anything else one could describe. The "Numbers" at this point run into variations of the Berry Paradox, because one could argue that the above serves as some kind of description of an indescribable number. Is it just flavor text, or does it imply a notion of it's own size. On googology it is said to not be defined, but only "described". In any case ... this still isn't the worse ... nope ...
croutonillion
A running gag on googology wiki. Croutonillion was intended to be the most salady of salad numbers ever created ... on purpose. Since the croutonillion literally folds every well defined (and many ill-defined) things into its overly complicated definition, it is, at any point of time, larger than any well defined googolism. The only thing it can't beat are things that are too ill-defined to meaningfully incorporate. The definition is prohibitively long to give, and basically takes a the form of a long list of feedback loops of instructions. The full form of the number would basically be an unwritable mess that would be googologically large. It contains something on the order of 5000 steps, although some of those steps create feedback loops with prior sets of steps. In this nightmare of a salad, is everything we've seen thus far basically. It contains Rayo's Number, it contains Large Number Garden Number, it contains Oblivion and Utter Oblivion, and yes, it even includes Sam's Number! And all of this gets tumbled about and exploded with feedback loops. Croutonillion is as ill-defined as it's most ill-defined component so it itself is ill-defined. At the end, in the original version, all the steps define a crouton which is then used to form a croutonillion as equal to 10^(3*crouton+3), which at least justifies the name. This joke however has been lost in modern version as croutonillion is constantly being edited, and this last step has inevitably been replaced with something stronger. What could possibly beat croutonillion then? Well only something that croutonillion wouldn't already be aware of, or that which is disallowed (like infinite numbers) ...
... and so on ...
What's the largest finite number? There isn't one! But that doesn't mean we can just keep going on indefinitely. We can never express ALL the finite numbers, or even all the natural numbers, because there is an infinite number of them, so there is a limit to what we can express at any given time. Googology has made incredible progress over the last 200 years. But it really will never be over. As long as there are people interested in large numbers, there will be googology ...
THE END
... or is it? ...
Next up, The Transfinite Numbers ...
Transfinite Numbers
[ℵ0,Ω)
Entries: 52
COUNTABLY INFINITE
ℵ0 / ω
aleph-null / Omega
Also known colloquially as infinity. In Cantor's theory of transfinites it is known as aleph-null when treated as a cardinal number, and omega when treated as an ordinal number. In an informal sense all of these concepts are the same, but there are important technical distinctions to be made. Infinity in calculus refers to a real quantity which increases without bound. It is not so much a number, as a way of expressing the behavior of a limit. omega refers to the order-type of the set of non-negative integers. Aleph-null on the other hand, is defined as the cardinality of the set of positive integers. In plain speak Aleph-null is the "number" of numbers. The problem with this is that the set of positive integers is suppose to represent all things that we might wish to count. It however, can not count itself. So is the "number" of numbers, even a number then? Cantor thought so. In some ways we can treat aleph-null as a number, in that we can compare it to other numbers and determine which is larger. Using the concept of one-to-one correspondence Cantor showed that we can rationally say that aleph-null is larger than any positive integer, even though the previously prevailing wisdom was that infinity was not a number and could not be compared in this way. But accepting this view leads to some mind bending anomalies. Using one-to-one correspondence we can show there are just as many even numbers, squares, cubes, etc. as there are positive integers, despite that fact that these are all subsets of the positive integers. This violates the principle that the "whole is always greater than any proper part of the whole". So aleph-null is a number such that a proper part of it is still just as large... baffling. When working with finite numbers we implicitly understand the exclusivity of "larger" vs. "equal". A number can not be both. Hence when one particular correspondence shows that one finite set has more than another finite set, we know that no correspondence can exist which shows they are equal. Not so with infinite sets! Even if we have a correspondence which shows one is larger than the other, it doesn't necessarily mean that a correspondence doesn't exist showing they are equal. In the Cantorian universe of cardinals, in order for an infinity to be truly larger than another infinity it must be shown that "there does not exist ANY one-to-one correspondences". Since there must be an infinite number of such correspondences, checking each one individually is not an option. It is necessary to come up with a proof which shows the impossibility of such a correspondence. It might be assumed that all infinities are essentially the same and can be put in one-to-one correspondence with each other. The amazing thing Cantor did however was to show that there were infinities which could not be put in one-to-one correspondence with aleph-null. Thus Cantor showed that there was not one infinity ... but an infinity of infinities ... (See aleph-one). This is Cantor's paradise, or nightmare, depending on your perspective.
In googology this is the order-type of several notations. It is the order-type of the set of primitive recursive functions, it is the order-type of Knuth's Up-arrow notation, it is the order-type of Steinhaus-Moser Polygon Notation, it is the order-type of 3 entry BEAF arrays, and it is the order-type of Hyper-E Notation (E#), the most basic component of ExE.
ω+1
Omega and One
This is the smallest ordinal number after "omega". Informally we can think of this as infinity plus one. One formulation of ordinals is to treat them as sets of all smaller ordinals. In order to say omega and one is "larger" than "omega" we define largeness to mean that one ordinal is larger than another if the smaller ordinal is included in the set of the larger. The set w+1 would be {w,0,1,2,3,...}. It would be composed of all the non-negative integers plus omega. Thus w+1 by this definition is larger. However, since the cardinality of every ordinal is represented by the cardinality of it's set, we can also show that in a sense w = w+1, since w={0,1,2,3,...} and w+1={w,0,1,2,...} we can pair off arguments as: {(0,w),(1,0),(2,1),(3,2),...}, which shows both sets have the same number of elements, even though w+1 includes one more. Confused? Basically there is two ways to look at comparison of infinities: the cardinal view and the ordinal view. By the ordinal view, omega and one is greater, by the cardinal view omega and omega plus one are the same thing. Cardinals don't play a large role in googology, but the countable ordinals do. So for our purposes the distinction between w and w+1 is important.
ω+2
Omega and Two
Just as we can extend large numbers arbitrarily, we can do the same with the ordinal w. Just think of "w" as a VERY large number. So we can add one to it, or two, or have ...
ω*2
Two Omega
After an entire sequence: w+1,w+2,w+3,w+4, ... we arrive at a new ordinal, w+w, or w*2. The order here is important. By ordinal multiplication 2*w = 2+2+2+... = 1+1+1+1+1+1+... = w, but w2 != w. Instead w2 represents the limit of an infinite number of successors of w. And with ordinals we can keep on going ...
ω*2+1
Two Omega and One
Every ordinal has a successor. If α is an ordinal, then it's successor is α+1. Thus, the successor of w2 is w2+1. This, of course, also has a successor ...
ω*2+2
Two Omega and Two
The successor of w2+1 is, naturally, w2+1+1. However we can simplify this to w2+2. And from here we can continue in the predictable manner ...
ω*3
Three Omega
After all the successors of w*2, is w*3. At this point the pattern should be clear. The successor of w*3 is w*3+1, in turn, it's successor is w*3+2, and so on with w*3+3, w*3+4, etc. After an infinite number of these we would reach w*4, after it's successors, w*5, and so on. An "infinity of infinities" if you will. Every member of this ensemble would be of the form w*a+b where a and b were non-negative integers. Is there an ordinal greater than all ordinals of this form?
ω2
omega squared
Of course! Any time we can identify a set of ordinals, that set will have a "supremum". A supremum is not necessarily the successor of any member of the set. There is no ordinal of the form w*a+b such that it's successor is w^2. This is analogous to the way there is no finite number whose successor is infinity. This would be a good point to introduce the concept of a limit ordinal. If we have an infinite set of strictly ascending ordinals, even if we don't have a "label" or "name" for it, there will be a limit to this sequence that is an ordinal, but not a member of that set. This is ensured as long as every member of the sequence is strictly greater than it's predecessor. It's worth pointing out that the limit ordinal doesn't necessarily have a unique set it's the limit to. For example we can consider the limit of the set: {0,w,w2,w3,w4,...}. The limit of the set is the smallest ordinal not bounded by any member of the set, which in this case is w^2, at least that is the "name" cantor chose for it. A logical choice since it appears the limit is w*w = w^2. However the limit of the set {0,w+1,w2+2,w3+3,w4+4,...} is also w^2. Such sequences can be chosen as "fundamental sequences" in ordinal indexed families of functions to create fast growing hierarchies. Here however we are thinking of ordinals as actual "sizes of infinity". Interestingly though, even though we have sequentially gone through and infinite number of infinite sets, the cardinality of the set of all ordinals less than w^2 is still only aleph-null. To prove this it is sufficient to order the elements such that the sum of components a+b is sorted from least to greatest. This yields {0,1,w,2,w+1,w2,3,w+2,w2+1,w3,...} which shows that we could assign to every ordinal less than w^2 a corresponding finite ordinal. Since ordinals can be defined as the set of all ordinals less than themselves, we can say that the cardinality of w^2 is the same as the cardinality of w, which is aleph-null. So in a way, we haven't moved anywhere at all (according to the cardinal view). Let's keep going and see what happens.
In googology this is the order-type of John Conway's Chain Arrow Notation.
ω2+1
omega squared and one
As always, every ordinal has a successor ordinal, just as every natural number has a successor. There is no last ordinal, just as there is no last natural number.
ω2+ω
omega squared and omega
Speeding along, we now see that ordinal addition implies that we can add together any previously formed ordinals. Here we can add w to w^2, and this will be the limit ordinal of the set {w^2,w^2+1,w^2+2,...}.
ω2+ω+1
omega squared and omega and one
We can also add multiple ordinals together. It should be clear that we can have any ordinal of the form w^2+w*a+b. Moving on we have ...
ω2*2
two omega squared
As the limit ordinal of {w^2,w^2+w,w^2+w2,w^2+w3,...}. This implies that we can also multiply limit ordinals by any constant. So if we add another w^2 to w^2*2 we get w^2*3, and if we add w^2 to that we get w^2*4.
ω3
omega cubed
This would be the least ordinal greater than all ordinals of the form w^2*a+w*b+c. From here it should be clear that we can continually multiply by w to obtain powers of w. So we have w^3*w = w^4 , w^4*w = w^5, w^5*w = w^6, and so on and so on. Of course this all forms a set and any contiguous set of ordinals is an ordinal which leads us to ...
ω^ω = φ(ω)
omega to the omega
w^w is the limit of the sequence {1,w,w^2,w^3,w^4,w^5,w^6,...}. Here we will also introduce Veblen's Phi Function. This will come in handy more later. For now it is simply a function that takes an ordinal, α, and returns a new ordinal φ(α) = ω^α. This implies that we can raise w to any previously constructed ordinal. This turns out to be correct, although as we will learn a little later, φ(α) > α does not always hold, sometimes φ(α) = α. These are called the Fixed Points of Phi. We've got a quite a ways to go 'til we reach the first fixed point in terms of how much "larger" the ordinal is, but we are going to climb rather quickly from here.
In googology this is the order-type of Linear BEAF arrays. It is also the order-type of Extended Hyper-E Notation (xE#), the second component of ExE.
ω^ω^ω = φ(φ(ω))
omega to the omega to the omega
It follows from the previous entry that we could make a much larger ordinal by taking the previously largest constructed ordinal and plugging that into the phi function, not unlike how in normal googology, we can plug the largest number we've constructed thus far into the strongest function we have at the moment, to create a vastly larger number. In this case we can take ω^ω and plug it into φ to obtain φ(ω^ω) = ω^ω^ω. Obviously we can also keep repeating this an arbitrary number of times with φ(ω^ω^ω) = ω^ω^ω^ω, and φ(ω^ω^ω^ω) = ω^ω^ω^ω^ω. Obviously we can construct a set made from beginning with {0,1,2,3,...} the phi function, and addition, and since this is a contiguous set of ordinals, there must be a supremum ...
ε0
φ(1,0)
epsilon-zero
Cantor gave this ordinal the special name epsilon-zero. What is it? It's the smallest ordinal larger than any ordinal that can be "named" using addition, multiplication, and exponentiation with the symbol w. In other words:
e0 = lim{w,w^w,w^w^w,w^w^w^w,...}
In other other words, e0 = w^w^w^... where there is omega w's. It can be defined as the smallest ordinal "a", such that a=w^a. This implies that e0=w^e0. Weird. It's also equal to phi(0,1) in the Veblen fixed point hierarchy.
Informally you can think of it as an infinite power tower of infinities! It can also informally be called w^^w.
This ordinal is actually important for us as it represents the size of Jonathan Bowers' tetrational arrays. Not only does Bowers' tetrational arrays have an exact arity of epsilon-zero (a tetrational array is well defined as long as only a finite number of entries are greater than 1. The rest are all equal to 1 by default. If we use the ordinals to count all the entries in tetrational space, there is exactly epsilon-zero entries), but function epsilon-zero of the fast-growing hierarchy has an equivalent growth rate to tetrational arrays. Epsilon-zero also represents an important impasse. Up to this point the notation is fairly natural, and there is basically universal agreement on how to "name" ordinals less than epsilon-zero and how to determine which of any two such ordinals is larger. At epsilon-zero however we begin to run into problems. There are at least two different ways to continue naming ordinals, and certain expressions are difficult to interpret, such as w^^(w+1). The fact is, that we are forced to make certain choices about notation after this point, and none of them follows as naturally as it does up to epsilon-zero. There is however a widely excepted extension known as the Veblen hierarchy. Unfortunately this extension is radically different than Bowers' own extension to pentational ordinals and beyond. It is an open question how to convert from Bowers' ordinals to Veblen ordinals.
This ordinal is the order-type of Cascading-E Notation (E^), the third component of Extensible-E (ExE).
ε0+1
epsilon-zero and one
What's so hard about continuing... just add one. Well of course we can always add one in the system of ordinals, just like we do with finite numbers (this suggests that there is NO largest ordinal, just like there is no largest integer). The problem isn't so much adding one. It's what happens as we continue further along...
ω^(ε0+1) / ε0*ω
omega to the epsilon-zero and one / omega epsilon-zero
Here we encounter one of our first problems, though admittedly pretty minor. There is more than one possible ordinal notation we could use. In the first version we are building towards a stack of omega's, in the second a stack of epsilon-zeros. You'll see what I mean as we continue ...
ω^ω^(ε0+1) / ε0^ω
omega to the omega to the epsilon-zero and one / epsilon-zero to the omega
Despite the fact that we have at least two different ways to write ordinals after epsilon-zero, the good news is that it isn't too difficult up to this point to create a correspondence between them. That is, we can convert one notation to the other and thereby compare ordinals in both systems and determine which is larger. The key to this conversion is the definition e0=w^e0. Using this we can convert the first form into the second as follows:
w^w^(e0+1) = w^(w*w^e0) = (w^w^e0)^w = (w^e0)^w = e0^w
This takes some getting used to, but w^e0 is merely e0, while w^(e0+1) > e0. In fact it's worse than that because e0 = w^e0 = w^w^e0 = w^w^w^e0 = ... etc.
ε0^ε0
epsilon-zero to the epsilon-zero
This is a cool ordinal. This is epsilon-zero raised to the epsilon-zero. What is this in the cantor normal form? Let's see (remember e0=w^e0):
e0^e0 = (w^e0)^e0 = w^(e0*e0) = w^(w^e0*w^e0) = w^w^(2e0)
Weird. Still, it seems like the ordinals after epsilon-zero are well behaved so far. What is the limit of extending e0 using exponentiation though...
ε1
φ(1,1)
epsilon-one
Epsilon-one is the next big step in the Veblen fixed point hierarchy. Epsilon-one can be defined as the smallest ordinal larger than any ordinal expressible using only addition,multiplication, and exponentiation on the ordinals "w" and "e0". One way to define it is as:
e1 = lim{e0+1,w^(e0+1),w^w^(e0+1),w^w^w^(e0+1),...}
Alternatively:
e1 = lim{e0,e0^e0,e0^e0^e0,e0^e0^e0^e0,...}
I have a preference for the latter sequence, and it forms the basis of xE^, however the former is more commonly used. Now that you've seen this you can probably guess what happens next...
ε2
φ(1,2)
epsilon-two
Epsilon-two is the limit of expressions using w,e0 and e1:
e2 = lim{e1+1,w^(e1+1),w^w^(e1+1),w^w^w^(e1+1),...}
or
e2 = lim{e1,e1^e1,e1^e1^e1,e1^e1^e1^e1,...}
ε(ω)
φ(1,ω)
epsilon-omega
Now that we have established a general rule we can continue to any ordinal index of epsilon ... including infinite ordinals. YIKES! This ordinal is the order-type of Limited Extension Cascading-E Notation (LECEN). This ordinal is the limit of delimiters: #^^#,(#^^#)^^#, ((#^^#)^^#)^^#, (((#^^#)^^#)^^#)^^#, etc. e(w) = lim{e(0),e(1),e(2),e(3),...}.
ε(ω^ω)
φ(1,ω^ω)
epsilon-omega-to-the-omega
This would be equivalent to the delimiter #^^#>#^# in xE^.
ε(ε(0))
φ(1,φ(1,0))
epsilon-epsilon-zero
This would be equivalent to the delimiter #^^#>#^^# in xE^.
ε(ε(ε(0)))
φ(1,φ(1,φ(1,0)))
epsilon-epsilon-epsilon-zero
This would be equivalent to the delimiter #^^#>#^^#>#^^# in xE^.
ζ(0) = ε(ε(ε(ε(...
φ(2,0)
zeta-naught
Here we reach the limit of the idea of "Epsilon-numbers". This ordinal is sometimes referred to as zeta-naught. It is hypothesized that this is equivalent to the ordinal "w^^^w", and this is where pentational arrays begin. It is doubtful however that zeta(0) is as large as w^^^w. Still zeta(0) is a pretty cool ordinal. It's usually the largest ordinal mentioned in a popular discussion of Cantor's transfinite ordinals. That's probably because after this, we need to develop a more generalized means for continuing and it becomes far less natural and more technical. Most authors would consider this sufficient as an introduction to Cantor's ordinals. After this it starts to get somewhat academic.
This ordinal is equivalent to #^^## in xE^. Hyperion-pentation won't happen for a while yet ...
ζ(1) = φ(2,1)
zeta-one
This is the second epsilon fixed-point. It is the limit of z(0)+1,e(z(0)+1), e(e(z(0)+1)), e(e(e(z(0)+1), etc. Naturally there will be a third epsilon fixed-point and a fourth and so on ...
η(0) = φ(3,0)
eta-naught
This ordinal is sometimes called eta-naught. It is the first zeta fixed-point. As you can probably guess now, every time we generate a new function from the fixed-points of the old function, the new function will also have fixed-points to form the next function. The first function was epsilon, zeta comes after epsilon, and eta after zeta. However if we were to continue in this way we'd run out of the greek alphabet pretty quickly. Instead Let's switch to Veblen's Phi function. Here we indicate the level of the function with the first argument, and the number of the fixed-point with the second argument. phi(a,b) is known as the binary phi-function. We can now replace the arguments with any ordinal we have thus far constructed. What will that lead to. Let's find out ...
φ(ω,0)
phi-omega-zero
After an infinite family of ordinal functions: phi(0,a), phi(1,a), phi(2,a), phi(3,a), etc. we arrive at phi(w,0). This is not the fixed-point of any specific function however, rather it is the fixed point of all the finite functions. The next value phi(w,a+1) is the limit of phi(0,phi(w,a)+1),phi(1,phi(w,a)+1),phi(2,phi(w,a)+1),etc.
Things are starting to get a bit complicated, but still shouldn't be too difficult to follow. The function phi(w,a) will then have it's own fixed-points enumerated by phi(w+1,a). This pattern can continue, with each phi(L,0) where L is a limit ordinal, being the fixed point of all lower indexed functions ... o_0;
At this point we can exhaust the binary phi function rather quickly ...
φ(φ(1,0),0)
phi-phi-one-zero-zero
Here we can begin to nest the binary phi function in it's first argument ...
φ(φ(φ(1,0),0),0)
phi-phi-phi-one-zero-zero-zero
If we nest this arbitrarily many times, this must form a set of ordinals which must have a supremum, which brings us to ...
Γ0
φ(1,0,0)
Feferman-Schutte Ordinal
This is the Feferman-Schutte ordinal, also known as gamma-naught. It's the limit of the binary Veblen function. A lower bound for the growth rate of TREE(n) is gamma-naught of the fast growing hierarchy. Determining where gamma-naught falls along Bowers' ordinals is a long standing open problem that is important for comparing pentational arrays and beyond to other known large numbers.
This is believed to be the order-type of Bowers' pentational arrays. In ExE this is the order-type of Extensible-E with delimiters strictly below #^^^#. The coinciding of this with Pentational arrays is not a coincidence. Extended Cascading-E was specifically designed to match Bowers' interpretation of BEAF.
Note that we now have a ternary-veblen function. From here on, we can generalize to an arbitrary number of arguments to get the Generalized Veblen Function. What happens when we take this limit of the Generalized Veblen Function? Let's find out ...
φ(ω,0,0)
Order-Type of xE^
This ordinal is special in that it is the order-type of Extended Cascading-E Notation (xE^). That is, it's the limit of delimiters: #^#, #^^#, #^^^#, #^^^^#, etc. Although this is the official end of ExE, there are some continuations that take it further. The first delimiter that diagonalizes over xE^ is #{#}# or {#,#,#}, which is the beginning of arrays of hyperions, a concept that has, as of yet, not been fully fleshed out. Going a little further we have...
φ(1,0,0,0)
Ackermann Ordinal / Order-Type of #xE^
This is the so-called Ackermann Ordinal. It is significant in ExE as it is the limit of so called Hyper-Extended Cascading-E Notation (#xE^). #xE^ allows for generalized trientrical arrays of hyperions. The first delimiter to diagonalize over this notation is {#,#,1,2}. The number blaphemorgulus is a size 100 example of this order-type.
ϑ(Ω^ω)
Small Veblen Ordinal
The small Veblen Ordinal is the limit of extending the Veblen function to an arbitrary number of arguments. In googology we obtain refer to this ordinal as simple SVO. Borrowing from Bowers' array notation, we could potentially notate this ordinal as phi(1(1)) using the idea that the 1 is in the second row of an "extended" Veblen function.
This ordinal has some importance. It is believed to be a close estimate of the strength of the function TREE(n) in FGH. It's also predicted to be the order-type of both Linear Array Arrays, and Hyperion Linear arrays.
Using Bowers' array notation it is simple for go beyond the SVO, for example we might have phi(1(1)(1)) which is the beginning of the third row or phi(1(2)), the beginning of the second plane. How about phi(1(1,0)) which would be the beginning of the second dimensional block. In tradition ordinal collapsing form these would correspond to ϑ(Ω^(ω*2)), ϑ(Ω^(ω^2)), and ϑ(Ω^(ω^ω)) respectively. Where could this lead? Let's find out ...
ϑ(Ω^ϑ(Ω^ω))
It is possible to extend Veblen arrays, just as Bowers' extends his array notation. This is an example of Bowers' idea having some application in professional mathematics!
If we extend the phi notation even further to phi(1(1,0,0,...,0,0)) we would reach ϑ(Ω^ω^ω^ω). What if we continued in this fashion, until we reached the ordinal SVO. At this point we can nest the theta notation: ϑ(Ω^ϑ(Ω^ω)). This is valid since ϑ(Ω^ω) is a countable ordinal, where as Ω^ϑ(Ω^ω) is uncountable. The theta function then collapses the uncountable ordinal back into an even larger countable ordinal (larger than SVO). This process can repeat an arbitrary number of times, very similar to how Bowers' creates Legion space. If we repeat this process an arbitrary number of times we approach ...
ϑ(Ω^Ω)
Large Veblen Ordinal
The Large Veblen Ordinal, often referred to in googology circles by it's acronym, LVO. It is the limit of allowing the arity of an extended-Veblen array to be any ordinal definable using an extended-Veblen array. Despite how huge this is, it is still a computable ordinal. That means that any ordinal less than this in the fast-growing hierarchy is still a computable function.
It was once believed to be the size of L, the hypothetical ordinal of Legion-space, however most contemporary theories propose that L is in fact much larger than LVO.
ϑ(ε(Ω+1))
Bachmann-Howard Ordinal
Using an Ordinal Collapsing Function (often abbreviated to an OCF), we can continually use Ω to denote the next fixed point. Ω is usually assumed to be the least uncountable ordinal, thus ensuring it is larger than any countable ordinal we wish to construct through the OCF. So for example we can have ϑ(Ω^Ω^Ω) as the least fixed point of α -> ϑ(Ω^Ω^α), and ϑ(Ω^Ω^Ω^Ω) as the least fixed point of α -> ϑ(Ω^Ω^Ω^α), etc. Depending on the specific construction there will be a limit to the constructions possible with the OCF, due to the types of constructions that are being built. In Bachmann's OCF, this specific limit is Ω^Ω^Ω^... since it can not construct larger uncountable ordinals. In this case an "abuse of notation" is typically used to denote the limit of this notation: ϑ(ε(Ω+1)), even though this specific construction does not exist within the notation.
In googology the Bachmann-Howard Ordinal is often referred to by it's acryonym, BHO. It is believed to be the order-type of Bowers' Tetrational Array Arrays.
The BHO is an example of a Large Computable Ordinal. However one can actually go beyond all computable ordinals and reach uncomputable ordinals before reaching uncountable ordinals, which brings us to ...
ω1ck
Church-Kleene Ordinal
This is the infamous Church-Kleene Ordinal, said to be the smallest non-recursive ordinal, or uncomputable ordinal. Strangely, even though it's non-recursive it's countable. This means that the cardinality of the set w_1^ck is still aleph-one! It's like we haven't gone anywhere yet, even though we have gone a very long way in terms of ordinals. The distance between this ordinal and the Large Veblen Ordinal is insurmountably vast.
This ordinal is also equivalent to the growth rate of the Busy Beaver function.
ω2ck
One can also have a hieararchy of non-recursive ordinals. w_2^ck can not be reached by simply applying w_1^ck inside of other recursive ordinal functions, like e(w_1^ck+1) or gamma(w_1^ck+1), etc.
ω(ω)ck
A.P. Goucher at one point claimed that this was the growth rate of the function Rayo(n).
ω(ω(ω( ...|ck
First Church-Kleene Fixed Point
This is the growth rate of A.P. Goucher's Xi function. Faster than the Busy Beaver Function, but slower than Rayo's Function.
UNCOUNTABLY INFINITE
ℵ1 / ω1
aleph-one / omega-one
Aleph-one is the first uncountable number. What does that mean? It means that any set with at least this many elements can not be put into one-to-one correspondence with the set of positive integers. Put another way, it's a number so large that even if you attempted to list it's arguments 1st,2nd,3rd, ... and continued this list forever, you still wouldn't be able to account for all it's arguments!! This number is larger than infinity to its own power, larger than a power tower of infinities infinitely high ... it simply defies description. It can't be compared with aleph-null. At first it seems impossible, nightmarish. Yet it's existence seems inescapable. Cantor did not set out trying to prove there was a larger infinity. He stumbled upon it by accident. He assumed that all infinities were the same. But when he tried to set up a one-to-one correspondence between the positive integers and the real numbers he discovered he couldn't. Eventually he realized that the reason he was having so much difficult had to be because no such correspondence actually existed. So he then set out to prove there were more reals than positive integers. Here he succeeded. It was soon also discovered that the power set of aleph-null had to be greater than aleph-null. Cantor tried to prove that the power set of aleph-null was the same as the cardinality of the real numbers, but he was unable to do this. Some say it was this question that drove him mad. Later on it was proved that the question itself was undecidable, meaning no proof existed within Cantors framework that would show that the power set of aleph-null was also the cardinality of the reals. It's at this point that we learn something disturbing about studying infinity: that certain "truths" about them are unknowable and must simply be assumed one way or another. Some mathematicians have assumed Cantor's conjecture to be correct, or at least a useful way of working with infinities, and have taken it as an axiom, where others have explored other possible systems. But this begs the question: how can infinities defined in radically different systems be compared. The most important feature of any large number competition is that eligible entries must be well-ordered. That is, for any two distinct members, a larger member can be determined, at least in principle. When that breaks down we no longer have a competition, and for me personally, that is the essence of googology: a competition with a verifiable champion.
ℵ2
aleph-two
The next hypothetical aleph number, which can not be put into one-to-one correspondence with aleph-one or lower. Again, the power set of aleph-one is also larger, but we can't determine whether the power set of aleph-one or aleph-two is larger.
This generalization of course leads us to...
ℵω
aleph-omega
The alephs, which are by definition the infinite cardinal numbers, can be sorted, and indexed by ordinals. So after all the infinite cardinals of the form aleph(0), aleph(1), aleph(2), aleph(3),... would come aleph(w). This obviously can continue with aleph(w+1), aleph(w+2), as we saw with the countable ordinals. What if we assume the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis? In this case, we can use powersets to get from aleph(0) to aleph(1), aleph(1) to aleph(2), etc. Then to get a limit-case we take the union of aleph(0), aleph(1), aleph(2), and so on. The union can not be any one of these sizes, and so this ensures we get the next cardinal number. By repeated powerset and unions we can keep going and going, creating larger and larger infinite collections that can not be collapsed to a smaller infinite size. Eventually we would reach ...
ℵ(ε0)
aleph-epsilon-zero
Skipping on ahead, it's clear that we can replace the subscript with any countable ordinal. aleph-epsilon-zero, aleph-zeta-zero, aleph-gamma-zero, aleph-SVO, aleph-LVO, aleph-BHO, and even aleph of uncomputable countable ordinals! But what happens when we exhaust all the countable ordinals ...
ℵ(ω1)
aleph-omega-one
Cardinals are not the only kinds of infinity that can be uncountable. Along with every transfinite cardinal, is an associated transfinite "initial" ordinal. The initial ordinal associated with aleph-one is, unsurprisingly, omega-one. Since this is an ordinal, it can be used as an index to obtain aleph-omega-one. How insane is that! An uncountable number of increasing sizes of infinity. And from here it follows that ....
ℵ(ω(ω1))
aleph-omega-omega-one
We can nest this! There will be an associated ordinal with aleph-omega-one, which would be omega-omega-one. Then we can construct aleph-omega-omega-one from that. from here it follows we have aleph-omega-omega-omega-one, aleph-omega-omega-omega-omega-one, and clearly we have no limit ... but wait! There must be ordinals stretching out just as far, and any set of ordinals has a supremum so ...
ℵ(ω(ω(ω(ω(...
First Aleph-Fixed Point
The limit of this process is the "First Aleph-Fixed Point", which is a tad misleading as it's not the aleph function that we are actually nesting here. However, not that if we construct the associated ordinal with the First Aleph-Fixed Point, and then try to append it to aleph, we still just get the First Aleph-Fixed Point again. Huh. Guess that's the end of infinities ... but wait ... there must be a successor ordinal. We can still add 1 to this. We could still find epsilon fixed-points, and gamma-fixed points, and so on beyond this point as well. That all seems kind of tiny now though. Actually we are gauranteed that there must be a next cardinal. Why? Because if this is a cardinal than it's powerset must be larger, so there must a larger cardinal, even if we don't have the notation for it. In fact we could label this cardinal (assuming the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis) as N(w(w(...)+1). Yup. We can keep going constructing even larger cardinals. There doesn't appear anything that can stop us now! Hm ... but wouldn't this entire process of applying the powerset, unionizing, finding the sucessor cardinal, converting cardinals into ordinals and plugging them back into aleph ... have some kind of limit ... hm ...
I
The Inaccessible
The Inaccessible is the first regular uncountable limit cardinal. What is it that makes an inaccessible so "inaccessible"? It can not be accessed from below. More precisely, we can not have a sequence of ordinals that reaches The Inaccessible, without that sequence itself being of Inaccessible length. This is what makes the previous entry NOT an Inaccessible. We can create a countable sequence: w_0, w_w_0, w_w_w_0, ... whose limit is the First Aleph-Fixed Point, but the length of that sequence is only of size aleph_0. This is what we mean by saying it is not "regular". If it was it would require a sequence of length as long as itself. Okay, so then wouldn't w_1 be inaccessible? No countable sequence of countable ordinals can have w_1 as it's limit. Yes, but then w_1 is not associated with a limit cardinal. That is, the index is not a limit ordinal. Wait then isn't w_0 or aleph_0 an inaccessible? There is actually some authors that define it that way, however, as defined above, since it's countable it doesn't count even though it is regular.
The Inaccessible is way beyond any extension we could have created with the aleph's above. Even if we said the First Aleph-Fixed Point was aleph(1,0) and then created some kind of extended array notation from there, it still would get us nowhere near The Inaccessible.
The Inaccessible is in a sense, too large to be proven to exist within Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory with Choice (ZFC). There is, of course, "absolutely no end" to inaccessibles, just like everything else in the theory of the transfinite. However we can continue by exploring narrower and narrower subsets of the inaccessibles ... which brings us to ...
M
The Mahlo
"The Mahlo". "Mahlo" is a surname, one possible interpretation of which is "meadow". This seems appropriate to me, as The Mahlo is indeed a vast meadow of ordinals and cardinals. The name comes from Paul Mahlo, who first described The Mahlo in 1911. The Mahlo, and Mahlo Cardinals in general, are special inaccessibles, rare even amongst the inaccessibles. A Mahlo cardinal is so large that the set of all inaccessibles less than it are stationary within it. Not all inaccessibles are Mahlo, but all Mahlo's are inaccessible. That said, being inaccessible, The Mahlo's are themselves unprovable in ZFC.
The Mahlo's also contain absolutely no end, and we will eventually find there are as many Mahlo's as inaccessibles, as cardinals, as ordinals, which brings us, AT LAST to ...
!!! THE ABSOLUTE !!!
Ω
The Absolutely Infinite
This number is a FORBIDDEN NUMBER above and beyond all transfinite numbers, ordinal and cardinal.
To Georg Cantor, who was religious, thought this number literally represented the totally boundless nature of GOD! The concept of Absolute Infinity is so bizarre that it isn't even considered an official transfinite number! This is because the concept itself is a nightmare of contradictions and incomprehensibility. It serves virtually no purpose in mathematics except to mystify the mind of man. It's an infinity amongst infinities, in a very literal sense. Absolute infinity can be thought of as the limit of ALL TRANSFINITE NUMBERS! How is this even possible? Cantor defined absolute infinity by saying that any property you could imagine it being the first to possess, is already possessed by a lesser number. What this means is that we literally can not describe any property unique to this number. Any description would be referring to something other than absolute infinity! Sound familiar? It's exactly the same thing that philosopher's have said about GOD. That we can't say what GOD is, only what GOD is not. But how can this make any sense?! If we empty a term of all meaning, what meaning could it have? Absolute infinity actually already contradicts itself, because by Cantor's own logic, the power set of any set is a larger set. But then the power set of Absolute infinity would be larger, but then it wouldn't be larger than all transfinite numbers!!!
Cantor's vision of the infinite is mind-blowing, and bizarre almost beyond description. In Cantor's own time his ideas brought on much ire from his fellow mathematicians. Yet not everyone wanted to silence these new ideas. It was described by Hilbert as "a paradise from which we will never be evicted". But Cantor's infinities are a lot like pandora's box. Once we open it, there doesn't seem to really be an end whatsoever. Where as before we could call infinity the largest number possible, now even that isn't enough. Yet here at Absolute Infinity we see the same human impulse that lead to infinity in the first place. The desire to declare a stopping point. A desire to comprehend the incomprehensible and give it a name. A desire to bring a close to things which are naturally open-ended. This is in contradistinction to the human impulse to move forward unimpeded. With Absolute Infinity we see Cantor being contradictory by trying to hold on to both ideas at once. Is it such a stretch to suggest that maybe old plain vanilla infinity might also be such a contradiction? How can any number claim to be the largest and final number? But if we gain nothing by declaring infinity the largest, then maybe we should just embrace the boundless. We don't need a last number. We think that's what we want, but three seconds later we would just define a larger one. So let's just admit, there is no such thing as a largest number, and that's okay. We don't need to name all the numbers today, tomorrow or ever, ... the numbers will always be out there waiting patiently. There is absolutely no end............................................................................................................................................