Best of the blogs, January – on Science-Based Medicine, Jann Bellamy:
posted “Legislative Alchemy 2018: Acupuncturists seek practice expansion and competition elimination.” “Acupuncturists want to expand their scope of practice far beyond sticking needles in people. Too many states are allowing them to treat pretty much anything with unproven and potentially dangerous remedies.”
discussed "right to try laws": “The Goldwater Institute and the Kochs pushed ‘right to try’ laws in an attempt to get rid of FDA oversight of access to investigational drugs. Instead, they created tremendous legal uncertainties, making the FDA’s expanded access program preferable for all.”
wrote about “Acutonics, aura infusions and angelic channeling: pseudoscience has invaded the practices of social workers.”
Scott Gavura:
wrote “Pharmacies continue to sell sugar pills as flu remedy,” referring to the homeopathic product Oscillococcinum.
David Gorski:
published “Crowdfunding: The fuel for cancer quackery (part 2).”
wrote “Two integrative oncologists delude themselves that their specialty is science-based.” “Until the specialty of integrative oncology gets rid of naturopaths, acupuncturists, and all the other quackery that it tolerates, Latte-Naor and Mao are deluding themselves in trying to portray their specialty as science-based. If you take away the quackery from integrative medicine and oncology, all that’s left is just lifestyle medicine without a compelling rationale to be its own separate specialty.”
wrote part 4 of his series on “Clinica 0-19: False hope in Monterrey for brain cancer patients,” noting the death of a patient and publishing a letter from a mother (see our May-June 2018 News for parts 1-3).
posted “Antivaccine pseudoscience disguised as autism advocacy in the Minnesota legislature.”
Harriet Hall:
wrote “An ad for Apeaz in Discover Magazine is misleading. Its active ingredient [methyl salicylate, or oil of wintergreen] may provide some temporary relief of pain, but the claims in the ad are overblown. It is not a new blockbuster drug or an anesthetic.”
Braden MacBeth
posted “The Drugless Doctor's ADHD nonsense.” “The Drugless Doctor isn’t a doctor, and as a chiropractor is totally unqualified to provide medical advice on almost everything, including ADHD.”
Steven Novella:
discussed “Regulating fringe practitioners” (like chiropractors and naturopaths). “One thing is clear – at present these non-medical professions are generally poorly regulated, putting the government in the position of sanctioning and promoting health fraud and collaborating in making the public more vulnerable to deception and exploitation. This is the exact opposite of what health regulatory bodies should do.”
deplored the fact that Frequency Specific Microcurrent, “a dubious energy medicine treatment in the tradition of Albert Abrams,” is being offered by the Cleveland Clinic. “The claims are rooted in demonstrable fraud (Abrams), they are scientifically implausible, there is no body of research establishing the phenomenon, there is no clinical research to establish the clinical claims, the only studies we have are tiny and not compelling, all the publications are being done by the single creator of the treatment, publications are in low-impact journals or those dedicated to alternative medicine, meanwhile there is a long list of implausible applications for this one treatment. Cleveland Clinic should be ashamed of promoting such rank pseudoscience.”
reported that “The World Health Organization recognizes that vaccine-hesitancy is a top threat to the public health.”
asked “Is an Israeli company about to cure cancer?” “Hyped claims for a cure for all cancers are inherently unbelievable. So don’t believe them... The lesson is to be skeptical of any claims for a breakthrough, and the greater the claims the greater should be your skepticism.” “Orac” also discussed the claims on Respectful Insolence: “any claim for an imminent ‘cure for cancer’ based solely on preclinical studies in cell culture and mice alone should be viewed with extreme caution and skepticism... they are wildly exaggerating how far long their technology is in development and even more wildly overpromising what it is likely to be able to deliver. In doing so, they’re raising false hope in cancer patients... At best, it probably won’t be a cure for a cancer... It might be a useful therapy. That’s it.” Another commentary on Dr. Len's Blog (American Cancer Society) was entitled “A Cure For Cancer? Not So Fast.”
On Respectful Insolence, “Orac”:
focused on anti-vaccination efforts with six posts: Jan. 4: “Vaxelis: The first hexavalent vaccine is approved in the US, and antivaxers don’t like it.” Jan. 9: “Sharyl Attkisson is back, and she’s flogging a new-old antivaccine conspiracy theory.” Jan. 16: “Sen. José Peralta definitely did not die because of the flu vaccine.” Jan. 17: “Dr. Andrew Zimmerman: A useful idiot for the antivaccine movement.” Jan. 24: “Dr. David Brownstein versus the New York Times on vaccines,” referring to the Times Editorial, “How to inoculate against anti-vaxxers.” Jan. 25: “James Lyon-Weiler and IPAK [Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge] are running a dubious ‘vaxxed versus unvaxxed’ study.”
complained that the National Geographic “has jumped on the TCM [traditional Chinese medicine] propaganda bandwagon to promote its prescientific, pseudoscientific, and mystical nonsense.”
discussed the Jing Orb, which supposedly creates “water-mediated bio energy from electromagnetic energy.”
Edzard Ernst:
directed five posts at chiropractic: Jan. 7: “Non-surgical treatments for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis? How to make even a useless therapy appear to be effective.” Jan. 14: “Severe adverse effects of chiropractic in children.” Jan. 16: “Is chiropractic of proven effectiveness for a long list of conditions? No, I really don’t think so.” Jan. 21: “Are cervical manipulations for neck pain truly ‘much safer than the use of NSAIDs’?” Jan. 28: “The AHRQ review of spinal manipulation for chronic back pain: more bad news for chiropractors.”
discussed homeopathy in two posts: Jan. 9: “Homeopathy for benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)? No, afraid not!” “The paper is so badly written that I struggle to make sense of it…it does not amount to anything remotely resembling a proof of homeopathy’s efficacy.” Jan. 31: a study on homeopathy for urinary tract infections was found to contain “obvious flaws.”
posted “Acupressure for post-operative pain-control? There are good reasons to be sceptical!”
wrote “Massage: one of the few alternative treatments that is supported by fairly sound evidence.” “So, should massage be recommended for knee osteoarthritis? Yes and NO. Yes, because it does seem to alleviate pain with only few adverse effects. No, because it is merely symptomatic and does not cure the problem. Patients who want to treat the ‘root cause’ of knee osteoarthritis (which is often possible) ought to see an orthopaedic surgeon.”
discussed a paper on “Infectious complications following probiotic ingestion” (Costa et al. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Dec 12;18(1):329 Paper) and noted that “Probiotics are NOT entirely risk-free.”
considered whether acupuncture is effective for chronic back pain: “My reading of these and other papers is that acupuncture might have a small and probably not clinically relevant effects which is hard to differentiate from bias and confounding. Is this enough for reimbursement from the public purse? In my view, the answer is no.”
January – Snyder and Caulfield published “Patients' crowdfunding campaigns for alternative cancer treatments” (Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jan;20(1):28-29 Abstract (full text available with free registration)). The article focused on fundraising for homeopathic remedies, which are clearly not known to be effective for cancer. 220 GoFundMe campaigns were identified, raising $1.4 million. A Story on the study by Doctorow was entitled “Gofundme jumpstarts a golden era of snake oil as desperate people raise millions for quack homeopathy cancer ‘remedies’.”
January – Ekar and Kreft wrote “Common risks of adulterated and mislabeled herbal preparations” (Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Jan;123:288-297 Paper). “…reports of added illicit synthetic substances often include groups of herbal weight-loss preparations, sexual enhancers, preparations for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic and blood pressure lowering preparations. In the world of Internet ordering, these are the dangers that everyone should be aware of.”
January – Ha and others reviewed intra-articular mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis of the knee (Arthroscopy. 2019 Jan;35(1):277-288 Paper). The authors concluded “Intra-articular MSCs provide improvements in pain and function in knee osteoarthritis at short-term follow-up (<28 months) in many cases. Some efficacy has been shown of MSCs for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis; however, the evidence of efficacy of intra-articular MSCs on both clinical outcomes and cartilage repair remains limited.” An accompanying Editorial (Arthroscopy. 2019 Jan;35(1):289-290) said “I find it difficult to come to the same conclusion regarding efficacy...it is difficult to say today that this treatment is beneficial with the current evidence-based medicine.” Moreover, “The proprietary MSC harvest systems are costly and typically not covered benefits for most commercially insured patients in the United States. Today, it is difficult to justify the expense to the patient when the evidence from the available data does not currently support the efficacy and routine use of MSCs.” Steven Novella also discussed the findings on Science-Based Medicine. “The premature commercialization of such treatments is likely to harm, not help” hopes of an effective and cost-effective treatment.
January – Harriet Hall asked “Is acupuncture winning?” in her Skeptical Inquirer column. The answer appears to be yes, despite the lack of evidence that acupuncture is effective for any condition.
January – Herbal “remedies” for skin cancer were reviewed by Li and Kampp (Dermatol Surg. 2019 Jan;45(1):58-67 Abstract). “Some preclinical studies have shown positive evidence that these substances can induce apoptosis in skin cancer, but clinical studies proving efficacy are either insufficient, nonexistent, or show negative evidence…When used to treat skin cancer, herbal remedies may produce an incomplete cure and a delay in diagnosis that allows for further local progression of disease at best and metastasis at worst.”
January – A review and meta-analysis of Kinesio Taping for chronic nonspecific low back pain (Luz Júnior et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Jan 1;44(1):68-78 Abstract) “found no evidence to support the use of KT in clinical practice.” Edzard Ernst discussed the findings.
January 1 – Han and others studied possible benefits of adding integrative health approaches (massage, acupuncture, or chiropractic) for treating chronic pain in US veterans (Pain Med. 2019 Jan 1;20(1):90-102 Paper). No differences were found between veterans receiving such services and those who did not. Jann Bellamy discussed the findings on Science-Based Medicine. “Unfortunately, this study is highly unlikely to affect the practices of the firmly entrenched military-integrative complex” at the Veterans Administration.
January 2 – A review by Butler and others (Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan 2;168(1):52-62 Abstract) concluded that “Evidence is insufficient to recommend any OTC [over-the-counter] supplement for cognitive protection in adults with normal cognition or MCI [mild cognitive impairment].”
January 3 - major study of more than 25,000 participants age 50 or higher, followed for an average of 5 years (Manson et al. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):33-44 Abstract) found that “Supplementation with vitamin D did not result in a lower incidence of invasive cancer or cardiovascular events than placebo.” Scott Gavura discussed the findings on Science-Based Medicine. In a separate paper, it was reported that “Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not result in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events or cancer than placebo” (Manson et al. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):23-32).
January 7 – Stephen Barrett discussed “Regulatory Actions against IV Nutrition Clinics on Quackwatch.
January 9 – William London wrote “D. Gary Young (1949–2018), Diploma Mill Naturopath and Promoter of Essential Oils” for Skeptical Inquirer.
January 11 – A Story reported that “Doctors in France have called for homeopathic medicine to no longer be reimbursed by the state, calling homeopathy an “esoteric practice” that cannot be justified.”
January 16 – A Skeptical Inquirer column by Vyse criticized the National Down Syndrome Society for promoting the pseudoscience of facilitated communication through a webinar.
January 23 – Reisman, Balboul, and Jones published “P-curve accurately rejects evidence for homeopathic ultramolecular dilutions” (PeerJ. 2019 Jan 23;7:e6318 Paper). Edzard Ernst explained: “Researchers tend to report only studies that are positive, while leaving negative trials unpublished. This publication bias can mislead us when looking at the totality of the published data. One solution to this problem is the p-curve….The authors of this article tested the distributions of sets of statistically significant p-values from placebo-controlled studies of homeopathic ultramolecular dilutions.” The analysis “seems to indicate that those studies of highly diluted homeopathics that reported positive findings, i.e. homeopathy is better than placebo, are false-positive results due to error, bias or fraud.”
January 26 – An Article by Hiltzik was entitled “A stem cell clinic touts its links with leading scientists. Some say they have no such connections.”
January 30 – A review and meta-analysis concluded that acupuncture “is an effective and safe treatment” for fibromyalgia (J Pain Res. 2019 Jan 30;12:527-542 Paper).
January 31 – A Center for Inquiry Press Release was entitled “New Mexico naturopath bill risks patients’ health and legitimizes fake medicine.” “CFI explained that naturopaths, who do not receive evidence-based medical training, subscribe to an array of baseless theories and practices that contradict fundamental scientific facts and principles, such as homeopathy, and that patients receiving these ‘alternative’ treatments for serious ailments risk their health and even their lives. ‘Despite this bill’s references to “naturopathic doctors,” naturopaths are not physicians’.”
January 31 – Specialists in stem cell therapies expressed concern over Japan’s decision to approve stem cell treatments for spinal cord injuries (Cyranoski D. 2019 Jan 31. Nature 565(7741):544-5 Article). “…the approval is premature, because there is insufficient evidence that the treatment works.” Moreover, once patients begin paying for the treatment, it will become difficult to perform proper clinical trials. An Editorial (pp. 535-6) also lamented the action.
January 31 – Pezzuto published “Resveratrol: Twenty years of growth, development and controversy” (Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2019 Jan 1;27(1):1-14 Paper). After 20,000 research papers and 130 clinical trials, benefits, if any, remain unclear. “…there is a close parallel to past practice of marketing snake oil. It is highly disconcerting to think consumers could actually believe taking resveratrol will extend their lifespan, reduce their body weight, and fulfill all of the other numerous claims of vibrancy and contentment.”
Best of the blogs, February – on Science-Based Medicine, Jann Bellamy:
published “FDA promises industry-friendly ‘modernization’ of dietary supplement regulation.”
David Gorski:
wrote “Are medical errors really the third most common cause of death in the U.S.? (2019 edition).” No, this is a myth, and the true number has been decreasing.
Harriet Hall:
reviewed the book The Magic Feather Effect. “…the idea is that alternative medicine providers persuade patients to accept a non-reality-based belief, and believing has a powerful placebo effect that allows the mind to heal the body.”
Paul Ingraham wrote:
“Why I quite my massage therapy career.” “The massage world is still rotten with faith-based treatments and flaky magical thinking, and what little interest in science you find is often shallow. Vitalism is rampant and many therapists indulge in overt quackery like Reiki and reflexology, but that’s only the most obvious nonsense…”
Steven Novella:
discussed "Psychological placebos." “…placebo effects are powerful at convincing people that a treatment works when in fact it doesn’t. This leads to numerous harms – seeking ineffective treatments at considerable cost and lost opportunity, delaying or replacing effective treatment, and leading people to unscientific and even bizarre beliefs about health and disease.”
wrote “No – the measles vaccine cannot cause an outbreak through virus shedding, but this myth persists in antivaccine circles.”
asked “Does the ketogenic diet work for epilepsy or other neurological disorders? While the consensus is that it probably does, the evidence is surprisingly thin.”
On Respectul Insolence, "Orac":
dealt with antivaccination efforts in two posts. Feb. 22 concerned the “victimhood gambit.” Feb. 28 was entitled “Antivaxers inundate the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).”
discussed Seqex, which allegedly produces health benefits using “Ion Cyclotron Resonance phenomena.” “As you might imagine, the fact that Seqex uses the term ‘ion cyclotron resonance’ doesn’t mean that its product has anything to do with the actual scientific meaning of the term…the Seqex is nothing more than the latest (maybe not even the latest) in a long line of pseudoscientific electrical devices…”
provided a critique of Curewell IV bars. “…there’s only one reason to give fluids or IV nutrients and vitamins intravenously, and that’s if for some medical reason the patient can’t take them orally.”
published “Thomas Jefferson University goes full quack with a department of 'integrative medicine'.” It “has started the process of doing what advocates of quackademic medicine have long sought to do. It’s created a full-fledged department of integrative medicine, co-equal to departments of real medical specialties, like surgery, medicine, pediatrics, etc. I fear that it won’t be long before other medical schools and academic medical centers follow suit and elevate their divisions, centers, and institutes of integrative medicine to full departments.”
Edzard Ernst:
wrote concerning chiropractic in two posts. On Feb. 1 he called the idea that spinal manipulation brings about a reduction in pain perception (“manipulation-induced hypoalgesia”) a myth. On Feb. 26 he critiqued a study of chiropractic for muscle strength in stroke patients. “So, in essence, what we have here is an under-powered study sponsored by vitalists and conducted by subluxationists treating a mythical entity with dubious interventions without controlling for patients’ expectation pretending their false-positive findings are meaningful.”
discussed acupuncture in two posts. On Feb. 12 he defended his previous remarks criticizing acupuncture for children. The Feb. 20 post dealt with a study of acupuncture for menopausal symptoms. Ernst characterized it as “a flawed trial arriving at such misleading conclusions…acupuncture trials generate positive findings, provided the researchers fail to test it rigorously.”
in recognition of World Cancer Day, introduced readers to CAM-Cancer, “a most valuable source of information” on complementary and alternative cancer methods.
summarized two reviews on mistletoe treatment for cancer. The first found no benefit for survival (Freuding et al. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019 Mar;145(3):695-707 Abstract). The second found no benefit for quality of life (Freuding et al. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr;145(4):927-939 Abstract). Ernst wrote: “I therefore think that it is time to call it a day. We should stop the funding for further research into this dead-end alley. More importantly, we must stop giving false hope to cancer patients.”
hosted guest blogger Carlos Orsi, who discussed the Netflix documentary Heal: “…every mention of science, epigenetics, physics or placebo effect is either false, twisted or out of context…The main – and only – cure shown in ‘Heal’ is Elizabeth’s, who treated her cancer with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The producer, however, refuses to connect the dots and give credit to ‘Western medicine’.”
wrote “What can consumers do when they are confronted with conflicting or confusing evidence?” “If all of this does not help you to decide whether a therapeutic claim is trustworthy or not, my advice has always been to reflect on this: IF IT SOUNDS TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE, IT PROBABLY IS.”
published “Another meta-analysis of homeopathy shows how devastatingly negative the evidence truly is.”
posted “Yang Sheng: another SCAM to avoid.” “Yang Sheng is said to be a health-promoting method in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that includes movement, mental exercise, and breathing technique…It is based on all the obsolete nonsense that TCM has to offer. Numerous therapeutic and preventative claims are being made for it. None of them is supported by anything resembling good evidence. Anyone with a serious condition who trusts Yang Sheng advocates puts her/his life in danger.”
wrote a two-part series on alternative medicine for animals. Part 1 concerned homeopathy, which “has not been shown to generate more good than harm. In turn, this means that homeopathy has no place in veterinary (or human) evidence-based medicine.” Part 2 discussed acupuncture, chiropractic, energy healing, and dietary supplements. “For most therapies, the evidence is woefully incomplete... it is unethical to use unproven medicines in routine veterinary care.”
published “Osteopathic visceral manipulation: a new study fails to convince anyone.”
wrote “Collagen, a promising supplement for reducing skin aging?” “Most studies are small and not as rigorous as one would hope. But the existing evidence is nevertheless intriguing (and much more compelling than that for most other supplements).”
February – Phatak and others reviewed “Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease” J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Feb;68(2):157-160 Abstract). “Despite widespread use, there are limited studies on efficacy and safety of CAM in children. Small studies suggest a favorable evidence for use of probiotics, fish oil, marijuana, and mind-body therapy in IBD.”
February – A review by Yousefi and others reported positive effects of Spirulina supplements on metabolic syndrome (Complement Ther Med. 2019 Feb;42:137-144 Paper).
February 1 – The Federal Trade Commission returned “More Than $6 Million to Consumers Who Bought Deceptively Marketed Health Products from Tarr, Inc.” Press Release. The company “used a vast network of online marketers to sell more than 40 different products mostly advertised as promoting weight loss, muscle building, or wrinkle-reduction. The FTC alleged that the defendants used unsupported claims, fake magazine and news sites, bogus celebrity endorsements, and phony consumer testimonials to market their products. The FTC also alleged that the defendants used deceptive offers of ‘free’ and ‘risk-free’ trials, and automatically enrolled people without their consent in programs that charged them for additional products each month.”
February 2 – Furhad and Bokhari posted a paper reviewing herbal supplements (StatPearls [Internet] 2019 Feb 2. Paper).
February 7 – Mush, a British social network for mothers, published “Why we’re protecting mums from anti-vax scaremongering.”
February 10 – Bundel wrote “Netflix's new partnership with Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop brand is a win for pseudoscience” for NBC News.
February 11 – The FDA and FTC took action against companies selling dietary supplements “claiming to treat Alzheimer’s disease and remediate or cure other serious illnesses such as Parkinson’s, heart disease, and cancer.”
February 12 – An editorial by Hellmuth, Rabinovici, and Miller was entitled “The rise of pseudomedicine for dementia and brain health” (JAMA. 2019 Feb 12;321(6):543-544 Preview). “With neurodegenerative disease, the most common example of pseudomedicine is the promotion of dietary supplements to improve cognition and brain health...No known dietary supplement prevents cognitive decline or dementia, yet supplements advertised as such are widely available and appear to gain legitimacy when sold by major US retailers... A similarly concerning category of pseudomedicine involves interventions promoted by licensed medical professionals that target unsubstantiated etiologies of neurodegenerative disease (eg, metal toxicity; mold exposure; infectious causes, such as Lyme disease)... These interventions lack a known mechanism for treating dementia and are costly, unregulated, and potentially harmful. Recently, detailed protocols to reverse cognitive changes have been promoted, but these protocols merely repackage known dementia interventions (eg, cognitive training, exercise, a heart-healthy diet) and add supplements and other lifestyle changes.”
February 13 – Srivastava wrote “My patient swapped chemotherapy for essential oils. Arguing is a fool’s errand.” “With so much misinformation fuelling the use of increasingly bizarre alternative therapies, patients will be ultimately robbed and disappointed, and their doctors will be relegated to the sidelines.” “Orac” discussed the article on Respectful Insolence.
February 19 – An article by Robbins was entitled “FDA: Young blood transfusions provide ‘no proven clinical benefit’ for aging, Alzheimer’s.”
February 19 – Abbasi wrote “Are probiotics money down the toilet? Or worse?” (JAMA. 2019 Feb 19;321(7):633-635 Preview). One recent study casts doubt on the idea that probiotics can “promote gut health even in healthy people.” It was found that the bacteria in probiotics failed to colonize the intestines of many of the subjects. Another study dealt with use after antibiotic treatment. It was found that probiotics delayed the return of the normal intestinal bacteria.
Additions to Earlier Pages
November, 2017 – A review by Cramer and others (Clin Rehabil. 2017 Nov;31(11):1457-1465 Abstract) concluded that “Yoga has short-term effects on chronic neck pain, its related disability, quality of life, and mood suggesting that yoga might be a good treatment option.”
May 25, 2018 – Johnsen and others reviewed “long-chain n-3 PUFAs [polyunsaturated fatty acids] of marine origin have an anti-atherogenic effect in the general population” (Nutr J. 2018 May 25;17(1):56 Paper). “We found no protective effect of fatty fish eating or fish oil supplements on atherosclerotic plaque formation or plaque area in a general population. Lean fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk for plaque in cross-sectional analysis, suggesting that the beneficial effects of fish consumption on atherosclerosis may be mediated through other mechanisms than n-3 PUFAs.”
July 1, 2018 – Zaleski, Taylor, and Thompson published “Coenzyme Q10 as Treatment for Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms - A Good Idea, but….” (Adv Nutr. 2018 Jul 1;9(4):519S-523S Paper). They noted that “the data evaluating the efficacy of CoQ10 supplementation has been equivocal, with some, but not all, studies suggesting that CoQ10 supplementation mitigates muscular complaints.” The authors consider their own study “to be the most definitive study to date,” and “it demonstrates that CoQ10 does not improve skeletal muscle symptoms or performance in patients with SAMS.”
July 15, 2018 – A review of “creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals” (Averginos et al. Exp Gerontol. 2018 Jul 15;108:166-173 Abstract) concluded: “Oral creatine administration may improve short-term memory and intelligence/reasoning of healthy individuals but its effect on other cognitive domains remains unclear. Findings suggest potential benefit for aging and stressed individuals.”
July 20, 2018 – Paul Ingraham updated his article “Does Spinal Manipulation Work?”
November 27, 2018 - Health Canada published “Human placenta products for consumption not authorized in Canada, may pose serious health risks.” The products pose risk of bacterial or viral infection.