Fallen leaves

Hmong-Mien

• 1. Hmongic

  2. Mienic

  3. Shehua (substratum)

Kra-Dai

• 1. Kra

  2. Kam-Sui

  3. Biao-Lakkia

  4. Tai

  5. Be-Jizhao

  6. Hlai

  7. Jiamao

(9 total if Biao-Lakkia and Be-Jizhao are split up.)

Austronesian (Taiwan)

• 1. Rukai

  2. Puyuma

  3. Tsou

  4. Saaroa–Kanakanabu

  5. Northern Formosan

  6. East Formosan

  7. Bunun

  8. Paiwan

(Rukai, Tsou, and Saaroa–Kanakanabu have undergone heavy influence from Bunun. Puyuma has undergone heavy influence from Paiwan. These are all small "remnant" groups, while the rest are relatively recent expansions.)

Austronesian (Philippines)

• 1. Bashiic

  2. Northern Luzon

  3. Manide-Alabat (and other Agta)

  4. Central Luzon

  5. North Mangyan

  6. Ati

  7. Central Philippine

  8. South Mangyan

  9. Kalamianic

  10. Palawanic

  11. Manobo

  12. Danao

  13. Subanen

  14. Bilic

  15. Giangan

(Listed by Reid (2013), with Giangan added. Also, Gorontalo–Mongondow, Sangiric, and Minahasan in Indonesia.)

Isolates (southern Asia)

• 1. Burushaski

  2. Kusunda

  3. Nihali

  4. Siangic (substratum)

  5. Great Andamanese

  6. Ongan

  7. Kenaboi

  8. Enggano

Philippines: pre-Austronesian substrata

• 1. pre-Luzon Agta

  2. pre-Ati

  3. pre-Mamanwa