- Jaynie Yang - Developmental locomotion
- Post-natal maturation of locomotion is similar to other animals
- motor adaptation of walking occurs when children are 1 yo
- Children flex knee and hip together
- Child crawling is a trotting behavior while adults tend to pace
- Yuri Ivanenko - Obstacle avoidance in children
- First independent steps
- wide base of support, short steps
- Obstacle avoidance in toddlers doesn't really exist. They explore the obstacles with their feet.
- Children might have a quadrupedal reflex system
- High stepping in children may be because of an absolute foot clearance requirement
- Erin Vasudevan - Learning locomotor behavior
- Children under 6 are unable to learn certain components of a split belt task
- Capable of learning temporal aspects, but not spatial
- Inability to learn may be an immaturity of the cerebellar circuits
- Slower learning may lead to better retention
- EMG activity generalizes better than kinematics in M1
- Neurons seem to be stable in representing stuff, i.e. neurons have changing uses
- Is motor cortex input/output?
- Sam Walcott - History dependent effects in muscle
- Residual force enhancement
- Stretch the muscle and then activate you get a larger force then if you just stretched the muscle
- Force potentiation
- Pulses of activation cause increasing pulse of force due to phosphorylation
- You still get force when actin/myosin are no longer interacting
- Force enhancement only occurs when titin is intact
- Dinesh Pai - Muscle mass in musculoskeletal models
- Use continuum models?
- Effective inertia is often higher than what is modeled
- Madu Venkadesan - How to throw accurately
- Determine how small errors in release are sensitive to angle and velocity of release
- Manoj Srinivasan - Energy optimality in locomotion
- Work is proportional to ATP usage
- Damper-actuator model gives you walking, running and weird gate.
- Walking is good at slow speeds
- Running is good at fast speeds
- Leg should look like a spring
