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Protect Your Swimming Pool With Pool Covers, Reap Benefits Pool covers are becoming progressively prominent amongst commercial swimming pool owners as well as home swimming pool proprietors.
This holds true for both indoor and outdoor pool.
Swimming pool covers offer a great deal of advantages for any pool owner, some of which even converts to substantial and also quantifiable worths.
Undoubtedly, a pool cover is one must-have swimming pool product that any kind of pool owner need to possess.
There have actually been lots of reported drowning cases of children and also also pet dogs due to unthinking swimming pools.
Having a swimming pool cover over your neglected swimming pool is highly reliable to stop accidents like these from occurring.
The swimming pool cover is a veritable safety and security tool.
It serves as a straight fencing on your pool, securing it off from unintended access by your young kids, your pets, as well as unwelcome visitors.
Though there is still no alternative from appropriate guidance, a pool cover might somehow do this on your behalf when you are not around.
Pool covers can conserve your life, as well as the life of the people you respect.
Apart from purchasing safety, obtaining a swimming pool cover for your swimming pool, in fact, saves you cash.
How? A swimming pool cover can conserve you up to 70% on operating costs by decreasing your swimming pool's requirement for additional heating devices, make-up water, water treatment chemicals, and cleaning as well as upkeep prices.
Over time, your pool cover will spend for itself.
According to researches, swimming pools not secured by a swimming pool cover can lose as long as 30% of their heat each day as well as more than 10,000 litres of water, consisting of chemicals used to treat the water, all as a result of the natural process of dissipation.
Evaporation, among numerous other aspects, is mainly in charge of the warmth loss in swimming pool water.
It takes an incredible quantity of energy to vaporize water, ultimately taking a great deal of warmth out of your swimming pool water as well.
With using a swimming pool cover, heat loss is decreased by blocking dissipation as well as locking the warm in.
Naturally, there will certainly be a substantial decrease in your pool home heating costs as your water thermostat might cut the heat supply from the central heating boiler throughout making use of the swimming pool cover.
Likewise, locking even more of the warmth in with your pool cover in some way extends your swimming period.
Your swimming pool remains cozy and also inviting for a much longer amount of time.
A swimming pool cover over your swimming pool also dramatically reduces the quantity of energy required to aerate the swimming pool room for indoor swimming pools.
There will be little demand for ventilation and also exhaust followers, permitting you to conserve a lot more on air-heating cost.
You are not only conserved from big power expenses, by blocking evaporation, you also minimize makeup water by as long as 50%, and chemicals for treating water by as high as 60%.
Loss of volatile chemicals like chlorine as a result of evaporation is also considerably minimized.
Studies reveal that about 5,000 gallons of water is saved, in addition to chemicals utilized to treat it every year if swimming pool owners will certainly simply use swimming pool covers.
For interior pools, less harsh hygiene chemicals launched right into the air due to reduced evaporation results to lowered wetness damages and also acidic corrosion on your building framework.
This also includes fixtures such as metal hinges, windows and door frameworks, speakers, as well as others.
Pool covers additionally cut your cleaning time as well as lower swimming pool equipment maintenance price.
Pool covers keep off leaves, particles as well as dirt out of your pool water.
Leaving your swimming pool water crystal clear for the longest time.
A pool cover can likewise secure swimming pools from harsh winter season aspects.
With a swimming pool cover over your pool, the warm of the pool water is kept well inside and with the pool cover additionally maintaining the dust out, your pool equipment lasts much longer since it actually works less.
Exterior and also interior pool owners will benefit from a swimming pool cover.
Primarily, it can save lives as a safety and security tool.
And the monetary benefits as well as benefits are just an added bonus offer.
Pool proprietors no longer need to fret on exactly how to maximize their swimming pool use and keep it at its ace problem.
The trick is simply to make use of a swimming pool cover that best fits your pool as well as your swimming requires.
A Spare part, spare, service part, repair part, or replacement part, is an interchangeable part that is kept in an inventory and used for the repair or replacement of failed units.
Spare parts are an important feature of logistics engineering and supply chain management, often comprising dedicated Spare parts management systems.
Capital spares are Spare parts which, although acknowledged to have a long life or a small chance of failure, would cause a long shutdown of equipment because it would take a long time to get a replacement for them.
Spare parts are an outgrowth of the industrial development of interchangeable parts and mass production.
In logistics, Spare parts can be broadly classified into two groups, repairables and consumables.
Economically, there is a tradeoff between the cost of ordering a replacement part and the cost of repairing a failed part.
When the cost of repair becomes a significant percentage of the cost of replacement, it becomes economically favorable to simply order a replacement part.
In such cases, the part is said to be "beyond economic repair" (BER), and the percentage associated with this threshold is known as the BER rate.
Analysis of economic tradeoffs is formally evaluated using Level of Repair Analysis (LORA).
Repairable parts are parts that are deemed worthy of repair, usually by virtue of economic consideration of their repair cost.
Rather than bear the cost of completely replacing a finished product, repairables typically are designed to enable more affordable maintenance by being more modular.
That allows components to be more easily removed, repaired, and replaced, enabling cheaper replacement.
Spare parts that are needed to support condemnation of repairable parts are known as replenishment spares .
A rotable pool is a pool of repairable Spare parts inventory set aside to allow for multiple repairs to be accomplished simultaneously, which can be used to minimize stockout conditions for repairable items.
Parts that are not repairable are considered consumable parts.
Consumable parts are usually scrapped, or "condemned", when they are found to have failed.
Since no attempt at repair is made, for a fixed mean time between failures (MTBF), replacement rates for consumption of consumables are higher than an equivalent item treated as a repairable part.
Therefore, consumables tend to be lower-cost items.
Because consumables are lower cost and higher volume, economies of scale can be found by ordering in large lot sizes, a so-called economic order quantity.
There is no UK or EU legislation which states that Spare parts have to be available for any set period of time,[1] but some trade associations require their members to ensure products are not rendered useless because Spare parts are not available.[2] The 'six year rule' in the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979 relates to the time period for enforcing claims that goods where defective when sold, not to whether Spare parts are available to repair them, and section 23(3) of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 states that a consumer cannot require a trader to repair or replace goods if "the repair or replacement is impossible", implying that if Spare parts are no longer available the consumer's Right to Repair (or to have a Spare part supplied) would be lost.[3] From the perspective of logistics, a model of the life cycle of parts in a supply chain can be developed.
This model, called the repair cycle, consists of functioning parts in use by equipment operators, and the entire sequence of suppliers or repair providers that replenish functional part inventories, either by production or repair, when they have failed.
Ultimately, this sequence ends with the manufacturer.
This type of model allows demands on a supply system to ultimately be traced to their operational reliability, allowing for analysis of the dynamics of the supply system, in particular, Spare parts.
When stockout conditions occur, cannibalization can result.
This is the practice of removing parts or subsystems necessary for repair from another similar device, rather than from inventory.
The source system is usually crippled as a result, if only temporarily, in order to allow the recipient device to function properly again.
As a result, operational availability is impaired.
Industrialization has seen the widespread growth of commercial manufacturing enterprises, such as the automotive industry, and later, the computer industry.
The resulting complex systems have evolved modular support infrastructures, with the reliance on auto parts in the automotive industry, and replaceable computer modules known as field-replaceable units (FRUs).
Military operations are significantly affected by logistics operations.
The system availability, also known as mission capable rate, of weapon systems and the ability to effect the repair of damaged equipment are significant contributors to the success of military operations.
Systems that are in a mission-incapable (MICAP) status due lack of Spare parts are said to be "awaiting parts" (AWP), also known as not mission capable due to supply (NMCS).
Because of this sensitivity to logistics, militaries have sought to make their logistics operations as effective as possible, focusing effort on operations research and optimal maintenance.
Maintenance has been simplified by the introduction of interchangeable modules known as line-replaceable units (LRUs).
LRUs make it possible to quickly replace an unserviceable (failed) part with a serviceable (working) replacement.
This makes it relatively straightforward to repair complex military hardware, at the expense of having a ready supply of Spare parts.
The cost of having serviceable parts available in inventory can be tremendous, as items that are prone to failure may be demanded frequently from inventory, requiring significant inventory levels to avoid depletion.
For military programs, the cost of spare inventory can be a significant portion of acquisition cost.
In recent years, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) has advocated the use of performance-based logistics (PBL) contracts to manage costs for support of weapon systems.[citation needed]
ASP – America’s Swimming Pool Company is a franchised swimming pool service chain, specializing in swimming pool maintenance, repair, and renovation.
Stewart Vernon founded the first ASP - America's Swimming Pool Company in 2001[1] in Macon, Georgia, where the franchise headquarters currently resides.[2] Stewart Vernon, founder & CEO of ASP – America’s Swimming Pool Company, opened his first swimming pool service company in Macon, GA in 2001.
Through an apprenticeship with a local pool service expert who was preparing to retire, Vernon learned the industry inside and out.[3] He purchased service equipment and a truck, and began working as an owner/operator.
By age 22, Vernon had successfully launched the first ASP.[4] As his individual business grew, Vernon was presented with the concept of changing his business model into a franchise, offering the ability to expand the brand across the nation.
After researching the franchise concept, Vernon founded ASP Franchising and began selling franchises in 2006.[3][5] Over 15 years, the company has grown to 82 locations serving 200 territories, in 20 states.
As of 2015, each of the 82 franchises is individually owned and operated.[6] Vernon began franchising the business in 2006,[3] detailed below is a total of the number of franchise owners that have joined the company over the years: Since the launch of the first franchises in 2006, ASP has received multiple awards and recognitions, including, but not limited to, the following:
Balmorhea State Park is a 46-acre (19 ha) state park located on the San Solomon Springs in Reeves County, Texas, opened in 1968.
The closest city is Balmorhea, Texas.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department manages the park.
The park is open year-round, and visitation is capped at 900 people per day.
The main feature of the park is the 1.3-acre (0.53 ha), 3.5-million-US-gallon (13,000 m3) freshwater pool built around the springs.
It is the world’s largest spring-fed swimming pool.
The spring has a constant flow of 22 to 28 million US gallons (110,000 m3) a day so no chlorination is required.
The water temperature ranges from 72 to 76 °F (22 to 24 °C) and up to 30 feet (9.1 m) deep.
The pool bottom is flat in the more shallow areas and has a more natural rock bottom in the deeper areas.
The pool is used for both swimming, snorkeling and scuba diving.
The Texas State Parks Board bought San Solomon Springs and the surrounding land in 1934.
Company 1856 of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built the pool between 1936 and 1941 as part of the New Deal during the Great Depression as a way to open up jobs for people needing work.
The CCC also built San Solomon Springs Courts, which rents rooms available for overnight stays.
Camping and recreational vehicle sites are also available.
A private concessionaire operated the facility until 1968, when the Parks and Wildlife Department took over management, and it became part of the state parks system.
The Balmorhea State Park Cienega Project, started in 1995, recreated a desert wetland in the park.
The original cienega was lost when the CCC channeled water from the springs in to the pool.
The cienega now serves as a habitat for endangered fish such as the Comanche Springs pupfish and Pecos gambusia as well as other aquatic life, birds and other animals.
In early 2018, a wall in the pool around the diving board collapsed, and the pool was shut down.
Houston-based Apache Corporation pledged to match all donations made to repair the pool up to one million dollars.
The goal was reached in about four months.
Sixty percent of the donations were under $100, however, other Texas companies made significant contributions, including Saulsbury Industries, Texas Pacific Land Trust, McCoy Remme Ranches, Legend Energy Services, Pioneer Energy Services and Garrison Brothers Distillery.
Apache Corporation also established a one million dollar endowment fund for the park.[3] The pool reopened March 1, 2019 after repairs to the pool were completed.
Currently only day-use facilities are available as the renovation of San Solomon Courts and campgrounds are still under way with no predicted reopening date.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department shut the park again on September 3, 2019 to repair the park's failing septic system.
The park is expected to reopen in the spring of 2020.[4] The restored cienega at Balmorhea.
The camping area at Balmorhea.
"A Lifetime to Repair" is a song by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue from her fourteenth studio album Golden (2018).
Written by Minogue, Sky Adams, Danny Shah and Kiris Houston, and produced by Adams, the song was released as the fourth single from the album, with a radio edit of the song was sent to radios on 4 August 2018, and it appeared on digital platforms on 17 August.
Like previous singles from Golden, "A Lifetime to Repair" uses elements of country pop combined with elements of dance-pop,[citation needed] backed by acoustic guitars, pianos and a banjo.
Lyrically, the song deals with Minogue's past heart breaks, and how she would learn from these for future potential relationships.
A lyric video for "A Lifetime to Repair" was released on the same day, with the concept of a scrapbook diary throughout the video.
The song was performed during the Kylie Presents Golden underplay shows.
In January 2018, Minogue released her single "Dancing", her first offering from her fourteenth studio album Golden, and two months later announced the release of "Stop Me from Falling".
On May 29, 2018, Minogue released the title track as the third single from the album.
On 4 August, a radio edit of "A Lifetime to Repair" premiered on BBC Radio 2.[1] On 17 August, the song was released on digital platforms, with Minogue confirming the release of the radio edit as the fourth single from Golden, as well as the artwork for the single.[2][3] "A Lifetime to Repair" runs for three minutes and nineteen seconds, and features instrumentation of acoustic guitars, piano, a fiddle and a banjo.
Musically, "A Lifetime to Repair" is a pop song with heavy influences from country music.
Lyrically, the song is one of the first from Golden to deal with heart break and failed relationships.
Sonically, Helen Clarke from MusicOMH said the song was "structurally weird; half of it is made up of lolling country guitars and drawling vocals, the other half the glittery pop she's best known for."[4] A lyric video for "A Lifetime to Repair" was released and uploaded to Minogue's official YouTube channel on 16 August 2018; the video revolved around the idea of a scrapbook, with imagery of bits of scrap paper and sellotape included throughout the video.[5] "A Lifetime to Repair" was included on the set list for the Kylie Presents: Golden shows; during these shows, the production of the song was updated, with the chorus appearing more upbeat with the inclusion of an acoustic guitar.
The song also appeared in the Golden Tour, where Minogue was dressed in full white and sang atop a pool table.
On 28 October 2018, she performed the song on The X Factor UK.[6]
Hearst Castle, San Simeon, is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark located on the Central Coast of California in the United States.
Conceived by William Randolph Hearst, the publishing tycoon, and his architect Julia Morgan, it was built between 1919 and 1947.
Known formally as "La Cuesta Encantada" (The Enchanted Hill), and often referred to simply as San Simeon, Hearst called his castle “the ranch".
His father George Hearst had purchased the original 40,000 acres (162 km2) estate in 1865 and Camp Hill, the site for the future Hearst Castle, was used for family camping vacations during Hearst's youth.
In 1919 Hearst inherited some $11 million (equivalent to $162,213,052 in 2019) and estates including the land at San Simeon.
He used his fortune to further develop his media empire of newspapers, magazines and radio stations, the profits from which supported a lifetime of building and collecting.
Within a few months of Phoebe Hearst's death, he had commissioned Morgan to build "something a little more comfortable up on the hill", the genesis of the present castle.
Morgan was an architectural pioneer; "America's first truly independent female architect",[4] she was the first woman to study architecture at the School of Beaux-Arts in Paris, the first to have her own architectural practice in California and the first female winner of the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal.
Working in close collaboration with Hearst for over twenty years, the castle at San Simeon is her best-known creation.
In the Roaring Twenties and into the 1930s, Hearst Castle reached its social peak.
Originally intended as a family home for Hearst, his wife Millicent and their five sons, by 1925 he and Millicent had effectively separated and he held court at San Simeon with his mistress, the actress Marion Davies.
Their guest list comprised most of the Hollywood stars of the period; Charlie Chaplin, Cary Grant, the Marx Brothers, Greta Garbo, Buster Keaton, Mary Pickford, Jean Harlow and Clark Gable all visited, some on multiple occasions.
Political luminaries encompassed Calvin Coolidge and Winston Churchill while other notables included Charles Lindbergh, P.
G.
Wodehouse and Bernard Shaw.
Visitors gathered each evening at Casa Grande for drinks in the Assembly Room, dined in the Refectory and watched the latest movie in the theater before retiring to the luxurious accommodation provided by the guest houses of Casa del Mar, Casa del Monte and Casa del Sol.
During the days, they admired the views, rode, played tennis, bowls or golf and swam in the "most sumptuous swimming pool on earth".[5] While Hearst entertained, Morgan built; the castle was under almost continual construction from 1920 until 1939, with work resuming after the end of World War II until Hearst's final departure in 1947.
Hearst, his castle and his lifestyle were satirized by Orson Welles in his 1941 film Citizen Kane.
In the film, which Hearst sought to suppress, Charles Foster Kane's palace Xanadu is said to contain "paintings, pictures, statues, the very stones of many another palace – a collection of everything so big it can never be cataloged or appraised; enough for ten museums; the loot of the world".[6] Welles's allusion referred to Hearst's mania for collecting; the dealer Joseph Duveen called him the "Great Accumulator".
With a passion for acquisition almost from childhood, he bought architectural elements, art, antiques, statuary, silverware and textiles on an epic scale.
Shortly after starting San Simeon, he began to conceive of making the castle "a museum of the best things that I can secure".[7] Foremost among his purchases were architectural elements from Western Europe, particularly Spain; over thirty ceilings, doorcases, fireplaces and mantels, entire monasteries, paneling and a medieval tithe barn were purchased, shipped to Hearst's Brooklyn warehouses and transported on to California.
Much was then incorporated into the fabric of Hearst Castle.
In addition, he built up collections of more conventional art and antiques of high quality; his assemblage of ancient Greek vases was one of the world's largest.
In May 1947, Hearst's health compelled him and Marion Davies to leave the castle for the last time.
He died in Los Angeles in 1951.
Morgan died in 1957.
In the same year, the Hearst family gave the castle and many of its contents to the State of California.
It has since operated as the Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument and attracts about 750,000 visitors annually.
The Hearst family retains ownership of the majority of the 82,000 acres (332 km2) wider estate and, under a land conservation agreement reached in 2005, has worked with the California State Parks Department and American Land Conservancy to preserve the undeveloped character of the area; the setting for the castle which Shaw is said to have described as "what God would have built if he had had the money".[8] The coastal range of Southern California has been occupied since prehistoric times.[9] The indigenous inhabitants were the Salinans and the Chumash.[10] In the late 18th century, Spanish missions were established in the area to convert the native American population.[11] The Mission San Miguel Arcángel, one of the largest, opened in what is now San Luis Obispo county in 1797.[12] By the 1840s, the mission had declined and the priests departed.
In that decade, the governors of Mexican California distributed the mission lands in a series of grants.
Three of these were Rancho Piedra Blanca, Rancho Santa Rosa and Rancho San Simeon.[13] The Mexican–American War of 1846–1848 saw the area pass into the control of the United States under the terms of the Mexican Cession.
The California Gold Rush of the next decade brought an influx of American settlers, among whom was the 30-year old George Hearst.[14] Born in Missouri in 1820, Hearst made his fortune as a miner, notably at the Comstock Lode and the Homestake Mine.
He then undertook a political career, becoming a senator in 1886, and bought The San Francisco Examiner.[15] Investing in land, he bought the Piedra Blanca property in 1865 and subsequently extended his holdings with the acquisition of most of the Santa Rosa estate, and much of the San Simeon lands.[16] In the 1870s George Hearst built a ranch house on the estate, which remains a private property maintained by the Hearst Corporation,[17] and the San Simeon area became a site for family camping expeditions, including his young son, William.[18] A particularly favored spot was named Camp Hill, the site of the future Hearst Castle.[19] Years later Hearst recalled his early memories of the place.
"My father brought me to San Simeon as a boy.
I had to come up the slope hanging on to the tail of a pony.
We lived in a cabin on this spot and I could see forever.
That's the West – forever."[20] George Hearst developed the estate somewhat, introducing beef and dairy cattle, planting extensive fruit orchards, and expanding the wharf facilities at San Simeon Bay.
He also bred racehorses.[21] While his father developed the ranch, Hearst and his mother traveled, including an eighteen-month tour of Europe in 1873, where Hearst's life-long obsession with art collecting began.[22] At George Hearst's death in 1891, he left an estate of $18 million to his widow including the California ranch.[23] Phoebe Hearst shared the cultural and artistic interests of her son, collecting art and patronizing architects.
She was also a considerable philanthropist, founding schools and libraries, supporting the fledgling University of California, Berkeley, including the funding of the Hearst Mining Building in memory of her husband, and making major donations to a range of women's organizations, including the YWCA.[24] During this period, probably in the late 1890s, Mrs Hearst encountered Julia Morgan, a young architecture student at Berkeley.[18] On Phoebe Hearst's own death in 1919, Hearst inherited the ranch, which had grown to 250,000 acres (1,012 km2)[3] and 14 miles (23 km) of coastline,[25] as well as $11 million.
Within days, he was at Morgan's San Francisco office.[a][27] Julia Morgan was forty-seven when Hearst entered her office in 1919.
Born in 1872, her biographer Mark A.
Wilson has described her subsequent career as that of "America's first independent full-time woman architect".[28] After studying at Berkeley, where she worked with Bernard Maybeck,[29] in 1898 she became the first woman to win entry to the prestigious École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.[30] Passing out from the École in 1902, Morgan returned to San Francisco and took up a post at the architectural practice of John Galen Howard.[31] Howard recognized Morgan's talents, but also exploited them – "... the best thing about this person is, I pay her almost nothing, as it is a woman"[32] – and in 1904, she passed the California architects' licensing examination, the first woman to do so,[33] establishing her own office at 456 Montgomery Street in 1906.[34] During her time with Howard, Morgan was commissioned by Phoebe Hearst to undertake work at her Hacienda del Pozo de Verona estate at Pleasanton.[35] This led to work at Wyntoon and to a number of commissions from Hearst himself; an unexecuted design for a mansion at Sausalito, north of San Francisco, a cottage at the Grand Canyon, and the Los Angeles Examiner Building.[b][18] In 1919, when he turned up at Morgan's office, Hearst was fifty-six years old and the owner of a publishing empire that included twenty-eight newspapers, thirteen magazines, eight radio stations, four film studios, extensive real-estate holdings and thirty-one thousand employees.[36][37] He was also a significant public figure: although his political endeavors had proved largely unsuccessful, the influence he exerted through his very direct control of his media empire attracted fame and opprobrium in equal measure.
In 1917, one biographer described him as "the most hated man in the country".[38] The actor Ralph Bellamy, a guest at San Simeon in the mid-1930s, recorded Hearst's working methods in a description of a party in the Assembly Room: "the party was quite gay.
And in the midst of it, Mr Hearst came in.
There was a (teletype machine) just inside and he stopped and he read it.
He went to a table and picked up a phone.
He asked for the editor of (his) San Francisco newspaper and he said, 'Put this in a two-column box of the front pages of all the newspapers tomorrow morning.' And without notes he dictated an editorial".[39] Morgan and Hearst's partnership at San Simeon lasted from 1919, until his final departure from the castle in 1947.
Their correspondence, preserved in the Julia Morgan archive in the Robert E.
Kennedy Library at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, runs to some 3,700 letters and telegrams.[c][41] Victoria Kastner, Hearst Castle's in-house custodian, has described the partnership as "a rare, true collaboration" and there are many contemporary accounts of the closeness of the relationship.
Walter Steilberg, a draughtsman in Morgan's office, once observed them at dinner; "The rest of us could have been a hundred miles away; they didn't pay any attention to anybody ...
these two very different people just clicked".[42] Thomas Aidala, in his 1984 history of the castle, made a similar observation: "seated opposite each other, they would discuss and review work, consider design changes, pass drawings back and forth … seemingly oblivious of the rest of the guests".[43] Hearst and his family occupied Casa Grande for the first time at Christmas, 1925.[44] Thereafter, Hearst's wife, Millicent, went back to New York, and from 1926 until they left for the last time in 1947, Hearst's mistress Marion Davies acted as his chatelaine at the castle.[45] The Hollywood and political elite often visited in the 1920s and 1930s.
Among Hearst's guests were Calvin Coolidge, Winston Churchill, Charlie Chaplin, Cary Grant, the Marx Brothers, Charles Lindbergh, and Clark Gable.[46] Churchill described his host, and Millicent Hearst and Davies, in a letter to his own wife; "a grave simple child – with no doubt a nasty temper – playing with the most costly toys ...
two magnificent establishments, two charming wives, complete indifference to public opinion, oriental hospitalities".[d][49] Weekend guests were either brought by private train from Glendale Station north of Los Angeles, and then by car to the castle, or flew into Hearst's airstrip, generally arriving late on Friday evening or on Saturday.[50] Cecil Beaton wrote of his impressions during his first visit for New Year's Eve in 1931: "we caught sight of a vast, sparkling white castle in Spain.
It was out of a fairy story.
The sun poured down with theatrical brilliance on tons of white marble and white stone.
There seemed to be a thousand statues, pedestals, urns.
The flowers were unreal in their ordered profusion.
Hearst stood smiling at the top of one of the many flights of garden steps".[51] Guests were generally left to their own devices during the day.
Horseback riding, shooting, swimming, golf, croquet and tennis were all available,[52] while Hearst would lead mounted parties for picnics on the estate.[53] The only absolute deadline was for cocktails in the assembly room at 7.30 on Saturday night.
Alcohol was rationed; guests were not permitted to have liquor in their rooms, and were limited to one cocktail each before dinner.[54] This was due not to meanness on Hearst's part but to his concerns over Davies's alcoholism, though the rule was frequently flouted.[e] The actor David Niven later reflected on his supplying illicit alcohol to Davies; "It seemed fun at the time to stoke up her fire of outrageous fun and I got a kick out of feeling I had outwitted one of the most powerful and best informed men on earth, but what a disloyal and crummy betrayal of (him) and what a nasty potential nail to put in her coffin".[56] Dinner was served at 9.00 in the refectory.[57] Wine came from Hearst's 7,000-bottle cellar.[56] Charlie Chaplin commented on the fare; "dinners were elaborate, pheasant, wild duck, partridge and venison" but also the informality, "amidst the opulence, we were served paper napkins, it was only when Mrs Hearst was in residence that the guests were given linen ones".
The informality extended to the ketchup bottles and condiments in jars which were remarked on by many guests.[f][59] Dinner was invariably followed by a movie; initially outside, and then in the theater.
The actress Ilka Chase recorded a showing in the early 1930s; "the theater was not yet complete – the plaster was still wet – so an immense pile of fur coats was heaped at the door and each guest picked one up and enveloped himself before entering...Hearst and Marion, close together in the gloom and bundled in their fur coats, looked for all the world like the big and baby bears".[60] Movies were generally films from Hearst's own studio, Cosmopolitan Productions,[61] and often featured Marion Davies.
Sherman Eubanks, whose father worked as an electrician at the castle, recorded in an oral history: "Mr Hearst would push a button and call up to the projectionist and say 'Put on Marion's Peg o' My Heart'.
So I've seen Peg o' My Heart about fifty times.
This is not being critical.
I'm simply saying that's the way it was".[62] Chase noted that this repetition tended to "put a slight strain on the guests' gratitude".[63] In 1937, Patricia Van Cleeve married at the castle, the grandest social occasion there since the visit of President and Mrs Coolidge in February 1930.[64] Ken Murray records these two events as the only occasions when formal attire was required of guests to the castle.[65] Van Cleeve, who married the actor, Arthur Lake, was always introduced as Marion Davies' favorite niece.[66] It was frequently rumored that she was in fact Davies and Hearst's daughter, something she herself acknowledged just before her death in 1993.[67][68] In February 1938, a plane crash at the San Simeon airstrip led to the deaths of Lord and Lady Plunket, who were traveling to the castle as Hearst's guests, and the pilot Tex Phillips.
The only other passenger, the bobsledding champion, James Lawrence, survived.[69] Hearst Castle was the inspiration for Xanadu, and Hearst himself the main model for Charles Foster Kane in Orson Welles's 1941 film Citizen Kane.[70][71][72][73] Having made his name with the Mercury Theatre production of The War of the Worlds in 1938, Welles arrived in Hollywood in 1939 to make a film version of Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness for RKO Pictures.[74] That film was not made and Welles began a collaboration with the screenwriter Herman J.
Mankiewicz on a screenplay originally entitled American.
The film tells the stories of Kane, a media magnate and aspiring politician, and of his second wife Susan Alexander, a failed opera singer driven to drink,[g] who inhabit a castle in Florida, filled with "paintings, pictures, statues, the very stones of many another palace – a collection of everything so big it can never be cataloged or appraised; enough for ten museums; the loot of the world".[6] Filming began in June 1940 and the movie premiered on 1 June 1941.[76] Although at the time Welles, and RKO, denied that the film was based on Hearst, his long-time friend and collaborator, John Houseman was clear, "the truth is simple: for the basic concept of Charles Foster Kane and for the main lines and significant events of his public life, Mankiewicz used as his model the figure of William Randolph Hearst".[77] Told of the film's content before its release – his friends, the gossip columnists Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons having attended early screenings – Hearst made strenuous efforts to stop the premiere.
When these failed, he sought to damage the film's circulation by alternately forbidding all mention of it in his media outlets, or by using them to attack both the movie and Welles.[71] Hearst's assault damaged the film at the box office, and harmed Welles' subsequent career.[78] Since its inception in 1952 through to 2012, the Sight and Sound Critics' Poll voted Citizen Kane the greatest film of all time in every decade of polling.[h][i][79] On 9 March 2012 the film was screened in the movie theater at Hearst Castle for the first time as part of the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival.[81] By the late 1930s the Great Depression and Hearst's profligacy had brought him to the brink of financial ruin.[82] Debts totaled $126 million.[j][84] He was compelled to cede financial control of the Hearst Corporation, newspapers and radio stations were sold, and much of his art collection was dispersed in a series of sales, often for very much less than he had paid.
Hearst railed against his losses, and the perceived incompetence of the sales agents, Parish-Watson & Co.: "they greatly cheapened them and us, (he) advertises like a bargain basement sale.
I am heartbroken".[85] Construction at Hearst Castle virtually ceased.
After Pearl Harbor the castle was closed up and Hearst and Davies moved to Wyntoon, which was perceived to be less vulnerable to enemy attack.[86] They returned in 1945 and construction on a limited scale recommenced, finally ending in 1947.[87] In early May of that year, with his health declining, Hearst and Davies left the castle for the last time.[88] The pair settled in 1007 Beverley Drive in Beverly Hills.[89] Hearst died in 1951,[k] his death abruptly severing him from Davies, who was excluded from the funeral by Hearst's family – "For thirty-two years I had him, and they leave me with his empty room".[91] In 1950 Julia Morgan closed her San Francisco office after a career of forty-two years.
Ill health circumscribed her retirement and she died, a virtual recluse, in early 1957.[92] In 1958 the Hearst Corporation donated Hearst Castle, its gardens, and many of its contents, to the state of California.
A dedicatory plaque at the castle reads: "La Cuesta Encantada presented to the State of California in 1958 by the Hearst Corporation in memory of William Randolph Hearst who created this Enchanted Hill, and of his mother, Phoebe Apperson Hearst, who inspired it".[93] The castle was opened to the public for the first time in June 1958.[94] Hearst Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1972, and became a United States National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.[2][95] Hearst was always keen to protect the mystique of his castle.
In 1926, he wrote to Morgan to congratulate her after a successful party was held on the hill: "those wild movie people said it was wonderful and that the most extravagant dream of a movie picture fell far short of this reality.
They all wanted to make a picture there but they are NOT going to be allowed to do this...".[96] Commercial filming at the castle is still rarely allowed; since 1957 only two projects have been granted permission.
Stanley Kubrick's 1960 film Spartacus used the castle to stand in as Crassus' villa,[97] and in 2015 Lady Gaga's music video for "G.U.Y." was filmed at the Neptune and Roman Pools.[98] On February 12, 1976, the Casa del Sol guesthouse was damaged by a bomb.
The device was placed by allies of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), in retaliation for Patty Hearst, Hearst's granddaughter, testifying in court at her trial for armed robbery, following her kidnapping by the SLA in 1974.[99] On December 22, 2003, an earthquake occurred with its epicenter some three miles north of the castle.
With a magnitude of 6.5, it was the largest earthquake recorded at San Simeon - the very limited structural damage which resulted was a testament to the quality of the castle's construction.[100] Since its opening, the castle has become a major California tourist attraction, attracting over 850,000 visitors in 2018.
Recent changes to the tour arrangements now allow visitors time to explore the grounds independently, at the conclusion of the conducted tours.[101] The Hearst family maintains a connection with the castle, which was closed for a day in early August 2019 for the wedding of Amanda Hearst, Hearst's great-granddaughter.[102] Hearst first approached Morgan with ideas for a new project in April 1919, shortly after the death of his mother had brought him into his inheritance.[103] His original idea was to build a bungalow, according to Walter Steilberg, one of Morgan's draftsmen who recalled Hearst's words from the initial meeting: "I would like to build something up on the hill at San Simeon.
I get tired of going up there and camping in tents.
I'm getting a little too old for that.
I'd like to get something that would be a little more comfortable".[27] Within a month, Hearst's original ideas for a modest dwelling had greatly expanded.
Discussion on the style began with consideration of "Jappo-Swisso" themes.[103] Then the Spanish Colonial Revival style was favored.[104] Morgan had used this style when she worked on Hearst's Los Angeles Herald Examiner headquarters in 1915.[18] Hearst appreciated the Spanish Revival but was dissatisfied with the crudeness of the colonial structures in California.[27] Mexican colonial architecture had more sophistication, but he objected to its abundance of ornamentation.
Thomas Aidala, in his 1984 study of the castle, notes the Churrigueresque influence on the design of the main block, "flat and unembellished exterior surfaces; decorative urges are particularized and isolated, focused mainly on doorways, windows (and) towers".[105] The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego held the closest approximations in California to the approach Hearst desired.[106] But his European tours, and specifically the inspiration of the Iberian Peninsula, led him to Renaissance and Baroque examples in southern Spain that more exactly suited his tastes.[l][106] He particularly admired a church in Ronda, Spain and asked Morgan to model the Casa Grande towers after it.
In a letter to Morgan dated December 31, 1919, Hearst wrote, "The San Diego Exposition is the best source of Spanish in California.
The alternative is to build in the Renaissance style of southern Spain.
We picked out the towers of the church at Ronda...
a Renaissance decoration, particularly that of the very southern part of Spain, could harmonize well with them.
I would very much like to have your views on...
what style of architecture we should select."[108] This blend of Southern Spanish Renaissance, Revival and Mediterranean examples became San Simeon's defining style; "something a little different than other people are doing out in California".[108] The architectural writers Arrol Gellner and Douglas Keister describe Casa Grande as "a palatial fusion of Classicism and Mediterranean architecture...
[that] transcended the Mission Revival era and instead belonged to the more archaeological Period Revival styles that gained favor after the Panama-California Exposition of 1915".[109] Hearst Castle has a total of 42 bedrooms, 61 bathrooms, 19 sitting rooms,[110] 127 acres (0.5 km2)[3] of gardens, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, a movie theater, an airfield and, during Hearst’s lifetime, the world's largest private zoo.[111] Hearst was an inveterate rethinker who would frequently order the redesign of previously agreed, and often built, structures: the Neptune Pool was rebuilt three times before he was satisfied.[112] He was aware of his propensity for changing his mind; in a letter dated 18 March 1920, he wrote to Morgan; "All little houses stunning.
Please complete before I can think up any more changes".[113] As a consequence of Hearst's persistent design changes, and financial difficulties in the early and later 1930s, the complex was never finished.[87] By late summer 1919, Morgan had surveyed the site, analyzed its geology, and drawn initial plans for Casa Grande.
Construction began in 1919 and continued through 1947 when Hearst left the estate for the last time.[3] During the early years of construction, until Hearst's stays at San Simeon became longer and more frequent, his approval for the ongoing design was obtained by Morgan sending him models of planned developments.
By the late 1920s the main model, designed by another female architect C.
Julian Mesic, had become too large to ship and Mesic and Morgan would photograph it, hand color the images, and send these to Hearst.[114] The castle's location presented major challenges for construction.
It was remote; when Morgan began coming to the estate for site visits in 1919, she would leave her San Francisco office on Friday afternoon and take an eight-hour, 200-mile train journey to San Luis Obispo, followed by a fifty-mile drive to San Simeon.[m][115] The relative isolation made recruiting and retaining a workforce a constant difficulty.[116] In the early years, the estate lacked water, its limited supplies coming from three natural springs on Pine Mountain, a 3,500-foot-high (1,100 m) peak seven miles (11 km) east of Hearst Castle.[117] The issue was addressed by the construction of three reservoirs and Morgan devised a gravity-based water delivery system that transported water from artesian wells to the reservoirs, including the main one on Rocky Butte, a 2,000-foot (610 m) knoll less than a mile southeast from Hearst Castle.[118] Water was of particular importance; as well as feeding the pools and fountains Hearst desired, it provided electricity, by way of a private hydroelectric plant, until the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation began service to the castle in 1924.[119] The climate presented a further challenge.
The proximity to the coast brought strong winds in from the Pacific Ocean and the site's elevation meant that winter storms were frequent and severe.[106] –Hearst's letter of February 1927 after a visit during a period of severe storms[120] Water was also essential for the production of concrete, the main structural component of the houses and their ancillary buildings.[100] Morgan had substantial experience of building in steel-reinforced concrete and, together with the firm of consulting engineers Earl and Wright, experimented in finding suitable stone, eventually settling on that quarried from the mountain top on which the foundation platform for the castle was built.[100] Combining this with desalinated sand from San Simeon Bay produced concrete of exceptionally high quality.[121] Later, white sand was brought in from Carmel.
Material for construction was transported either by train and truck, or by sea into a wharf built in San Simeon Bay below the site.
In time, a light railway was constructed from the wharf to the castle, and Morgan built a compound of warehouses for storage and accommodation for workers by the bay.[116] Brick and tile works were also developed on site as brick was used extensively and tiling was an important element of the decoration of the castle.
Morgan used several tile companies to produce her designs including Grueby Faience, Batchelder, California Faience and Solon & Schemmel.[122] Albert Solon and Frank Schemmel came to Hearst Castle to undertake tiling work and Solon's brother, Camille, was responsible for the design of the mosaics of blue-and-gold Venetian glass tile used in the Roman pool and the murals in Hearst's Gothic library.[123] Morgan worked with a series of construction managers; Henry Washburn from 1919 to 1922,[121] then Camille Rossi from 1922, until his firing by Hearst in 1932,[n] and finally George Loorz until 1940.[125] From 1920 to 1939, there were between 25 and 150 workmen employed in construction at the castle.[126] The exact cost of the entire San Simeon complex is unknown.[127] Kastner makes an estimate of expenditure on construction and furnishing the complex between 1919 and 1947 as "under $10,000,000".[128] Thomas Aidala suggests a slightly more precise figure for the overall cost at between $7.2 and $8.2 million.[129] Hearst's relaxed approach to using the funds of his companies, and sometimes the companies themselves, to make personal purchases made clear accounting for expenditure almost impossible.[o] In 1927 one of his lawyers wrote, "the entire history of your corporation shows an informal method of withdrawal of funds".[96] In 1945, when the Hearst Corporation was closing the Hearst Castle account for the final time, Morgan gave a breakdown of construction costs, which did not include expenditure on antiques and furnishings.
Casa Grande's build cost is given as $2,987,000 and that for the guest houses, $500,000.
Other works, including nearly half a million dollars on the Neptune pool, brought the total to $4,717,000.
Morgan's fees for twenty-odd years of almost continuous work, came to $70,755.[131] Her initial fee was a 6% commission on total costs.
This was later increased to 8.5%.
Many additional expenses, and challenges in getting prompt payment, led her to receive rather less than this.
Kastner suggests that Morgan made an overall profit of $100,000 on the entire, twenty-year, project.[132] Her modest remuneration was unimportant to her.
At the height of Hearst's financial travails in the late 1930s, when his debts stood at over $87 million,[83] Morgan wrote to him, "I wish you would use me in any way that relieves your mind as to the care of your belongings.
There never has been nor will there be, any charge in this connection, [it is] an honor and a pleasure".[133] Casa del Mar, the largest of the three guest houses, provided accommodation for Hearst himself until Casa Grande was ready in 1925.[134] He stayed in the house again in 1947, during his last visit to the ranch.[135] Casa del Mar contains 5,350 square feet (546 m²) of floor space.[136] Although luxuriously designed and furnished, none of the guest houses had kitchen facilities, a lack that sometimes irritated Hearst's guests.
Adela Rogers St.
Johns recounted her first visit: "I rang and asked the maid for coffee.
With a smile, she said I would have to go up to the castle for that.
I asked Marion Davies about this.
She said W.
R.
(Hearst) did not approve of breakfast in bed".[137] Adjacent to Casa del Mar is the wellhead (Italian: Pozo) from Phoebe Hearst's Hacienda del Pozo de Verona, which Hearst moved to San Simeon when he sold his mother's estate after her death in 1919.[138] Casa del Monte was the first of the guest houses, originally entitled simply Houses A (del Mar), B (del Monte) and C (del Sol),[106] built by Morgan on the slopes below the site of Casa Grande during 1920–1924.[139] Hearst had initially wanted to commence work with the construction of the main house but Morgan persuaded him to begin with the guest cottages because the smaller structures could be completed more quickly.[140] Each guest house faces the Esplanade and appears as a single story at its front entrance.
Additional stories descend rearward down the terraced mountain side.[141] Casa del Monte has 2,550 sq ft (237 m2) of living space.[136] The decorative style of the Casa del Sol is Moorish, accentuated by the use of antique Persian tiles.[142] A bronze copy of Donatello's David stands atop a copy of an original Spanish fountain.[p][143] The inspiration for the fountain came from an illustration in a book, The Minor Ecclesiastical, Domestic and Garden Architecture of Southern Spain, written by Austin Whittlesey and published in 1919.
Hearst sent a copy to Morgan, while retaining another for himself, and it proved a fertile source of ideas.[144] The size of the house is 3,620 square feet (242 m²).[136] Morgan's staff were responsible for the cataloguing of those parts of Hearst's art collection which were shipped to California and an oral record made in the 1980s indicates the methodology used for furnishing the buildings at San Simeon.
"We would set (the object) up and then I would stand with a yardstick to give it scale.
Sam Crow would take a picture.
Then we would give it a number and I would write a description.
These were made into albums.
When Mr Hearst would write and say 'I want a Florentine mantel in Cottage C in Room B, and four yards of tiles', then we would look it up in the books and find something that would fit."[145] Construction of Casa Grande began in April 1922.[146] Work continued almost until Hearst's final departure on May 2, 1947, and even then the house was unfinished.[147] The size of Casa Grande is 68,500 square feet (5,634 m²).[136] The main western facade is four stories, the entrance front, inspired by a gateway in Seville,[148] is flanked by twin bell towers modeled on the tower of the church of Santa Maria la Mayor.[108] The layout of the main house was originally to a T-plan, with the assembly room to the front, and the refectory at a right angle to its center.[q][151] The subsequent extensions of the North and South wings modified the original design.
As elsewhere, the core construction material is concrete, though the façade is faced in stone.[152] In October 1927 Morgan wrote to Arthur Byne; "We finally took the bull by the horns and are facing the entire main building with a Manti stone from Utah".
Morgan assured Hearst that it would be "the making of the building".[153] A cast-stone balcony fronts the second floor, and another in cast-iron the third.
Above this is a large wooden overhang or gable.
This was constructed in Siamese teak, originally intended to outfit a ship, which Morgan located in San Francisco.
The carving was undertaken by her senior carver Jules Suppo.[112] Sara Holmes Boutelle suggests Morgan may have been inspired by a somewhat similar example at the Mission San Xavier del Bac in Arizona.[154] The façade terminates with the bell towers, comprising the Celestial suites, the carillon towers and two cupolas.[155] The curator Victoria Kastner notes a particular feature of Casa Grande, the absence of any grand staircases.
Access to the upper floors is either by elevators or stairwells in the corner turrets of the building.[149] Many of the stairwells are undecorated and the plain, poured concrete contrasts with the richness of the decoration elsewhere.[156] The terrace in front of the entrance, named Central Plaza,[157] has a quatrefoil pond at its center, with a statue of Galatea on a Dolphin.[158] The statue was inherited, having been bought by Phoebe Hearst when her son was temporarily short of money.[159] The doorway from the Central Plaza into Casa Grande illustrates Morgan and Hearst's relaxed approach to combining genuine antiques with modern reproductions to achieve the effects they both desired.
A 16th-century iron gate from Spain is topped by a fanlight grille, constructed in a matching style in the 1920s by Ed Trinkeller, the castle's main ironmonger.[r][161] The castle made use of the latest technology.
Casa Grande was wired with an early sound system, allowing guests to make music selections which were played from a Capehart phonograph located in the basement, and piped into rooms in the house through a system of speakers.
Alternatively, six radio stations were available.[162] The entire estate was also equipped with 80 telephones, operated through a PBX switchboard,[163] which was staffed 24 hours a day, and ran under the exclusive exchange 'Hacienda'.
Fortune recorded an example of Hearst's delighting in the ubiquitous access the system provided - "(a guest) fell to wondering how a ball game came out while seated by a campfire with Mr Hearst, a day's ride from the castle.
'I'll tell you' volunteers Mr Hearst and, fumbling with the rock against which he was leaning, pulls from there a telephone, asks for New York, and relieves his guest's curiosity".[164] The assembly room is the main reception room of the castle, described by Taylor Coffman, in his 1985 study, Hearst Castle: The Story of William Randolph Hearst and San Simeon, as "one of San Simeon's most magnificent interiors".[134] The fireplace, originally from a Burgundian chateau, is named the Great Barney Mantel, after a previous owner, Charles T.
Barney, from whose estate Hearst bought it after Barney's suicide.[165] The mantel had been acquired for Barney by society architect Stanford White and Kastner notes the major influence of White's style on a number of rooms at Hearst Castle, in particular the assembly room and the main sitting room in Casa del Mar.[166] The ceiling is from an Italian palazzo.
A concealed door in the paneling next to the fireplace allowed Hearst to surprise his guests by entering unannounced.[61] The door opened off an elevator which connected with his Gothic suite on the third floor.[167] The assembly room, completed in 1926,[168] is nearly 2,500 square feet in extent and was described by the writer and illustrator Ludwig Bemelmans as looking like "half of Grand Central station".[169] The room held some of Hearst's best tapestries.[170] These include four from a set celebrating the Roman general Scipio Africanus, designed by Giulio Romano and two copied from drawings by Peter Paul Rubens depicting The Triumph of Religion.[171] The need to fit the tapestries above the paneling and below the roof required the installation of the unusually low windows.
The room has the only piece of Victorian decorative art in the castle, the Orchid Vase lamp, made by Tiffany for the Exposition Universelle held in Paris in 1889.
Bought by Phoebe Hearst, who had the original vase converted to a lamp, Hearst placed it in the Assembly room in tribute to his mother.[172] The refectory was the only dining room in the castle, and was built between 1926 and 1927.[168] The choir stalls which line the walls are from the La Seu d'Urgell Cathedral in Catalonia[173] and the silk flags hanging from the ceiling are Palio banners from Siena.[s][175] Hearst originally intended a "vaulted Moorish ceiling" for the room but, finding nothing suitable, he and Morgan settled on the Italian Renaissance example, dating from around 1600, which Hearst purchased from a dealer in Rome in 1924.[176] Victoria Kastner considered that the flat roof, with life-size carvings of saints, "strikes a discordant note of horizontality among the vertical lines of the room".[177] The style of the whole is Gothic, in contrast to the Renaissance approach adopted in the preceding assembly room.[155] The refectory is said to have been Morgan's favorite interior within the castle.[178] The design of both the refectory and the assembly room was greatly influenced by the monumental architectural elements, especially the fireplaces and the choir stalls used as wainscoting, and works of art, particularly the tapestries, which Hearst determined would be incorporated into the rooms.[179] The central table provided seating for 22 in its usual arrangement of two tables, which could be extended to three or four, on the occasion of larger gatherings.[180] The tables were sourced from an Italian monastery[181] and were the setting for some of the best pieces from Hearst's collection of silverware.
One of the finest is a wine cooler dating from the early 18th century and weighing 14.2 kg by the Anglo-French silversmith David Willaume.[182] The library is on the second floor, directly above the assembly room.[183] The ceiling is 16th century Spanish, and a remnant is used in the library's lobby.[156] It comprises three separate ceilings, from different rooms in the same Spanish house, which Morgan combined into one.[184] The fireplace is the largest Italian example in the castle.
Carved from limestone, it is attributed to the medieval sculptor and architect Benedetto da Maiano.[185] The room contains a collection of over 5,000 books, with another 3,700 in Hearst's study above.[186] The majority of the library collections, including Hearst's choicest pieces from his sets of, often signed, first editions by Charles Dickens, his favorite author, were sold at sales at Parke-Bernet at 1939 and Gimbels in 1941.[186] The library is also the location for much of Hearst's important holding of antique Greek vases.[187] The Cloisters form a grouping of four bedrooms above the refectory and, along with the Doge's Suite above the breakfast room, were completed in 1925–1926.[188] The Doge's Suite was occupied by Millicent Hearst on her rare visits to the castle.[189] The room is lined with blue silk and has a Dutch painted ceiling, in addition to two more of Spanish origin, which was once the property of architect Stanford White.[190] Morgan also incorporated an original Venetian loggia in the suite, refashioned as a balcony.[190] The suite leads on to Morgan's inventive North and South Duplex apartments, with sitting areas and bathrooms at entry level and bedrooms on mezzanine floors above.[191] The Gothic suite was Hearst's private apartment on the third floor.[192] He moved there in 1927.
It comprises the Gothic study or library and Hearst's own South Gothic bedroom and private sitting room.[192] The ceiling of the bedroom is one of the best Hearst bought; Spanish, of the 14th century, it was discovered by his Iberian agent Arthur Byne who also located the original frieze panels which had been detached and sold some time before.[t][194] The whole was installed at the castle in 1924.[195] The space originally allocated for the study was too low to create the impression desired by Morgan and Hearst, a difficulty Morgan surmounted by raising the roof and supporting the ceiling with concrete trusses.
These, and the walls, were painted with frescoes by Camille Solon.
Light was provided by two ranges of clerestory windows.[196] The necessity of raising the roof to incorporate the study occasioned one of the few instances where Hearst hesitated, "I telegraphed you my fear of the cost...I imagine it would be ghastly", and Morgan urged further changes and expense.
The result vindicated Morgan.[192] The study, completed in 1931, is dominated by a portrait of Hearst at age 31, painted by his life-long friend, Orrin Peck.[197] The Celestial bedrooms, with a connecting, shared, sitting room, were created between 1924 and 1926.[198] The bell towers were raised to improve the proportions of the building, and the suites constructed in the spaces created below.
The relatively cramped spaces allowed no room for storage, and en-suite bathrooms were "awkwardly squeezed" into lower landings.
Ludwig Bemelmans, a guest in the 1930s, recalled; "there was no place to hang your clothes, so I hung mine on wire coat hangers that a former tenant had left hanging on the arms of two six-armed gold candelabra, the rest I put on the floor".[199] The sitting room contains one of the most important paintings in Hearst's collection, Bonaparte Before the Sphinx (1868) by Jean-Léon Gérôme.[200] The suites are linked externally by a walkway, the Celestial Bridge, which is decorated with elaborate tiling.[201] The North, or Billiard, and the South, or Service, wings complete the castle and were begun in 1929.[190] The North wing houses the billiard room on the first floor, which was converted from the original breakfast room.
It has a Spanish antique ceiling and a French fireplace[190] and contains the oldest tapestry in the castle, a Millefleur hunting scene woven in Flanders in the 15th century.[202] The spandrel over the doorcase is decorated with a frieze of 16th century Persian tiles depicting a battle.[203] The 34 tiles originate from Isfahan and were purchased by Hearst at the Kevorkian sale in New York in 1922.[204] The theater, which leads off the billiard room, was used both for amateur theatricals and the showing of movies from Hearst's Cosmopolitan Studios.[190] The theater accommodated fifty guests and had an electric keyboard that enabled the bells in the carillon towers to be played.
The walls are decorated in red damask, which originally hung in the Assembly room, and feature gilded caryatids.[205] The upper stories of the North Wing were the last to be worked upon and were never completed.
Activity recommenced in 1945 and Morgan delegated the work to her assistant, Warren McClure.
Many of the rooms are unfinished but Aidala considers that the bathrooms in the wing represent "first-rate examples of streamline design.[206] The service wing contains the kitchen.[207] The hotel-scale units and worktops are constructed in Monel Metal, an expensive form of nickel alloy invented in 1901.[208] The wing contains further bedroom suites, a staff dining room and gives entry to the 9,000 square foot basement which contained a wine cellar, pantries, the boiler plant which heated the ma
William Jefferson Blythe Jr. (February 27, 1918 – May 17, 1946) was an Arkansas salesman of heavy equipment and the biological father of Bill Clinton.[1] Blythe died three months before his son was born.
William Jefferson Blythe Jr. was born as one of nine children to William Jefferson Blythe Sr.
(1884–1935), a farmer in Sherman, Texas, and his wife, the former Lou Birchie Ayers (1893–1946).
He was of English and Scots descent, with family lines in North America since the days of the thirteen colonies.[2] Blythe was married five times.[3] He married for the first time in December 1935 to Virginia Adele Gash; they were divorced only thirteen months later.
Although no child was born to the couple during their marriage, they later had a son together.
After the divorce, Virginia moved to California and married first a man named Coffelt, then a man named Charles Ritzenthaler.
Blythe married his second wife twenty-one-year-old, Maxine Hamilton in August 1938 whom he divorced two weeks later.[4] However, Virginia and Blythe remained friends, and she visited him on occasion.
A son was conceived during these visits, and Henry Leon Blythe was born in Sherman, Texas in January, 1938,[5] some eighteen months after his parents had been divorced.
Henry's parents lost touch with each other when he was an infant, after his father briefly married and divorced his mother's sister, and he never knew his biological father or paternal siblings.
Later in life, Henry Leon Blythe took the name Henry Leon Ritzenthaler in honor of a step-father.
He ran several small businesses in Paradise, California, including a janitorial business, and died in 2009.
He was unaware of his connection to the future president until the presidential campaign of 1992, when an investigation by The Washington Post, based on birth registry records, revealed details of Bill Clinton's family.
Ritzenthaler met his half-brother for the first time around that time, and the physical resemblance between them was remarked upon.[6] Blythe next married Minnie Faye Gash, his first wife's sister, in December 1940.
The marriage was annulled only four months later, in April 1941, and there were no children.
Shortly after the annulment, on May 3, 1941, Blythe married again.
His fourth wife was Wanetta Ellen Alexander of Kansas City, Missouri, and the wedding was held in Jackson County, Missouri.
Wanetta gave birth to Blythe's daughter on May 11, 1941, eight days after their wedding.
She had become pregnant with Blythe's child prior to his short-lived second marriage to Minnie.
Sharon Lee Blythe Pettijohn is the daughter of Wanetta and Blythe, and is still alive in 2020.
Blythe and Wanetta were formally divorced three years later, in April 1944.
They lost touch immediately afterwards; Wanetta, who eventually settled in Tucson, Arizona, had no inkling of Blythe's subsequent history until the presidential campaign of 1992 and the Washington Post story.
Upon seeing old photographs of Bill Clinton's father flashed on TV, Wanetta "swears on a stack of Bibles ...
that that was the man she was married to", said her son-in-law Bob Pettijohn, husband of her daughter Sharon.[citation needed] Blythe's divorce from Wanetta Alexander was granted in court on April 13, 1944.
Seven months before that, on September 4, 1943, Blythe had bigamously "married" Virginia Dell Cassidy of Bodcaw, Arkansas.
Blythe and Cassidy remained married until his death in a car crash on May 17, 1946.
Three months after Blythe's death, on August 19, 1946, Cassidy gave birth to their only child, William Jefferson Blythe III, who as a teen took his stepfather's surname and became known as Bill Clinton, the future 42nd President of the United States.
Cassidy had no knowledge of Blythe's previous marriages until decades later when The Washington Post ran an extensive story in 1993, based on birth and marriage registry records, to mark Father's Day.[7][8] Blythe was a traveling heavy equipment salesman for most of his brief career.[9] It was while he worked as a travelling salesman that he met and married all his four wives.
Some time after his fifth wedding, which happened in September 1943, Blythe shipped out for military service during World War II.
He was stationed in Egypt and Italy.
He worked in a motor pool, repairing jeeps and tanks.
After the war ended, Blythe returned to Hope, Arkansas to be with his wife.
Shortly after he returned, he purchased a house in Chicago and readied it to receive his wife and expected child; he was apparently laying the ground for a more settled and conventional married life.
Blythe moved to the new house in Chicago while Virginia remained behind in Hope.
In Chicago, Blythe returned to his old job as a traveling salesman for the Manbee Equipment Company, which repaired heavy machinery.
He died three months before the birth of his son.
On May 17, 1946, while traveling from Chicago, Illinois, to Hope, Arkansas, Blythe lost control of his 1942 Buick on U.S.
Route 60 outside of Sikeston, Missouri, after one of his car's tires blew out.
He survived the accident after being thrown from the car, but drowned in a drainage ditch as he tried to pull his way out of the three feet (1 meter) of water in the ditch.[10] Three months later, Blythe's widow, Virginia, gave birth to their son, whom she named William Jefferson Blythe III in honor of his father and grandfather.
In 1950, Blythe's widow married Roger Clinton Sr.; 12 years later, Blythe's posthumous son legally adopted his stepfather's surname.
He has a granddaughter Chelsea Clinton, and 3 great-grandchildren.
Blythe was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Hope, Hempstead County, Arkansas.
In 1994, Virginia was interred beside him.
In Clinton's 2004 autobiography, My Life, the elder Blythe was extensively mentioned, including a visit that Clinton made to the site where his father drowned.[citation needed]
The ZFS file system began as part of the Sun Microsystems Solaris operating system in 2001.
Large parts of Solaris – including ZFS – were published under an open source license as OpenSolaris for around 5 years from 2005, before being placed under a closed source license when Oracle Corporation acquired Sun in 2009/2010.
During 2005 - 2010, the open source version of ZFS was ported to Linux, Mac OS X (continued as MacZFS) and FreeBSD.
In 2010, the illumos project forked a recent version of OpenSolaris, to continue its development as an open source project, including ZFS.
In 2013 OpenZFS was founded to coordinate the development of open source ZFS.[3][4][5] OpenZFS maintains and manages the core ZFS code, while organizations using ZFS maintain the specific code and validation processes required for ZFS to integrate within their systems.
OpenZFS is widely used in Unix-like systems.[6][7][8] The management of stored data generally involves two aspects: the physical volume management of one or more block storage devices such as hard drives and SD cards and their organization into logical block devices as seen by the operating system (often involving a volume manager, RAID controller, array manager, or suitable device driver), and the management of data and files that are stored on these logical block devices (a file system or other data storage).
ZFS is unusual because, unlike most other storage systems, it unifies both of these roles and acts as both the volume manager and the file system.
Therefore, it has complete knowledge of both the physical disks and volumes (including their condition and status, their logical arrangement into volumes, and also of all the files stored on them).
ZFS is designed to ensure (subject to suitable hardware) that data stored on disks cannot be lost due to physical errors or misprocessing by the hardware or operating system, or bit rot events and data corruption which may happen over time, and its complete control of the storage system is used to ensure that every step, whether related to file management or disk management, is verified, confirmed, corrected if needed, and optimized, in a way that storage controller cards and separate volume and file managers cannot achieve.
ZFS also includes a mechanism for dataset and pool-level snapshots and replication, including snapshot cloning which is described by the FreeBSD documentation as one of its "most powerful features", having features that "even other file systems with snapshot functionality lack".[9] Very large numbers of snapshots can be taken, without degrading performance, allowing snapshots to be used prior to risky system operations and software changes, or an entire production ("live") file system to be fully snapshotted several times an hour, in order to mitigate data loss due to user error or malicious activity.
Snapshots can be rolled back "live" or previous file system states can be viewed, even on very large file systems, leading to savings in comparison to formal backup and restore processes.[9] Snapshots can also be cloned to form new independent file systems.
A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.
In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: Berkeley Software Distribution, UNIX System V, and Xenix.
This became Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4).[10] The project was released under the name Solaris, which became the successor to SunOS 4 (although SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively named Solaris 1).[11] ZFS was designed and implemented by a team at Sun led by Jeff Bonwick, Bill Moore[12] and Matthew Ahrens.
It was announced on September 14, 2004,[13] but development started in 2001.[14] Source code for ZFS was integrated into the main trunk of Solaris development on October 31, 2005,[15] and released for developers as part of build 27 of OpenSolaris on November 16, 2005.
In June 2006, Sun announced that ZFS was included in the mainstream 6/06 update to Solaris 10.[16] Historically, Solaris was developed as proprietary software.
Sun Microsystems was a strong proponent of open source software.
In June 2005, Sun released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project.[17] Sun was an early proponent of open source software, and with OpenSolaris, Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software.
In Solaris 10 6/06 ("U2"), Sun added the ZFS file system.
During the next 5 years (2006 to 2010), Sun frequently updated ZFS with new features, and ZFS was ported to Linux, Mac OS X (continued as MacZFS) and FreeBSD, under this open source license.
The name at one point was said to stand for "Zettabyte File System",[18] but by 2006 was no longer considered to be an abbreviation.[19] A ZFS file system can store up to 256 quadrillion zettabytes (ZB).
In September 2007, NetApp sued Sun claiming that ZFS infringed some of NetApp's patents on Write Anywhere File Layout.
Sun counter-sued in October the same year claiming the opposite.
The lawsuits were ended in 2010 with an undisclosed settlement.[20] Ported versions of ZFS began to appear in 2005.
After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in 2010, Oracle's version of ZFS became closed source and development of open-source versions proceeded independently, coordinated by OpenZFS from 2013.
Examples of features specific to ZFS include: One major feature that distinguishes ZFS from other file systems is that it is designed with a focus on data integrity by protecting the user's data on disk against silent data corruption caused by data degradation, current spikes, bugs in disk firmware, phantom writes (the previous write did not make it to disk), misdirected reads/writes (the disk accesses the wrong block), DMA parity errors between the array and server memory or from the driver (since the checksum validates data inside the array), driver errors (data winds up in the wrong buffer inside the kernel), accidental overwrites (such as swapping to a live file system), etc.
A 1999 study showed that neither any of the then-major and widespread filesystems (such as UFS, Ext,[21] XFS, JFS, or NTFS), nor hardware RAID (which has some issues with data integrity) provided sufficient protection against data corruption problems.[22][23][24][25] Initial research indicates that ZFS protects data better than earlier efforts.[26][27] It is also faster than UFS[28][29] and can be seen as its replacement.
Within ZFS, data integrity is achieved by using a Fletcher-based checksum or a SHA-256 hash throughout the file system tree.[30] Each block of data is checksummed and the checksum value is then saved in the pointer to that block—rather than at the actual block itself.
Next, the block pointer is checksummed, with the value being saved at its pointer.
This checksumming continues all the way up the file system's data hierarchy to the root node, which is also checksummed, thus creating a Merkle tree.[30] In-flight data corruption or phantom reads/writes (the data written/read checksums correctly but is actually wrong) are undetectable by most filesystems as they store the checksum with the data.
ZFS stores the checksum of each block in its parent block pointer so the entire pool self-validates.[30] When a block is accessed, regardless of whether it is data or meta-data, its checksum is calculated and compared with the stored checksum value of what it "should" be.
If the checksums match, the data are passed up the programming stack to the process that asked for it; if the values do not match, then ZFS can heal the data if the storage pool provides data redundancy (such as with internal mirroring), assuming that the copy of data is undamaged and with matching checksums.[31] It is optionally possible to provide additional in-pool redundancy by specifying .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}copies=2 (or copies=3 or more), which means that data will be stored twice (or three times) on the disk, effectively halving (or, for copies=3, reducing to one third) the storage capacity of the disk.[32] Additionally some kinds of data used by ZFS to manage the pool are stored multiple times by default for safety, even with the default copies=1 setting.
If other copies of the damaged data exist or can be reconstructed from checksums and parity data, ZFS will use a copy of the data (or recreate it via a RAID recovery mechanism), and recalculate the checksum—ideally resulting in the reproduction of the originally expected value.
If the data passes this integrity check, the system can then update all faulty copies with known-good data and redundancy will be restored.
Consistency of data held in memory, such as cached data in the ARC, is not checked by default, as ZFS is expected to run on enterprise-quality hardware with error correcting RAM, but the capability to check in-memory data exists and can be enabled using "debug flags".[33] For ZFS to be able to guarantee data integrity, it needs multiple copies of the data, usually spread across multiple disks.
Typically this is achieved by using either a RAID controller or so-called "soft" RAID (built into a file system).
While ZFS can work with hardware RAID devices, ZFS will usually work more efficiently and with greater protection of data, if it has raw access to all storage devices, and disks are not connected to the system using a hardware, firmware or other "soft" RAID, or any other controller which modifies the usual ZFS-to-disk I/O path.
This is because ZFS relies on the disk for an honest view, to determine the moment data is confirmed as safely written, and it has numerous algorithms designed to optimize its use of caching, cache flushing, and disk handling.
If a third-party device performs caching or presents drives to ZFS as a single system, or without the low level view ZFS relies upon, there is a much greater chance that the system will perform less optimally, and that a failure will not be preventable by ZFS or as quickly or fully recovered by ZFS.
For example, if a hardware RAID card is used, ZFS may not be able to determine the condition of disks or whether the RAID array is degraded or rebuilding, it may not know of all data corruption, and it cannot place data optimally across the disks, make selective repairs only, control how repairs are balanced with ongoing use, and may not be able to make repairs even if it could usually do so, as the hardware RAID card will interfere.
RAID controllers also usually add controller-dependent data to the drives which prevents software RAID from accessing the user data.
While it is possible to read the data with a compatible hardware RAID controller, this isn't always possible, and if the controller card develops a fault then a replacement may not be available, and other cards may not understand the manufacturer's custom data which is needed to manage and restore an array on a new card.
Therefore, unlike most other systems, where RAID cards or similar are used to offload resources and processing and enhance performance and reliability, with ZFS it is strongly recommended these methods not be used as they typically reduce the system's performance and reliability.
If disks must be connected through a RAID or other controller, it is recommended to use a plain HBA (host adapter) or fanout card, or configure the card in JBOD mode (i.e.
turn off RAID and caching functions), to allow devices to be attached but the ZFS-to-disk I/O pathway to be unchanged.
A RAID card in JBOD mode may still interfere, if it has a cache or depending upon its design, and may detach drives that do not respond in time (as has been seen with many energy-efficient consumer-grade hard drives), and as such, may require Time-Limited Error Recovery (TLER)/CCTL/ERC-enabled drives to prevent drive dropouts, so not all cards are suitable even with RAID functions disabled.[34] Instead of hardware RAID, ZFS employs "soft" RAID, offering RAID-Z (parity based like RAID 5 and similar) and disk mirroring (similar to RAID 1).
The schemes are highly flexible.
RAID-Z is a data/parity distribution scheme like RAID-5, but uses dynamic stripe width: every block is its own RAID stripe, regardless of blocksize, resulting in every RAID-Z write being a full-stripe write.
This, when combined with the copy-on-write transactional semantics of ZFS, eliminates the write hole error.
RAID-Z is also faster than traditional RAID 5 because it does not need to perform the usual read-modify-write sequence.[35] As all stripes are of different sizes, RAID-Z reconstruction has to traverse the filesystem metadata to determine the actual RAID-Z geometry.
This would be impossible if the filesystem and the RAID array were separate products, whereas it becomes feasible when there is an integrated view of the logical and physical structure of the data.
Going through the metadata means that ZFS can validate every block against its 256-bit checksum as it goes, whereas traditional RAID products usually cannot do this.[35] In addition to handling whole-disk failures, RAID-Z can also detect and correct silent data corruption, offering "self-healing data": when reading a RAID-Z block, ZFS compares it against its checksum, and if the data disks did not return the right answer, ZFS reads the parity and then figures out which disk returned bad data.
Then, it repairs the damaged data and returns good data to the requestor.[35] RAID-Z and mirroring do not require any special hardware: they do not need NVRAM for reliability, and they do not need write buffering for good performance or data protection.
With RAID-Z, ZFS provides fast, reliable storage using cheap, commodity disks.[promotional language][35] There are five different RAID-Z modes: striping (similar to RAID 0, offers no redundancy), RAID-Z1 (similar to RAID 5, allows one disk to fail), RAID-Z2 (similar to RAID 6, allows two disks to fail), RAID-Z3 (a RAID 7[a] configuration, allows three disks to fail), and mirroring (similar to RAID 1, allows all but one disk to fail).[37] The need for RAID-Z3 arose in the early 2000s as muti-terabyte capacity drives became more common.
This increase in capacity—without a corresponding increase in throughput speeds—meant that rebuilding an array due to a failed drive could take "weeks or even months" to complete.[36] During this time, the older disks in the array will be stressed by the additional workload, which could result data corruption or drive failure.
By increasing parity, RAID-Z3 reduces the chance of data loss by simply increasing redundancy.[38] ZFS has no tool equivalent to fsck (the standard Unix and Linux data checking and repair tool for file systems).[39] Instead, ZFS has a built-in scrub function which regularly examines all data and repairs silent corruption and other problems.
Some differences are: The official recommendation from Sun/Oracle is to scrub enterprise-level disks once a month, and cheaper commodity disks once a week.[40][41] ZFS is a 128-bit file system,[42][15] so it can address 1.84 × 1019 times more data than 64-bit systems such as Btrfs.
The maximum limits of ZFS are designed to be so large that they should never be encountered in practice.
For instance, fully populating a single zpool with 2128 bits of data would require 3×1024 TB hard disk drives.[43] Some theoretical limits in ZFS are: With Oracle Solaris, the encryption capability in ZFS[45] is embedded into the I/O pipeline.
During writes, a block may be compressed, encrypted, checksummed and then deduplicated, in that order.
The policy for encryption is set at the dataset level when datasets (file systems or ZVOLs) are created.
The wrapping keys provided by the user/administrator can be changed at any time without taking the file system offline.
The default behaviour is for the wrapping key to be inherited by any child data sets.
The data encryption keys are randomly generated at dataset creation time.
Only descendant datasets (snapshots and clones) share data encryption keys.[46] A command to switch to a new data encryption key for the clone or at any time is provided—this does not re-encrypt already existing data, instead utilising an encrypted master-key mechanism.
As of 2019[update] the encryption feature is also fully integrated into OpenZFS 0.8.0 available for Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions.[47] ZFS will automatically allocate data storage across all vdevs in a pool (and all devices in each vdev) in a way that generally maximises the performance of the pool.
ZFS will also update its write strategy to take account of new disks added to a pool, when they are added.
As a general rule, ZFS allocates writes across vdevs based on the free space in each vdev.
This ensures that vdevs which have proportionately less data already, are given more writes when new data is to be stored.
This helps to ensure that as the pool becomes more used, the situation does not develop that some vdevs become full, forcing writes to occur on a limited number of devices.
It also means that when data is read (and reads are much more frequent than writes in most uses), different parts of the data can be read from as many disks as possible at the same time, giving much higher read performance.
Therefore, as a general rule, pools and vdevs should be managed and new storage added, so that the situation does not arise that some vdevs in a pool are almost full and others almost empty, as this will make the pool less efficient.
Pools can have hot spares to compensate for failing disks.
When mirroring, block devices can be grouped according to physical chassis, so that the filesystem can continue in the case of the failure of an entire chassis.
Storage pool composition is not limited to similar devices, but can consist of ad-hoc, heterogeneous collections of devices, which ZFS seamlessly pools together, subsequently doling out space to diverse filesystems[clarification needed] as needed.
Arbitrary storage device types can be added to existing pools to expand their size.[48] The storage capacity of all vdevs is available to all of the file system instances in the zpool.
A quota can be set to limit the amount of space a file system instance can occupy, and a reservation can be set to guarantee that space will be available to a file system instance.
ZFS uses different layers of disk cache to speed up read and write operations.
Ideally, all data should be stored in RAM, but that is usually too expensive.
Therefore, data is automatically cached in a hierarchy to optimize performance versus cost;[49] these are often called "hybrid storage pools".[50] Frequently accessed data will be stored in RAM, and less frequently accessed data can be stored on slower media, such as solid state drives (SSDs).
Data that is not often accessed is not cached and left on the slow hard drives.
If old data is suddenly read a lot, ZFS will automatically move it to SSDs or to RAM.
ZFS caching mechanisms include one each for reads and writes, and in each case, two levels of caching can exist, one in computer memory (RAM) and one on fast storage (usually solid state drives (SSDs)), for a total of four caches.
This becomes crucial if a large number of synchronous writes take place (such as with ESXi, NFS and some databases),[51] where the client requires confirmation of successful writing before continuing its activity; the SLOG allows ZFS to confirm writing is successful much more quickly than if it had to write to the main store every time, without the risk involved in misleading the client as to the state of data storage.
If there is no SLOG device then part of the main data pool will be used for the same purpose, although this is slower.
If the log device itself is lost, it is possible to lose the latest writes, therefore the log device should be mirrored.
In earlier versions of ZFS, loss of the log device could result in loss of the entire zpool, although this is no longer the case.
Therefore, one should upgrade ZFS if planning to use a separate log device.
A number of other caches, cache divisions, and queues also exist within ZFS.
For example, each VDEV has its own data cache, and the ARC cache is divided between data stored by the user and metadata used by ZFS, with control over the balance between these.
In ZFS 0.8 and later, it is possible to configure a Special VDEV class to preferentially store filesystem metadata, and optionally the Data Deduplication Table (DDT), and small filesystem blocks.
This allows, for example, to create a Special VDEV on fast solid-state storage to store the metadata, while the regular file data is stored on spinning disks.
This speeds up metadata-intensive operations such as filesystem traversal, scrub, and resilver, without the expense of storing the entire filesystem on solid-state storage.
ZFS uses a copy-on-write transactional object model.
All block pointers within the filesystem contain a 256-bit checksum or 256-bit hash (currently a choice between Fletcher-2, Fletcher-4, or SHA-256)[52] of the target block, which is verified when the block is read.
Blocks containing active data are never overwritten in place; instead, a new block is allocated, modified data is written to it, then any metadata blocks referencing it are similarly read, reallocated, and written.
To reduce the overhead of this process, multiple updates are grouped into transaction groups, and ZIL (intent log) write cache is used when synchronous write semantics are required.
The blocks are arranged in a tree, as are their checksums (see Merkle signature scheme).
An advantage of copy-on-write is that, when ZFS writes new data, the blocks containing the old data can be retained, allowing a snapshot version of the file system to be maintained.
ZFS snapshots are consistent (they reflect the entire data as it existed at a single point in time), and can be created extremely quickly, since all the data composing the snapshot is already stored, with the entire storage pool often snapshotted several times per hour.
They are also space efficient, since any unchanged data is shared among the file system and its snapshots.
Snapshots are inherently read-only, ensuring they will not be modified after creation, although they should not be relied on as a sole means of backup.
Entire snapshots can be restored and also files and directories within snapshots.
Writeable snapshots ("clones") can also be created, resulting in two independent file systems that share a set of blocks.
As changes are made to any of the clone file systems, new data blocks are created to reflect those changes, but any unchanged blocks continue to be shared, no matter how many clones exist.
This is an implementation of the Copy-on-write principle.
ZFS file systems can be moved to other pools, also on remote hosts over the network, as the send command creates a stream representation of the file system's state.
This stream can either describe complete contents of the file system at a given snapshot, or it can be a delta between snapshots.
Computing the delta stream is very efficient, and its size depends on the number of blocks changed between the snapshots.
This provides an efficient strategy, e.g., for synchronizing offsite backups or high availability mirrors of a pool.
Dynamic striping across all devices to maximize throughput means that as additional devices are added to the zpool, the stripe width automatically expands to include them; thus, all disks in a pool are used, which balances the write load across them.[citation needed] ZFS uses variable-sized blocks, with 128 KB as the default size.
Available features allow the administrator to tune the maximum block size which is used, as certain workloads do not perform well with large blocks.
If data compression is enabled, variable block sizes are used.
If a block can be compressed to fit into a smaller block size, the smaller size is used on the disk to use less storage and improve IO throughput (though at the cost of increased CPU use for the compression and decompression operations).[53] In ZFS, filesystem manipulation within a storage pool is easier than volume manipulation within a traditional filesystem; the time and effort required to create or expand a ZFS filesystem is closer to that of making a new directory than it is to volume manipulation in some other systems.[citation needed] Pools and their associated ZFS file systems can be moved between different platform architectures, including systems implementing different byte orders.
The ZFS block pointer format stores filesystem metadata in an endian-adaptive way; individual metadata blocks are written with the native byte order of the system writing the block.
When reading, if the stored endianness does not match the endianness of the system, the metadata is byte-swapped in memory.
This does not affect the stored data; as is usual in POSIX systems, files appear to applications as simple arrays of bytes, so applications creating and reading data remain responsible for doing so in a way independent of the underlying system's endianness.
Data deduplication capabilities were added to the ZFS source repository at the end of October 2009,[54] and relevant OpenSolaris ZFS development packages have been available since December 3, 2009 (build 128).
Effective use of deduplication may require large RAM capacity; recommendations range between 1 and 5 GB of RAM for every TB of storage.[55][56][57] An accurate assessment of the memory required for deduplication is made by referring to the number of unique blocks in the pool, and the number of bytes on disk and in RAM ("core") required to store each record—these figures are reported by inbuilt commands such as zpool and zdb.
Insufficient physical memory or lack of ZFS cache can result in virtual memory thrashing when using deduplication, which can cause performance to plummet, or result in complete memory starvation.[citation needed] Because deduplication occurs at write-time, it is also very CPU-intensive and this can also significantly slow down a system.
Other storage vendors use modified versions of ZFS to achieve very high data compression ratios.
Two examples in 2012 were GreenBytes[58] and Tegile.[59] In May 2014, Oracle bought GreenBytes for its ZFS deduplication and replication technology.[60] As described above, deduplication is usually not recommended due to its heavy resource requirements (especially RAM) and impact on performance (especially when writing), other than in specific circumstances where the system and data are well-suited to this space-saving technique.
There are several limiations in the ZFS filesystem.
The authors of a 2010 study that examined the ability of file systems to detect and prevent data corruption, with particular focus on ZFS, observed that ZFS itself is effective in detecting and correcting data errors on storage devices, but that it assumes data in RAM is "safe", and not prone to error.
The study comments that "a single bit flip in memory causes a small but non-negligible percentage of runs to experience a failure", with the probability of committing bad data to disk varying from 0% to 3.6% (according to the workload)," and that when ZFS caches pages or stores copies of metadata in RAM, or holds data in its "dirty" cache for writing to disk, no test is made whether the checksums still match the data at the point of use.[70] Much of this risk can be mitigated in one of two ways: Historically, ZFS has not shipped with tools such as fsck to repair damaged file systems, because the file system itself was designed to self-repair, so long as it had been built with sufficient attention to the design of storage and redundancy of data.
If the pool was compromised because of poor hardware, inadequate design or redundancy, or unfortunate mishap, to the point that ZFS was unable to mount the pool, traditionally there were no tools which allowed an end-user to attempt partial salvage of the stored data.
This led to threads in online forums where ZFS developers sometimes tried to provide ad-hoc help to home and other small scale users, facing loss of data due to their inadequate design or poor system management.[80] Modern ZFS has improved considerably on this situation over time, and continues to do so: Oracle Corporation ceased the public development of both ZFS and OpenSolaris after the acquisition of Sun in 2010.
Some developers forked the last public release of OpenSolaris as the Illumos project.
Because of the significant advantages present in ZFS, it has been ported to several different platforms with different features and commands.
For coordinating the development efforts and to avoid fragmentation, OpenZFS was founded in 2013.
According to Matt Ahrens, one of the main architects of ZFS, over 50% of the original OpenSolaris ZFS code has been replaced in OpenZFS with community contributions as of 2019, making “Oracle ZFS” and “OpenZFS” politically and technologically incompatible.[81] In January 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, and quickly discontinued the OpenSolaris distribution and the open source development model.[88][89] In August 2010, Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel, effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system.[90] In response to the changing landscape of Solaris and OpenSolaris, the illumos project was launched via webinar[91] on Thursday, August 3, 2010, as a community effort of some core Solaris engineers to continue developing the open source version of Solaris, and complete the open sourcing of those parts not already open sourced by Sun.[92] illumos was founded as a Foundation, the illumos Foundation, incorporated in the State of California as a 501(c)6 trade association.
The original plan explicitly stated that illumos would not be a distribution or a fork.
However, after Oracle announced discontinuing OpenSolaris, plans were made to fork the final version of the Solaris ON kernel allowing illumos to evolve into a kernel of its own.[93] As part of OpenSolaris, an open source version of ZFS was therefore integral within illumos.
ZFS was widely used within numerous platforms, as well as Solaris.
Therefore, in 2013, the co-ordination of development work on the open source version of ZFS was passed to an umbrella project, OpenZFS.
The OpenZFS framework allows any interested parties to collaboratively develop the core ZFS codebase in common, while individually maintaining any specific extra code which ZFS requires to function and integrate within their own systems.
Note: The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005 was codenamed 'Nevada', and was derived from what was the OpenSolaris codebase.
'Solaris Nevada' is the codename for the next-generation Solaris OS to eventually succeed Solaris 10 and this new code was then pulled successively into new OpenSolaris 'Nevada' snapshot builds.[94] OpenSolaris is now discontinued and OpenIndiana forked from it.[95][96] A final build (b134) of OpenSolaris was published by Oracle (2010-Nov-12) as an upgrade path to Solaris 11 Express.
List of Operating Systems, distributions and add-ons that support ZFS, the zpool version it supports, and the Solaris build they are based on (if any):
I (Almost) Got Away With It is an American documentary television series on Investigation Discovery, debuting on January 12, 2010.[1][2] The series profiles true stories of people who have committed crimes, and have avoided arrest or capture, but ultimately end up being caught.
Many of these people escaped from prisons after being sentenced while others escaped jails they were being held in while awaiting trial.
Sometimes they are on the run as little as a few weeks before being caught while other times they remain on the run for years and in a few cases even decades.
While on the run, some of the fugitives do anything from robbing gas stations to stealing Crystal Gayle's tour bus.[3] Many others found a way to build a new life without committing new crimes and successfully remain in hiding for years.
The series was created by executive producer David M.
Frank of Indigo Films.
Most scenes were not filmed in areas that the stories took place.
Many outdoor scenes in this series are filmed at the company's studio on Treasure Island in San Francisco, in the middle of San Francisco Bay.
Other outdoor scenes were filmed in northern New Jersey.
The series has repeated on Discovery Channel and American Heroes Channel (AHC).
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the largest of the many reflecting pools in Washington, D.C., United States.
It is a long and large rectangular pool located on the National Mall, directly east of the Lincoln Memorial, with the Washington Monument to the east of the reflecting pool.[1] Part of the iconic image of Washington, the reflecting pool hosts many of the 24 million visitors a year who visit the National Mall.[2] It is lined by walking paths and shade trees on both sides.
Depending on the viewer's vantage point, it dramatically reflects the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Mall's trees, and/or the expansive sky.
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool was designed by Henry Bacon, and was constructed in 1922 and 1923, following the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial.
It is approximately 2,029 feet (618 m; 3⁄8 mi) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide.
The perimeter of the pool is therefore 4,392 feet (1,339 meters; 13⁄16 mile) around.
It has a depth of approximately 18 in (46 cm) on the sides and 30 in (76 cm) in the center.
It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S.
gallons (25,600,000 liters) of water.[3] Using funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the National Park Service reconstructed the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool.
The pool's water supply system was updated to eliminate stagnant water by circulating water from the Tidal Basin; the pool was formerly filled using potable water from the city.
Paved walking paths were added to the north and south sides of the pool to replace worn grass and to prevent further erosion.[4] Construction on the 18-month, $30.74 million project began in November 2010.
In May 2011, workers began sinking the first of 2,113 wood pilings into a 40-foot-deep (12-meter) layer of soft, marshy river clay and some dredged material atop bedrock to support a new pool.[5] The pool reopened on August 31, 2012.
The project was managed by the Louis Berger Group.[6] Within weeks of the pool's reopening in 2012, it had to be drained and cleaned at a cost of $100,000 due to algae in the pool.
The algae growth was so extensive it almost completely covered the surface of the pool.[7] Using an ozone disinfectant system installed during the renovation,[8] the National Park Service said it would double the amount of algae-killing ozone in the pool to control future outbreaks.[7] In 2013, construction on the National World War II Memorial damaged the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool.
NPS workers closed the eastern 30 feet (9 meters) of the pool in August 2015 to repair the basin, work that was completed in the summer of 2016.[9] The Reflecting Pool was completely drained in June 2017 to control a parasitical outbreak.
The parasite, which causes swimmer's itch, infects snails which inhabit the pool.
More than 80 ducks and ducklings have died at the pool due to parasitical infection since May 20.
Park Service workers said the work and refilling of the pool would take 10 days.[10] Located at the base of the Lincoln Memorial's steps, the Reflecting Pool area has been the site of many historic events, including: The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool seen from the Lincoln Memorial (2005) Ice covering the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool after the February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool before reconstruction (April 2010) Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (June 2011) The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (December 2011) Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool after reconstruction (May 2016) The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool at sunset (August 2015) Coordinates: 38°53′21″N 77°02′42″W / 38.8893°N 77.045°W / 38.8893; -77.045
The Neptune Pool is the name of the outdoor swimming pool ensemble at Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California.
Featuring the significant swimming pool, it also includes: fountains, ornamental pools, sculptures, marble pavilions, alabaster lanterns, dressing rooms, and an ancient temple facade (mainly reconstructed).
The Neptune Terrace, including its huge pool shell, are raised up behind massive retaining walls on the Hearst Castle ridge-line in the Santa Lucia Mountains.
It is to the north and lower than the main Casa Grande and the guest house terrace, with vistas of the ranch, Point San Simeon coastline, and Pacific Ocean.
In 2014, the pool was drained due to severe drought conditions in Southern California.
The pool had been leaking and evaporating 5,000 US gallons (19,000 l; 4,200 imp gal) of water per day.
[1] Extensive renovations began in 2017 to completely replace the pool's tile base and fix the leaks which had plagued it since its construction.
The pool was temporarily filled for the first time since 2014 that August to make sure the leaks had been repaired before the water was subsequently returned to the local watershed.[2][3] In August, 2018 the pool restoration was completed and the pool was refilled.[4] Designed by architect Julia Morgan, the Neptune Pool with terrace elements was started in 1924.
Albert Solon and Frank Schemmel of Solon and Schemmel Tile Company came to Hearst Castle to perform the tile work.[5] The Neptune Pool was built and rebuilt three times, each version a larger size.
After the 1926 and 1934 redesigns and re-buildings, it was finally deemed completed by William Randolph Hearst in 1936.[6] The Neptune Pool is 58 feet (18 m) wide except for the 95 feet (29 m) width at the primary axis fountain—alcove section, and the secondary axis pool length is 104 feet (32 m).
The depth varies from 3.5 feet (1.1 m) at the west 'shallow' end, to 10 feet (3.0 m) at pools' main drains.[6] The fountains and pool are fed by spring water piped from the Santa Lucia Mountains, and the pool alone holds 345,000 US gallons (1,310,000 l; 287,000 imp gal) of water.[6] Light-veined Vermont marble decorates the flooring and side walls of the swimming and ornamental pools, and the colonnades.[6] The swimming pool is surrounded by Ancient Roman Revival and Greek Revival style pavilions and colonnades.
The pool's main axis centerpiece and north terminus is elaborated from parts of the façade of an Ancient Roman temple that William Randolph Hearst had purchased in Europe and imported to San Simeon.[6] It is symmetrically framed by the colonnaded pavilions as the secondary axis' west and east terminus elements.
17th-century Italian Neoclassical bas-reliefs are upon the sides of the colonnades.
The 'Neptune' and 'Nereid' statues, first atop the cascade, were moved to present positions in the Roman temple's pediment.
New classical sculptures were commissioned by sculptor Charles Cassou.
His 'Neptune statuary group,' planned from the late 1920s for a small cascade pool, was never installed.[6] His ‘Venus’ was.
Coordinates: 35°41′08″N 121°10′09″W / 35.685675°N 121.169173°W / 35.685675; -121.169173
Fleishhacker Pool or Delia Fleishhacker Memorial Building was a public saltwater swimming pool located in the southwest corner of San Francisco, California, United States, next to the San Francisco Zoo at Sloat Boulevard and the Great Highway.
Upon its completion in 1925, it was one of the largest heated outdoor swimming pools in the world; it remained open for more than four decades until its closure in 1971.
It was eventually demolished in 2000.
The pool was built by philanthropist and civic leader Herbert Fleishhacker in 1924, and opened on April 22, 1925.
Measuring 1,000 by 150 ft (300 by 50 m) and holding 6,500,000 US gal (25,000,000 L) of seawater, it accommodated 10,000 bathers and at its opening the largest swimming pool in the United States[1] and one of the largest heated outdoor pools in the world.[2] The pool was so large the lifeguards required rowboats for patrol, and was used by the military for drills and exercises.
There were rumors of a shark in the pool.[1] There was also a diving pool measuring 50 ft (15 m) square and 14 ft (4.3 m) deep and a two-tiered diving tower.
The water was provided by a series of pumps and piping at high tide, directly from the Pacific Ocean 650 ft (200 m) away, filtered, and heated.
The pool's heater could warm 2,800 US gal (11,000 L) of seawater from 60 degrees to 75 degrees Fahrenheit each minute, in theory providing a constant pool water temperature of 72 degrees for AAU swim meets,[3] but in practice tended to vary between 65 and 75 degrees, which many swimmers found chilly.[1] After years of underfunding and poor maintenance, the pool was showing some deterioration when a storm in January 1971 damaged its drainage pipe.
Usage of the pool had been low, and the repair costs exceeded the City's budget,[1] so the pool was converted fresh water, resulting in poor water quality; it was closed by the end of 1971.[3] In 1999, the San Francisco Zoological Society was granted ownership of the pool house.
The swimming pool itself was filled with rocks and gravel, with the space now serving as a parking lot for the zoo.[4] The poolhouse stood derelict and occupied by wildlife and homeless people for many years until it was destroyed by a fire on December 1, 2012.[1][5][6] The remaining ruins were demolished, and only a fragment consisting of three ornate entrances remains.[7]
The Fist of the North Star manga by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara was adapted into two animated television series produced by Toei Animation.
The original series, simply titled Hokuto no Ken (北斗の拳), lasted 109 episodes, which aired on Fuji TV from 11 October 1984 to 5 March 1987, adapting the first 136 chapters of the original manga.
A sequel series, Hokuto no Ken 2, took over the previous series' time slot and lasted 43 episodes, airing from 12 March 1987 to 18 February 1988, which adapts chapters 137 to 210 (the final chapters of the manga were not adapted).
Mediacorp Channel 5's television series Tanglin is a long-form drama series[1] produced by Mediacorp Studios from 2015 to 2018.
It centres on the lives of multiracial and multi-generational families – the Tongs, Bhaskars, Rahmans and Lims[2] - living in a middle income neighbourhood of Tanglin; their lives reflect the joys, trials and tribulations of everyday Singaporeans.
The show began airing on Mediacorp Channel 5 on 30 June 2015[2] and ended on 28 September 2018, after 823 episodes.[3] The last episode is a TV special.
This is a list of episodes 1–508.
See here for the list of episodes 509–824.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA or triple A)[6] is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal.[1] They usually cause no symptoms, except during rupture.[1] Occasionally, abdominal, back, or leg pain may occur.[2] Large aneurysms can sometimes be felt by pushing on the abdomen.[2] Rupture may result in pain in the abdomen or back, low blood pressure, or loss of consciousness, and often results in death.[1][7] AAAs occur most commonly in those over 50 years old, in men, and among those with a family history.[1] Additional risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, and other heart or blood vessel diseases.[3] Genetic conditions with an increased risk include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[4] AAAs are the most common form of aortic aneurysm.[4] About 85% occur below the kidneys with the rest either at the level of or above the kidneys.[1] In the United States, screening with abdominal ultrasound is recommended for males between 65 and 75 years of age with a history of smoking.[8] In the United Kingdom and Sweden, screening all men over 65 is recommended.[1][9] Once an aneurysm is found, further ultrasounds are typically done on a regular basis.[2] Not smoking is the single best way to prevent the disease.[1] Other methods of prevention include treating high blood pressure, treating high blood cholesterol, and not being overweight.[1] Surgery is usually recommended when the diameter of an AAA grows to >5.5 cm in males and >5.0 cm in females.[1] Other reasons for repair include the presence of symptoms and a rapid increase in size, defined as more than one centimeter per year.[2] Repair may be either by open surgery or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).[1] As compared to open surgery, EVAR has a lower risk of death in the short term and a shorter hospital stay, but may not always be an option.[1][10][11] There does not appear to be a difference in longer-term outcomes between the two.[12] Repeat procedures are more common with EVAR.[13] AAAs affect 2-8% of males over the age of 65.[1] Rates among women are one-fourth as high.[1] In those with an aneurysm less than 5.5 cm, the risk of rupture in the next year is below 1%.[1] Among those with an aneurysm between 5.5 and 7 cm, the risk is about 10%, while for those with an aneurysm greater than 7 cm the risk is about 33%.[1] Mortality if ruptured is 85% to 90%.[1] During 2013, aortic aneurysms resulted in 168,200 deaths, up from 100,000 in 1990.[5][14] In the United States AAAs resulted in between 10,000 and 18,000 deaths in 2009.[4] The vast majority of aneurysms are asymptomatic.
However, as Abdominal aortic aneurysms expand, they may become painful and lead to pulsating sensations in the abdomen or pain in the chest, lower back, or scrotum.[15] The complications include rupture, peripheral embolization, acute aortic occlusion, and aortocaval (between the aorta and inferior vena cava) or aortoduodenal (between the aorta and the duodenum) fistulae.
On physical examination, a palpable and pulsatile abdominal mass can be noted.
Bruits can be present in case of renal or visceral arterial stenosis.[16] The signs and symptoms of a ruptured AAA may include severe pain in the lower back, flank, abdomen or groin.
A mass that pulses with the heart beat may also be felt.[7] The bleeding can lead to a hypovolemic shock with low blood pressure and a fast heart rate.
This may lead to brief passing out.[7] The mortality of AAA rupture is as high as 90 percent.
65 to 75 percent of patients die before they arrive at the hospital and up to 90 percent die before they reach the operating room.[17] The bleeding can be retroperitoneal or into the abdominal cavity.
Rupture can also create a connection between the aorta and intestine or inferior vena cava.[18] Flank ecchymosis (appearance of a bruise) is a sign of retroperitoneal bleeding, and is also called Grey Turner's sign.[16][19] The exact causes of the degenerative process remain unclear.
There are, however, some hypotheses and well-defined risk factors.[20] The most striking histopathological changes of the aneurysmatic aorta are seen in the tunica media and intima layers.
These changes include the accumulation of lipids in foam cells, extracellular free cholesterol crystals, calcifications, thrombosis, and ulcerations and ruptures of the layers.
Adventitial inflammatory infiltrate is present.[18] However, the degradation of the tunica media by means of a proteolytic process seems to be the basic pathophysiologic mechanism of AAA development.
Some researchers report increased expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases in individuals with AAA.
This leads to elimination of elastin from the media, rendering the aortic wall more susceptible to the influence of blood pressure.[16] Other reports have suggested the serine protease granzyme B may contribute to aortic aneurysm rupture through the cleavage of decorin, leading to disrupted collagen organization and reduced tensile strength of the adventitia.[25][26] There is also a reduced amount of vasa vasorum in the abdominal aorta (compared to the thoracic aorta); consequently, the tunica media must rely mostly on diffusion for nutrition, which makes it more susceptible to damage.[27] Hemodynamics affect the development of AAA, which has a predilection for the infrarenal aorta.
The histological structure and mechanical characteristics of the infrarenal aorta differ from those of the thoracic aorta.
The diameter decreases from the root to the aortic bifurcation, and the wall of the infrarenal aorta also contains a lesser proportion of elastin.
The mechanical tension in the abdominal aortic wall is therefore higher than in the thoracic aortic wall.
The elasticity and distensibility also decline with age, which can result in gradual dilatation of the segment.
Higher intraluminal pressure in patients with arterial hypertension markedly contributes to the progression of the pathological process.[18] Suitable hemodynamic conditions may be linked to specific intraluminal thrombus (ILT) patterns along the aortic lumen, which in turn may affect AAA's development.[28] An Abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually diagnosed by physical exam, abdominal ultrasound, or CT scan.
Plain abdominal radiographs may show the outline of an aneurysm when its walls are calcified.
However, the outline will be visible on Xray in less than half of all aneurysms.
Ultrasonography is used to screen for aneurysms and to determine the size of any present.
Additionally, free peritoneal fluid can be detected.
It is noninvasive and sensitive, but the presence of bowel gas or obesity may limit its usefulness.
CT scan has a nearly 100% sensitivity for an aneurysm and is also useful in preoperative planning, detailing the anatomy and possibility for endovascular repair.
In the case of suspected rupture, it can also reliably detect retroperitoneal fluid.
Alternative less often used methods for visualization of an aneurysm include MRI and angiography.
An aneurysm ruptures if the mechanical stress (tension per area) exceeds the local wall strength; consequently, peak wall stress (PWS)[29] and peak wall rupture risk (PWRR)[30] have been found to be more reliable parameters than diameter to assess AAA rupture risk.
Medical software allows computing these rupture risk indices from standard clinical CT data and provides a patient-specific AAA rupture risk diagnosis.[31] This type of biomechanical approach has been shown to accurately predict the location of AAA rupture.[32] Aortic measurement on abdominal ultrasonography in the axial plane between the outer margins of the aortic wall.[33] Ultrasonography in the sagittal plane, showing axial plane measure (dashed red line), as well as maximal diameter (dotted yellow line) which is preferred.
A ruptured AAA with an open arrow marking the aneurysm and the closed arrow marking the free blood in the abdomen Sagittal CT image of an AAA Biomechanical AAA rupture risk prediction An axial contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrating an Abdominal aortic aneurysm of 4.8 by 3.8 cm The faint outline of the calcified wall of an AAA as seen on plain X-ray Abdominal aortic aneurysms (3.4 cm) An aortic aneurysm as seen on CT with a small area of remaining blood flow Ultrasound showing a previously repaired AAA that is leaking with flow around the graft[34] Ultrasonography of an aneurysm with a mural thrombus.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are commonly divided according to their size and symptomatology.
An aneurysm is usually defined as an outer aortic diameter over 3 cm (normal diameter of the aorta is around 2 cm),[37] or more than 50% of normal diameter.[38] If the outer diameter exceeds 5.5 cm, the aneurysm is considered to be large.[36] Ruptured AAA should be suspected in any older (age >60) person with collapse, unexplained low blood pressure, or sudden-onset back or abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain, shock, and a pulsatile mass is only present in a minority of cases.
Although an unstable person with a known aneurysm may undergo surgery without further imaging, the diagnosis will usually be confirmed using CT or ultrasound scanning.
The suprarenal aorta normally measures about 0.5 cm larger than the infrarenal aorta.[39] Aortic aneurysm rupture may be mistaken for the pain of kidney stones, or muscle related back pain.[7] The U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a single screening abdominal ultrasound for Abdominal aortic aneurysm in males age 65 to 75 years who have a history of smoking.[40] Among this group who does not smoke screening may be selective.[40] It is unclear if screening is useful in women who have smoked and the USPSTF recommend against screening in women who have never smoked.[8][41] In the United Kingdom the NHS AAA Screening Programme invites men in England for screening during the year they turn 65.
Men over 65 can contact the programme to arrange to be screened.[42] In Sweden one time screening is recommended in all males over 65 years of age.[1][9] This has been found to decrease the risk of death from AAA by 42% with a number needed to screen of just over 200.[41] In those with a close relative diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm, Swedish guidelines recommend an ultrasound at around 60 years of age.[43] Australia has no guideline on screening.[44] Repeat ultrasounds should be carried out in those who have an aortic size greater than 3.0 cm.[45] In those whose aorta is between 3.0 and 3.9 cm this should be every three years, if between 4.0 and 4.4 cm every two years, and if between 4.5 and 5.4 cm every year.[45] The treatment options for asymptomatic AAA are conservative management, surveillance with a view to eventual repair, and immediate repair.
Two modes of repair are available for an AAA: open aneurysm repair, and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
An intervention is often recommended if the aneurysm grows more than 1 cm per year or it is bigger than 5.5 cm.[46] Repair is also indicated for symptomatic aneurysms.
Conservative management is indicated in people where repair carries a high risk of mortality and in patients where repair is unlikely to improve life expectancy.
The mainstay of the conservative treatment is smoking cessation.
Surveillance is indicated in small asymptomatic aneurysms (less than 5.5 cm) where the risk of repair exceeds the risk of rupture.[46] As an AAA grows in diameter, the risk of rupture increases.
Surveillance until an aneurysm has reached a diameter of 5.5 cm has not been shown to have a higher risk as compared to early intervention.[47][48] No medical therapy has been found to be effective at decreasing the growth rate or rupture rate of asymptomatic AAAs.[1] Blood pressure and lipids should, however, be treated per usual.[37] The threshold for repair varies slightly from individual to individual, depending on the balance of risks and benefits when considering repair versus ongoing surveillance.
The size of an individual's native aorta may influence this, along with the presence of comorbidities that increase operative risk or decrease life expectancy.
Evidence, however, does not usually support repair if the size is less than 5.5 cm.[46] Open repair is indicated in young patients as an elective procedure, or in growing or large, symptomatic or ruptured aneurysms.
The aorta must be clamped off during the repair, denying blood to the abdominal organs and sections of the spinal cord; this can cause a range of complications.
It is essential to make the critical part of the operation fast, so the incision is typically made large enough to facilitate the fastest repair.
Recovery after open AAA surgery takes significant time.
The minimums are a few days in intensive care, a week total in the hospital and a few months before full recovery.
Endovascular repair first became practical in the 1990s and although it is now an established alternative to open repair, its role is yet to be clearly defined.
It is generally indicated in older, high-risk patients or patients unfit for open repair.
However, endovascular repair is feasible for only a proportion of AAAs, depending on the morphology of the aneurysm.
The main advantages over open repair are that there is less peri-operative mortality, less time in intensive care, less time in hospital overall and earlier return to normal activity.
Disadvantages of endovascular repair include a requirement for more frequent ongoing hospital reviews, and a higher chance of further procedures being required.
According to the latest studies, the EVAR procedure does not offer any benefit for overall survival or health-related quality of life compared to open surgery, although aneurysm-related mortality is lower.[49][50][51][52] In patients unfit for open repair, EVAR plus conservative management was associated with no benefit, more complications, subsequent procedures and higher costs compared to conservative management alone.[53] Endovascular treatment for paraanastomotic aneurysms after aortobiiliac reconstruction is also a possibility.[54] A 2017 Cochrane review found tentative evidence of no difference in outcomes between endovascular and open repair of ruptured AAA in the first month.[55] In those with aortic rupture of the AAA, treatment is immediate surgical repair.
There appears to be benefits to allowing permissive hypotension and limiting the use of intravenous fluids during transport to the operating room.[56] Although the current standard of determining rupture risk is based on maximum diameter, it is known that smaller AAAs that fall below this threshold (diameter<5.5 cm) may also rupture, and larger AAAs (diameter>5.5 cm) may remain stable.[59][60] In one report, it was shown that 10–24% of ruptured AAAs were less than 5 cm in diameter.[60] It has also been reported that of 473 non-repaired AAAs examined from autopsy reports, there were 118 cases of rupture, 13% of which were less than 5 cm in diameter.
This study also showed that 60% of the AAAs greater than 5 cm (including 54% of those AAAs between 7.1 and 10 cm) never experienced rupture.[61] Vorp et al.
later deduced from the findings of Darling et al.
that if the maximum diameter criterion were followed for the 473 subjects, only 7% (34/473) of cases would have succumbed to rupture prior to surgical intervention as the diameter was less than 5 cm, with 25% (116/473) of cases possibly undergoing unnecessary surgery since these AAAs may never have ruptured.[61] Alternative methods of rupture assessment have been recently reported.
The majority of these approaches involve the numerical analysis of AAAs using the common engineering technique of the finite element method (FEM) to determine the wall stress distributions.
Recent reports have shown that these stress distributions have been shown to correlate to the overall geometry of the AAA rather than solely to the maximum diameter.[62][63][64] It is also known that wall stress alone does not completely govern failure as an AAA will usually rupture when the wall stress exceeds the wall strength.
In light of this, rupture assessment may be more accurate if both the patient-specific wall stress is coupled together with patient-specific wall strength.
A non-invasive method of determining patient-dependent wall strength was recently reported,[65] with more traditional approaches to strength determination via tensile testing performed by other researchers in the field.[66][67][68] Some of the more recently proposed AAA rupture-risk assessment methods include: AAA wall stress;[29][69][70] AAA expansion rate;[71] degree of asymmetry;[64] presence of intraluminal thrombus (ILT);[72] a rupture potential index (RPI);[73][74] a finite element analysis rupture index (FEARI);[75] biomechanical factors coupled with computer analysis;[76] growth of ILT;[77] geometrical parameters of the AAA;[78] and also a method of determining AAA growth and rupture based on mathematical models.[79][80] The post-operative mortality for an already ruptured AAA has slowly decreased over several decades but remains higher than 40%.[81] However, if the AAA is surgically repaired before rupture, the post-operative mortality rate is substantially lower: approximately 1-6%.[82] The occurrence of AAA varies by ethnicity.
In the United Kingdom the rate of AAA in Caucasian men older than 65 years is about 4.7%, while in Asian men it is 0.45%.[83] It is also less common in individuals of African, and Hispanic heritage.[1] They occur four times more often in men than women.[1] There are at least 13,000 deaths yearly in the U.S.
secondary to AAA rupture.[1] The peak number of new cases per year among males is around 70 years of age, the percentage of males affected over 60 years is 2–6%.
The frequency is much higher in smokers than in non-smokers (8:1), and the risk decreases slowly after smoking cessation.[84] In the U.S., the incidence of AAA is 2–4% in the adult population.[16] Rupture of the AAA occurs in 1–3% of men aged 65 or more, the mortality is 70–95%.[36] The first historical records about AAA are from Ancient Rome in the 2nd century AD, when Greek surgeon Antyllus tried to treat the AAA with proximal and distal ligature, central incision and removal of thrombotic material from the aneurysm.
However, attempts to treat the AAA surgically were unsuccessful until 1923.
In that year, Rudolph Matas (who also proposed the concept of endoaneurysmorrhaphy), performed the first successful aortic ligation on a human.[85] Other methods that were successful in treating the AAA included wrapping the aorta with polyethene cellophane, which induced fibrosis and restricted the growth of the aneurysm.
Endovascular aneurysm repair was first performed in the late 1980s and has been widely adopted in the subsequent decades.
Endovascular repair was first used for treating a ruptured aneurysm in Nottingham in 1994.[86] Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein was operated on for an Abdominal aortic aneurysm in 1949 by Rudolph Nissen, who wrapped the aorta with polyethene cellophane.
Einstein's aneurysm ruptured on April 13, 1955.
He declined surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want.
It is tasteless to prolong life artificially.
I have done my share, it is time to go.
I will do it elegantly." He died five days later at age 76.[87] Actress Lucille Ball died April 26, 1989 from an Abdominal aortic aneurysm.
At the time of her death, she was in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center recovering from emergency surgery performed just six days earlier because of a dissecting aortic aneurysm near her heart.
Ball was at increased risk, as she had been a heavy smoker for decades.[88] Musician Conway Twitty died in June 1993 from an Abdominal aortic aneurysm, aged 59, two months before the release of what would be his final studio album, Final Touches.
Actor George C.
Scott died in 1999 from a ruptured Abdominal aortic aneurysm at age 71.
In 2001 former presidential candidate Bob Dole underwent surgery for an Abdominal aortic aneurysm in which a team led by vascular surgeon Kenneth Ouriel inserted a stent graft:[89] Ouriel said that the team inserted a Y-shaped tube through an incision in Dole's leg and placed it inside the weakened portion of the aorta.
The aneurysm will eventually contract around the stent, which will remain in place for the rest of Dole's life.[89]— Associated Press Actor Robert Jacks, who played Leatherface in Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation, died from an abdominal aneurysm on August 8, 2001, just one day shy of his 42nd birthday.
His father also died from the same cause when Robert was a child.
Actor Tommy Ford died of abdominal aneurysm in October 2016 at 52 years old.[90] There have been many calls for alternative approaches to rupture risk assessment over the past number of years, with many believing that a biomechanics-based approach may be more suitable than the current diameter approach.
Numerical modeling is a valuable tool to researchers allowing approximate wall stresses to be calculated, thus revealing the rupture potential of a particular aneurysm.
Experimental models are required to validate these numerical results and provide a further insight into the biomechanical behavior of the AAA.
In vivo, AAAs exhibit a varying range of material strengths[91] from localised weak hypoxic regions[92] to much stronger regions and areas of calcifications.[93] Finding ways to predict future AAA growth is seen as a research priority.[94] Experimental models can now be manufactured using a novel technique involving the injection-moulding lost-wax manufacturing process to create patient-specific anatomically correct AAA replicas.[95] Work has also focused on developing more realistic material analogues to those in vivo, and recently a novel range of silicone-rubbers was created allowing the varying material properties of the AAA to be more accurately represented.[96] These rubber models can also be used in a variety of experimental situations, from stress analysis using the photoelastic method[97] to determining whether the locations of rupture experimentally correlate with those predicted numerically.[98] New endovascular devices are being developed that are able to treat more complex and tortuous anatomies.[99] An animal study showed that removing a single protein prevents early damage in blood vessels from triggering a later-stage, complications.
By eliminating the gene for a signaling protein called cyclophilin A (CypA) from a strain of mice, researchers were able to provide complete protection against Abdominal aortic aneurysm.[100] Other recent research identified Granzyme B (GZMB) (a protein-degrading enzyme) to be a potential target in the treatment of Abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Elimination of this enzyme in mice models both slowed the progression of aneurysms and improved survival.[101][102]
The following is a list of episodes of Lost Tapes, a thriller horror docudrama television series that airs on the Animal Planet channel.
Each episode is either "TV-PG" followed by V or L, or "TV-14" followed by V or L.
The plot of each episode is described, below, using in-universe tone.
On July 5, 2006, the Ramirez family in Nogales, Mexico are celebrating their daughter Ava's 9th birthday, and receive two gifts from a relative in the United States: one is a video camera, and the other is a letter saying that they will be brought across the border into Arizona.
Ava's father, Carlos is excited about going to America for a trip and her mother, Maritza, asks if it is going to be dangerous, but her father says that it won't be.
But her grandmother Rosa is concerned about the threats and dangers that they may encounter, including western diamondback rattlesnakes, bark scorpions, heat stroke and dehydration that she saw on the television.
Nonetheless, they prepare to leave for the border.
Two days later, Ava says goodbye to her pet chicken Roberto and they are taken into the Sonora Desert by a hired smuggler and hide in his pickup truck but he suddenly stops at around noon, two hours away from the border: instead of fulfilling his part of the bargain, the smuggler forces them out at gunpoint and abandons them in the desert, taking their money and water with him.
With few other options, Ava, Maritza, and Carlos must to try to reach the border on foot; Ava suddenly drops her camera without realizing it, but is reminded of it by Carlos.
As she goes to retrieve the camera, she suddenly hears a fierce snarl coming from the brush, but makes nothing of it.
At about 8:30 in the evening, at the border area, they begin to hear growling and hissing from foliage nearby; this worries them, but Carlos tells them to ignore it.
Suddenly, they are ambushed and pursued by a large unseen predator and begin running from it.
Meanwhile, two American border-patrol agents, Tom Valentine and Martin Santino, receive a report that the family is trying to cross the border illegally and go to apprehend them; the same thermal images from an unmanned aerial drone that show them where the Ramirez family is also shows that their attacker is a strange, dog-like creature.
When they arrive at the scene, following conflicting reports of three, then four, and then zero people in the desert, they discover two corpses: the bodies of Ava's parents.
They at first attribute both deaths to either heat stroke or severe dehydration, but suddenly find both of their necks have three unusual puncture marks on them, and a mysterious lack of any blood.
While Valentine reports the deaths via radio, Santino hears bizarre sounds coming from a nearby bush and goes to investigate.
Instead, he discovers Ava, who is terrified but unhurt, and hiding from her parents' attacker.
As darkness falls, they take Ava to their car; Valentine tries to console her and acquire information while Santino searches the area for other possible survivors.
He hears strange sounds coming from the darkness, and finds two dead black-tailed prairie dogs, which have been drained of blood in a similar way.
After a while, he runs back to the car, telling Valentine to join him so that they can track and destroy whatever that is making the sounds, knowing that it is unknown and extremely dangerous predator.
They search in the dark of the brush, and are suddenly confronted by the animal, only seen as a pair of reflecting eyes and claws, and they open fire, before running back to their car just as backup arrives.
The agents' official report stated that the cause of death for Ava's parents was unknown, but noted the puncture wounds and missing blood.
Ava was returned to her grandmother in Nogales, but was plagued by nightmares of the creature.
The official report made no mention of any unknown animal, and whether or not it escaped or was shot dead by the border patrol agents remains a mystery.
For Ava however, the encounter was all too real.
Clips in the episode also discuss vampire bats and the dangers of trying to cross the US/Mexico border, including heat and wildlife.
Between August 14 and August 17, 2005, forest ranger Rachel Glen performs a study in the woods, concerning the declining population of black bears in the Pacific Northwest.
During the course of her study, recorded with portable and stationary cameras, she not only observed the bears but also heard strange sounds coming from the forest, and had a feeling she was being watched.
After setting up a camera trap one day, she hears a strange wailing and climbs a hill, only to be snared by an illegal poacher's trap.
Unbeknownst to her, she is being watched and taped by a poacher as she disables the traps he had set up.
Some of her cameras capture brief glimpses of a large, hairy creature that cannot be identified.
Meanwhile, the poacher discovers and destroys a few of her own cameras.
Rachel grows more and more suspicious of the strange sounds and unidentifiable subjects in many of her photos.
While examining a camera that had been tampered with, she hears more strange sounds and discovers a den in the woods.
Inside, she discovers some strange hair, which she sends to the game warden.
Over the phone, the warden tells her that the hair belongs to some kind of primate and not a bear, and warns her to be careful of hostile poachers.
After she gets off the phone, she suddenly hears someone call her name and goes to the door, but only finds a threatening sign that says, "WHO'S WATCHING YOU?" pinned to her door with a hatchet.
She requests help, but has to wait forty-eight hours for it to arrive because of how remote her outpost is.
She later finds the poacher lurking outside her outpost and makes him hand over the camera he was holding at gunpoint, which contains pictures where the poacher seems to be stalking her.
He trips her up as he hand the camera to her and immediately flees the scene.
In the last hours before she leaves, she begins to wonder about the strange animal she keeps seeing, and gets the feeling that it seems to be watching over her.
As Rachel is making her final video journal entry at her outpost later that night, the same poacher tries to break into her cabin.
She suddenly hears screams for help and unnerving screaming and growls outside.
She discovers the poacher, who has apparently been killed by the creature and is now hanging upside down from one of his own traps.
She hears more strange sounds, but finds no other signs of the creature.
After the poacher's death, the black bear populations began to rise again, but there is no confirmation of any other unusual or new species in the area.
Clips in the episode also discuss gorillas, poaching, and the possibility that Sasquatch might be the extinct primate Gigantopithecus.
On July 17, 2007, journalist and outdoor enthusiast Sharon Novak entered the final day of her solo, three-month sailing trip around the world; her boat was rigged with several cameras so that her journey could be broadcast live over the Internet, which she also used to maintain contact with her boyfriend Charles who is also the co-author of the journal/paper they write together through live video chat.
When she was about thirty-five miles west of Monterey Bay in California, the wind died down and Sharon took a moment to thank the people who had given her moral support during her trip.
At about noon, Sharon's radio suddenly picked up a distress call via radio from another boat, but it cuts out before the other sailor can tell her what has happened.
Sharon tries to raise the ship on her radio, but there is no response.
Using her ship's motor, she sails to the coordinates that were given out by the man on the radio before it cut out.
As she heads in that direction, she decides to tell Charles about her plan so that he doesn't worry.
As she talks to him, her boat is suddenly hit by something underwater with enough force to knock her sideways and kill the engine.
As she goes outside to take a look, one of the cameras mounted high on the boat captures the figure of a huge, mysterious animal moving just beneath the surface of the water, just behind the stern of the boat.
Sharon decides to go into the water to investigate what has happened, which worries Charles, but she assures him that nothing will happen to her.
She tethers herself to the boat, as well as attaching a waterproof video camera to her lifejacket, so that she could broadcast whatever she found to her viewers.
Minutes later, she re-emerges from the water, having discovered a chunk of flesh that she assumes has come from a whale which was stuck in her motor.
Her current problem resolved, Sharon continues to the coordinates given by the distress call, which are located on top of the Monterey Canyon.
As she approaches the other ship, she sees no one aboard.
She sails around the boat to try to locate the captain, but instead finds blood spattered on the vessel, which apparently indicate a possible attack.
Now worried for her safety and the missing captain's, Sharon tries to call the Coast Guard, but fails.
As she tries to leave the area--concluding that whatever happened on the other boat is in the jurisdiction of the Coast Guard, not her--she puts on a wet suit and her lifejacket again.
Her boat is suddenly rammed again, killing the engine.
Growing more and more frightened, Sharon contacts Charles again and confides in him everything that has happened since she got the distress call two hours ago; they both conclude that she must not go in the water again, just to be safe, and that Charles will call the Coast Guard himself while Sharon tries to sail out of there.
Just as she finishes setting up the sail, the boat is rammed again and she falls overboard.
Fortunately, she is still wearing her lifejacket; Charles, who can see her in the water thanks to the high-mounted camera, tries to calm her down and tells her to get back in the boat, but she is unable to as the railings are out of her reach and she can't swim around because of her tether.
Charles tells her to cut herself loose so that she can reach the ladder at the back of the boat.
As she swims back, the high-mounted camera again captures the silhouette of a very large, plesiosaur-like creature swimming close to the boat.
The wind picks up again and Sharon is unable to reach the boat as the monster's silhouette appears again, now very close to the surface, in full view of her the camera and heading straight for her.
As the boat drifts away from her, Sharon is attacked by the creature, which pulls her underwater.
The Coast Guard was unable to recover Sharon's body even after an extensive grid search of the area, though her camera was discovered; the camera's footage could not identify what had attacked her.
On October 13, 2006, university professor Diane Chasny and her nephew Ethan decide to examine the ecosystem of the Honey Island Swamp following Hurricane Katrina, especially the alligator population.
While attempting to test her equipment, an alligator suddenly wanders by and steals the backpack containing the maps, compass and GPS..
As they try to find their way out of the swampy terrain, Ethan hears a strange sound, but dismisses it.
They become completely lost, but luckily encounter a local fisherman, Bud Ray, who agrees to boat them out of the swamp after giving them a tour of his camp area.
During the walk, Ethan hears more strange sounds and sees the obscured shape of a creature moving through the bush, and becomes briefly separated, accidentally stepping on a nest of eggs and destroying one of them.
They then discover a bizarre footprint that they conclude must belong to an upright animal, and the fisherman urges them to return to his camp before nightfall.
As Diane examines the photographs she took of the footprints, Bud tells them stories about a creature purportedly half-man, half-alligator, but the professor dismisses these as being superstitious stories about a bogeyman.
Around midnight, Bud wakes the two because of strange sounds that they heard, and he leaves the tent they had been sleeping in.
There are strange growling sounds, sudden gunshots, and a yell of pain as the creature attacks the fisherman, then tries to get into the tent.
Bud returns, injured but still alive, and the three manage to fend off the creature.
The creature eventually leaves, leaving behind the egg Ethan had destroyed.
Diane recovered the eggshells, which matched no known species.
Ethan eventually returned to the bayou to create a feature documentary based on his experiences.
Bud Ray soon recovered from his injuries and still lives into the swamp, but is fearful of going out after sunset.
In Summer (August) 2008, awkwardly-cute and shy Sean Conklin and his classmates, pretty and kind Tracy Miller who he has a secret crush on, her boyfriend, irresponsible prankster Tyler Shuman who had no clue about his friend’s hidden affections for his girl and their other friends: thoughtful Bruce Delroy and his girlfriend, tough and headstrong Ruthie Semple decide to spend their last weekend together at a local lake after graduating from high school.
Shortly after arriving, they head into the water, but Sean suddenly sees some apparently large tentacles splash out of the water, but no one else does and he dismisses it at first.
Tyler finds a canoe and proposes that they go out to a floating platform in the lake to spend the rest of the day.
Sean and Tracy discuss their future as they row out to the platform.
Tyler attempts to scare them by pretending something has grabbed him and pulled him under, but they easily predict when he would resurface.
As the day progresses, Ruthie is suddenly pulled underwater, and the group panics, but it turns out to be Tyler playing another trick.
They scold him, and Tyler angrily leaves in the canoe, leaving no easy way for the others to return to shore.
Sean tells them not to worry, as Tyler will probably return, but they suddenly hear a yell and see that Tyler is missing again, and the canoe has been suddenly capsized.
They immediately assume that he is trying to play a prank on them again, but Bruce decides to see if he can find him.
After swimming over to the canoe, he says that he cannot find Tyler, and suddenly starts yelling, claiming something is grabbing him from underwater, and disappears as well.
Sean confides in the remaining two that he saw the tentacles from before, but they have no way of escaping from the creature and resort to yelling for help for hours as night falls.
As tragically as fate has it, what appears to be a giant octopus, strikes again, grabbing Ruthie and taking her down into the dark, cold depths of the lake.
Sean and Tracy conclude that they have to try to swim to shore, or the creature will kill them anyway, but are attacked as they attempt to make the crossing.
However, they were found on the shore, having survived drowning and were treated for exhaustion, shock, and unidentified blister-like wounds all over their bodies.
The bodies of Tyler, Bruce, and Ruthie were never found.
Clips in the episode discuss known cases of animals adapting to environments other than their own, including freshwater jellyfish, and the abilities of octopi.
In 2007, amateur adventurer Tim Akrin attempted to film the pilot episode of his survival reality show, Stranded, in the Daintree Rainforest of Australia.
The premise of his show is he will be dropped into remote locations without any crew or means of contact to civilization and attempt to survive for seven days.
On Day 1, he attempts to show the audience how to make a shelter to avoid venomous snakes and rain, and then goes out to look for food.
He discovers human bones in the jungle, and mentions saltwater crocodiles and feral pigs in the rainforest before deciding to reshoot the scene.
While his back is turned, a large, scaly form bumps the camera as it walks by.
When Akrin sees this, he thinks nothing of whatever could have knocked it over.
He than goes on to demonstrate aboriginal techniques for finding food in the form of grubs under tree bark.
He later discovers a den in the undergrowth and tries to find out what kind of animal is inside, using another aboriginal technique to do so.
However, while he does so, Akrin is suddenly bitten viciously on the arm by an unseen animal inside the lair but he pulls free.
After bandaging his wound, he tries to start a campfire, but is unable to do so because of his injury.
That night, it begins to rain and he decides to show the audience what the rainforest is like at night.
He hears strange sounds coming from the bush and claims that its the same creature making the sounds and that it has been prowling nearby for a while.
He tries to scare it off, but to no avail.
As soon as he wakes up on Day 2, Akrin notes that he feels sick, and his arm has become swollen and discolored, apparently badly infected with some kind of blood poisoning.
Realizing the severity of his injury, Tim concludes that he must try to reach a village a few miles north of his location.
As he makes his trek, he hears hissing in the jungle; the creature is stalking him, and he concludes that it is not a crocodile.
The infection becomes increasingly worse, causing Akrin to begin vomiting.
After it becomes dark, Akrin becomes utterly lost, constantly plagued by the strange calls of the creature and tries in vain to scare it away.
He finally makes one last desperate break for the village, but becomes even more ill as he does so.
When it becomes obvious that he will not reach the village, he uses his last minutes to send a message to his wife Catherine and daughter Maria.
He suddenly hears the sounds of the creature growing closer: it has become impatient with waiting for him to die.
He tries to run, but it easily catches up to him and drags him off into the dark of the jungle.
Tim Akrin's body was never found, but his camera was recovered by aboriginal trail guides less than a quarter of a mile from their village.
Saliva found on the camera was tested and found not to match any known reptile species.
On January 24, 2002, Sergeant Carlos Ramos and Corporals Latrel Wade and Derek Sawyer were sent to investigate bizarre interference that had been disrupting a new sonar-based cave-mapping system.
The USMC has been using this system at Tora Bora in the wake of an intense bombing campaign in the winter of 2001, and believe that the interference is coming from a new jamming device developed by Al-Qaeda or the Taliban.
Ramos was only a few days away from his return to the United States and was looking forward to seeing his wife Danielle and infant son AJ in Chicago, who he sends a video recording to just before going on the mission.
After being briefed by their gunnery sergeant on their mission--to locate and destroy the thing that is causing the interference--the three marines made their way to the cave and arrive there shortly before midnight, recording the mission with helmet cameras.
After confirming their status with base command, Ramos warns Wade and Sawyer to keep their wits about them; none of them have any idea how deep the caves run, and there could be land mines and improvised explosive devices anywhere.
Shortly after entering the cave, they hear the squeaking of bats as they try to maneuver their way through the darkness by light provided by their helmets.
Suddenly, there is a screech as a huge shadow briefly obscures the light from one of their flashlights.
As they travel further into the cave, they come upon a disgusting smell and quickly identify it as guano also known as bat feces.
Ramos takes out a portable device which he uses to track a signal deep in the cave, which they believe is the source of the interference.
As they follow the signal, they hear a strange sound and question what it is; when they hear the squeaks of increasingly numerous bats all around them, they assume that they were the source of the noise to them.
Sawyer comments that he is afraid of bats, and Ramos jokingly chastises him, which Sawyer doesn't appreciate given their situation.
As Wade joins in on teasing Sawyer, there is a sudden explosion as he accidentally sets off a land mine and plummets into another chamber of the cave fifteen feet below them, where their radios will no longer work.
Ramos and Sawyer yell towards him to find out if he's okay; Wade is alive, but his spinal cord is broken.
As Ramos and Sawyer climb down to him, Wade hears the sound of wings flapping and suddenly sees a large winged creature fly past him.
Once Ramos and Sawyer find Wade, they discover that he is unable to move and he warns them that something else is in the cave.
A frightened Sawyer asks what it was that he saw, but Ramos insists that Wade has been so badly hurt that he's delirious; Wade insists that he did see something, which resembled a woman, which spawns a brief argument between Sawyer and Ramos.
Ramos' portable device begins pulsing rapidly; the source of the interference is very close-by.
Resolving to destroy the source of the interference first and then help Wade, Ramos and Sawyer leave him to finish their mission.
Sawyer doesn't like this idea, but Ramos insists that everything will be alright.
Unbeknownst to Sawyer and Ramos, as they approach the strongest source of the signal, another, smaller source has appeared on the portable device, approaching Wade.
Wade is suddenly attacked by a gigantic bat-like creature and opens fire it.
His screams and the gunfire compel the other two marines to return and try to help him, but arrive too late; he is dead.
Sawyer starts sobbing at the loss of his friend, saying that they never should have left him behind.
Ramos believes that it was the work of insurgents hiding elsewhere in the cave and insists that they go and destroy the source of the interference once and for all.
As they again approach the deepest part of the caves, they hear louder chirps and other bizarre sounds; unknown to them, in the darkness all around them, at least five smaller sources of interference are lurking about.
The portable device starts beeping constantly as they find themselves at the heart of the interference: not a terrorist hideaway, but a nest of the creatures.
They are suddenly attacked by several gigantic bats.
Their cameras capture glimpses of their wings and briefly, their mouths.
Screaming in terror, the marines open fire on the giant bats (possibly killing a few) as their flashlights go out.
Nine hours afterward, in the morning on January 25, a rescue team located Ramos near the cave entrance; he had suffered severe blood loss, but survived and was taken to a military hospital for treatment of a rare form of rabies, and was reunited with his wife and child after several months in quarantine.
The bodies of Wade and Sawyer were never recovered, and Ramos' injuries--including a large bite wound on his neck--were too large, severe, and extensive to have been caused by any known species of bat.
Clips in the episode also discuss numerous mythical winged humanoids (usually female), the abilities of bats, and rabies.
In Summer 2007, paranormal investigators Peter Grey and Jolene Sharrock were called to a church in a small California town of Fallview; according to the locals, a mysterious winged creature, which they believe to be the source of demonic activity, is haunting both the church and the forest in the surrounding area.
The investigators are well-known for both their serious research into paranormal events such as ghosts for a popular television show; Jolene works a video camera to record their findings.
While looking for the local church leader, they are suddenly startled by an old woman, Hazel Van Lear, who appears to be mentally unstable.
She begins to tell them of the demon, but a man interrupts her as he approaches them.
He sends Hazel off to calm herself down and then introduces himself as Grant Bolton, the archdeacon with whom Peter previously had a conversation over the phone; it is he who asked them to come to the church to investigate the demonic activity.
Peter interviews him in order to learn more about the purported activities: Bolton tells them that the "demonic presence" has been disturbing his congregation for years, and describes it as being as large as a man and winged with pointed ears and glowing red eyes; it was only recently that the creature became more active.
As Hazel tells them about her own encounter with the demon, she claims that it followed her to the United States from her native Mawnan in Cornwall.
Steady-nerved Peter suggests that the creature is actually just a large owl, so he and Jolene climb high into the belfry of the church to see if they can find it.
They immediately discover a horrible stink and disgusting leavings all over the belfry, along with the skeleton of a small pigeon.
There is a sudden screech, which frightens Jolene, but Peter concludes that it was just some pigeons taking flight.
They climb higher into the belfry, where they discover an owl pellet as big as a human head.
Peter dissects it with a knife, first extracting a rat skull, and then an entire human mandible.
After turning over their new findings to police as possible evidence of a crime or missing persons case, they initiate the next step of their investigation: interviewing the family of Sue Ann Mills, a little girl who also claims to have seen the creature.
After arriving at the Mills residence, they immediately notice sidewalk chalk drawings in the driveway, including one that resembles a cross between a man and a great horned owl that closely resembles the description of the demon given by Bolton.
Sue Ann's mother, Janis, claims that her daughter hasn't been the same since encountering the demon, and has been suffering from insomnia and nightmares when she does manage to get to sleep.
As they interview Sue Ann, she, too, claims that the creature is a demon; when Peter asks her about why she thinks this, she explains that she had an irrational fear in its presence, as well as that the creature chased her and was still trying to get her.
She also claims that the creature knows that the investigators are pursuing it and intends to stop them.
At about 6 o'clock that evening, and even though great risk is involved, the investigators decide that the best way to flush out the creature is to return Sue Ann to the forest where she saw it.
Peter resolved to take every precaution possible to ensure Sue Ann's safety, including bringing her mother along with them and using IR and thermal cameras and a digital audio recorder to record any electronic voice phenomena.
It is already very dark as they walk into the forest, and Jolene suddenly begins to feel lightheaded and strange for no apparent reason.
Soon, they arrive at the exact spot where Sue Ann saw the creature before, but they find nothing in the immediate area.
Peter asks if Sue Ann is feeling okay, and she says that she's just feeling a little hot; Peter then notices that Jolene is also experiencing a rise in her body temperature with the thermal camera.
Suddenly, there is a loud screech and the sound of rustling wings as something swoops down on them; Sue Ann immediately claims that it is the creature, but it disappears into the darkness almost immediately.
Peter, trying to maintain his composure, tells Jolene to try to get audio recordings of what is going on around them when she is suddenly attacked by the creature, which knocks her off her feet; it is so fast that no one even saw it.
They suddenly notice that Sue Ann has disappeared and frantically begin searching for her.
They find her quickly, and the girl again states that the creature is trying to stop the investigators.
They retreat to the church with the creature in hot pursuit, its dark, winged silhouette crossing in front of the camera several times and screeching at them.
Finally reaching the church at about midnight, they take refuge inside and begin to feel that they are now safe.
Suddenly, Hazel appears from behind a pillar and starts yelling at the investigators that they never should have come, that they have only aggravated the "demon." Bolton shows up next, demanding to know what is going on.
After Peter explains what transpired in the woods, Hazel concludes that creature wants Sue Ann.
The creature suddenly appears in the church, screeching and flying around the room, only seen as the shadows cast by the investigators' camera lights.
Bolton tells everyone to hide in the altar, as it is the holiest place in the church, but the owlman chases them there, too.
As everyone hides, they see that Hazel is still standing out in the open and tell her to hide with them.
Hazel then claims that the creature is after Sue Ann because she is young and vulnerable, easy prey.
She then says that an old woman is vulnerable, too, and walks out in full view of the owlman, ignoring the others' screams for her to hide.
The following morning, Peter relinquished his tapes to the local authorities so that they could complete their own investigation, and he and Jolene suspended all future investigations indefinitely; ultimately, this case would prove to be the last one that they would ever perform, and was never aired on their television show.
Hazel's disappearance was never officially explained, and her body was never recovered; as such, any connection between the creature and events concerning her in Cornwall would likely never be established.
Sue Ann, however, recovered from the encounter and is now enrolled in the fifth grade.
Though the creature was never seen again since that night, locals still report hearing strange sounds in the woods near the church.
In Summer 2008, just after midnight, two animal rights activists named Scott Sumner and Evan Metcalf set out to investigate allegations of illegal animal trading in a local textile warehouse by businessman Ken Tobar.
They had previously tried contacting Tobar through proper channels to investigate, but were repeatedly ignored and have decided to take the law into their own hands.
Armed with only a video camera and a crowbar, they lay a blanket over the barbed wire lining the top of the fence that surrounds the facility and climb over, and then break into the building with the crowbar.
Unbeknownst to them, security guard Larry Johnson and German Shepherd guard dog Bishop are patrolling the area; Larry suspects Tobar of being involved in illegal activities, but has not questioned his volatile boss about it.
However, there is one particularly large crate that Bishop barks at whenever they pass by it.
Meanwhile, Scott and Evan immediately find wooden crates with stamps reading "LIVE ANIMALS" in the warehouse and grow increasingly assured that their suspicions about Tobar are true.
As they move deeper into the warehouse, they suddenly see heat lamps in a corner of the warehouse, discovering non-native reptiles and a crate containing a live wild cat.
They are excited over the prospect of putting Tobar in jail, having found more than they had ever expected to.
Suddenly, they are confronted by Larry and Bishop, who demands that they leave as Scott explains what they are doing; Larry threatens to call the police, but Scott mocks him, saying that the police would be far more interested in Tobar's customs violations than a trespassing.
Suddenly, they hear the sound of wood splintering, and Larry demands to know who else is in the warehouse, but Scott and Evan claim that they are the only ones there.
Larry reluctantly leaves to investigate the noise, but not before confiscating the tape with all of their evidence on it at gunpoint.
Scott is upset at the loss of their tape, but Evan reveals that he has a spare tape with him.
After reshooting the scene, they try to leave but become lost in the confusing warehouse.
Larry investigates the giant crate, which has been broken open from the inside, and finds it empty.
While his back is turned, the enormous shape of an exceptionally large snake slithers past him, partially obscured by a large shelf.
Bishop grows increasingly aggravated while, elsewhere, Scott and Evan hear rather loud hissing elsewhere in the warehouse.
As they try to find their way out, they discover crates filled with ice and animal body parts, including the gall bladders of bears which are used to make pharmaceutical products; Scott also explains that the active ingredient in bear gallbladders has been synthetically replicated by pharmaceutical companies, making this a greater crime than normal on Tobar's part, and that he is now absolutely certain that Tobar will go to jail.
As they again try to leave, Evan hears the hissing again, and is growing increasingly worried over it.
Meanwhile, Larry calls Tobar to tell him about Scott and Evan, but more importantly to tell him that whatever was in the large crate has gone missing.
Suddenly, Bishop gets loose and runs off into the darkness; Larry hangs up on Tobar to follow Bishop.
Shortly thereafter, Scott and Evan come across the crate as well, discovering an enormous snakeskin inside; this greatly worries both of them, as they now know that a snake at least fifty feet long is lurking somewhere in the warehouse.
As Larry keeps searching for Bishop, he suddenly hears a yelp and runs over to find his dog, which has been killed and dragged to a corner by something.
As he is investigating the blood trail, he suddenly hears the hissing and decides to leave as well.
After he leaves, Evan and Scott find Bishop as well, and now know that they absolutely need to get out.
As they become more and more desperate to escape, Scott climbs on top of a crate to see if he can find a way out.
He sees the crates that they passed by as they entered, but is suddenly grabbed by an unseen creature and lifted up and out of sight.
Evan panics when Scott's crowbar drops onto the crate and he runs away, bumping into Larry and they try to escape.
Larry leads Evan to a door and tries desperately to get it open, but it is stuck.
A security camera captures an image of the enormous anaconda slithering towards them, and they just barely manage to get out of the building and over the fence in time, but Evan drops his camera in the process.
Evan wants to return to get the camera, as it is their only proof of what happened in the warehouse, but Larry insists that they just leave; as he does, the camera captures a brief image of the anaconda slithering past it, unable to pursue them any further.
At about 3 o'clock in the morning, Tobar arrives at the facility, heeding the call that Larry had made earlier to assess the situation.
Tobar finds Evan's camera, still recording, on the ground, and remarks, "It's my lucky day," immediately before he is attacked.
Security cameras failed to record what happened to Tobar that night, but he has not been seen since then.
Evan and Larry's testimony allowed the FBI to raid the warehouse and seize numerous black market animals and animal parts, but the giant anaconda that they claimed to have seen that night was never found.
On November 16, 2007, brothers Kevin and Cole Weller sneaked away from their home in Chicago, Illinois to meet up with their friend Paxton Reed to film a skateboarding video of themselves with their parents' video camera at a place called "The Ditch." Paxton doubts the abilities of Cole, the younger of the brothers, but Kevin convinces him that they should take him along.
They enter a restricted area of a national park to do so.
As night falls, they leave the paved road and enter the forest itself.
Cole goes to relieve himself in a bush as Paxton taunts him about being scared.
Strange calls can be heard, but Kevin and Paxton ignore them until a large bird of prey swoops down on them, blocking out the remaining sources of light for a brief moment.
Cole returns, but thinks they're trying to scare him when they tell him about the bird.
A short while later, they discover a dead possum in a tree, which they poke with a stick before leaving.
They finally come to The Ditch at about 8:30 at night, and Paxton decides to tell them a ghost story about a kid simply disappearing in The Ditch.
They begin filming their video, re-energized from finally reaching their destination, but Paxton startles Cole as he tries to perform a skateboarding trick, which causes him to fall and break his leg.
They reluctantly leave Cole to get help, but leave behind a cell phone for Cole to use.
As they head for help, Paxton tries to come up with excuses so that he and Kevin do not get in trouble, but they suddenly hear a screech from above them and receive a call from Cole, who is asking for help before they suddenly hear another screech over the phone.
They run back to find Cole is missing, though his shoe is hanging from a tree branch.
Cole was found the next day at the bottom of a freeway overpass half a mile from The Ditch, battered and bruised but still alive.
He has no recollection of what happened to him, and the mysterious animal was never found.
Clips in the episode discuss numerous large winged predators of the past and present and injuries from skateboarding.
Andy Miller returned to his home at Skinwalker Ranch to visit his parents after two years away at college studying political science, as well as to try to repair the strained relationship he developed with his father after leaving for college instead of staying to work on the ranch.
He videotapes the trip to show his girlfriend when he returns to college.
Shortly after arriving, his parents approach.
Andy joins his father as they drive out onto the ranch to check on a mother sheep that had recently given birth.
His father tells him of a recent coyote problem that had developed at the ranch, and after a while they drive past a strange Native American woman walking along the road, who is wearing animal hides and making strange growling sounds.
When Andy asks him about it, his father dismisses it as simply being that there are several reservations in the area around the ranch.
As they arrive at the north end of the ranch, where the mother sheep is being kept.
As they walk up into the hills, they spot tracks in the dust.
Andy notices that, while the tracks start off looking like those of a coyote, they turn into what appear to be human footprints as they progress through the sand.
They suddenly hear Andy's mother calling from the truck.
At first, they think that they had left the truck's radio on, but when they arrive, they find that it has been off the whole time.
They then hear coyote calls from up in the hills and the bleating of a sheep.
Andy's father grabs a rifle from the truck and they head towards where the sheep is being kept.
A coyote suddenly appears on a ridge, and Andy's father shoots at it, but it seems to disappear.
They finally arrive at the pen where the mother sheep is being kept, but find it slaughtered, and the lamb is missing.
They suddenly hear what appears to be an entire pack of coyotes approaching them and they decide to leave as night begins to fall.
As they drive back, they see what appears to be the woman from before up on a ridge.
It is completely dark in a short while, and a person, presumably the same woman from before, suddenly walks out into the road in front of them and seems to be hit by the truck.
When they get out to check on her, they find only the missing lamb wrapped up in the animal hides the woman had been wearing.
Andy suddenly hears a sound and turns just in time to see a coyote running away at the edge of the headlights' beams.
Andy returned to college, switching his field of study to Native American mythology.
The coyote problem ceased shortly after his visit, but his parents continue to report strange animal calls and sounds on their ranch at night.
On December 18, 1967, following the collapse of the Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, the FBI arrested a man named Roy Kirby who had filmed the collapse and events preceding it.
They suspect him of being involved in the collapse.
They begin to question him, and it is revealed that his marriage has recently become a bit strained because of Roy's apparent obsession with the mothman.
He claims that the mothman came to warn them all of the impending collapse, and that, two weeks prior, he heard something outside his home and saw the mothman outside his window, filming it long enough to catch a brief glimpse of its silhouette, though his wife thinks it was just a bird, having not seen the creature herself.
Roy attempts to describe the creature, but the agents do not believe him.
He continued to see (and film) the creature as time progressed, but his wife does not believe him, instead attributing to vandalism in their house to mischievous children.
The day before the collapse, Roy filmed himself at the site, claiming that something drew him to the bridge and thinking that the mothman is trying to tell him something (which he later concludes is the collapse of the bridge).
He becomes increasingly exasperated as the agents refuse to believe him, and eventually reveals that he and his wife had an argument just prior to the collapse of the bridge.
On the day of the collapse, he managed to capture the mothman on tape in a tree near the bridge, though it is obscured by branches and the camera being out of focus, and shortly afterwards witnesses the collapse of the bridge.
After all this, the agents still do not believe him, and news footage reveals that he rescued a woman from the river who also claims to have seen the creature.
Following an extensive investigation by the FBI, no charges were brought against Roy and the collapse was officially attributed to a structural flaw.
He returned home to his wife and vowed never to speak of the creature again, and the FBI confiscated his tapes.
Following the collapse, there were no further sightings in the area, though a woman claimed to have seen it (or a similar creature) before the I-35 collapse.
In Summer 2008, two longtime friends and extreme sports enthusiasts Greg Cole and Benton Davis competed in a three-day, five-hundred-mile (310 km) ATV race across the Gobi Desert, following a tradition in which they pushed each other to new challenges each year.
As they find they are in last place in the race, they agree on next year's challenges before continuing.
They become thoroughly lost as night falls, but assume that they will be able to find their way once it becomes light again.
As they rest and joke around with each other, Greg is suddenly bitten by an unseen creature, and Benton's camera captures a trail of sand being pushed up by something under it.
After sleeping for a short while, Greg suddenly wakes up screaming in pain, unable to feel his legs, with some kind of acid on his leg that has already melted part of his clothing.
Benton tries to start Greg's ATV, but the engine has died.
However, Benton's vehicle still works, and he tries to help Greg onto it, but panics as he sees another trail left by the creature in the sand, and finally manages to get Greg onto his ATV.They drive for a while, but the vehicle runs out of gas, stranding them.
Benton suddenly feels a sensation like static electricity and briefly sees the death worm appear under the ATV.
Greg insists that Benton leave on his own for help while it is still cool out, and Benton promises that he will return.
Shortly after leaving, Greg is suddenly attacked by at least one creature, apparently with electricity, and falls off the vehicle and is dragged under the sand.
In desperation, Benton drops the camera and yells for help before suddenly being attacked by a worm which is seen only as a trail in the sand charging at him.
He uses his last moments to send a message to whoever finds the camera about the worms before he is suddenly attacked by a group of them.
Their bodies were never found, but their vehicles and the camera were found.
Their deaths were officially attributed to heat exposure, and the strange burrows found around their equipment were not investigated.
In Fall 2005, a group of goth college students planned to visit a local cemetery in order to film a new segment for the website of their leader, Annabel Lilith.
Accompanying Annabel are three of her classmates, who go by the aliases of Ophelia, Luna, and Severin (Severin being the only male member of the group).
Annabel planned to induct a new member into their group, a girl named Nora Callarman that Annabel had not yet met.
She doubts Nora's worthiness and plans to play a prank on her.
They pick up Nora and begin to drive to the cemetery, blindfolding Nora as they do so.
Shortly after arriving at the cemetery, a large dog resembling a rottweiler with glowing red eyes suddenly jumps up onto the hood of the car in full view of their camera.
As suddenly as it appears, the dog disappears, seemingly into thin air, but they assume that it ran off and dismissing the incident.
As midnight approached, they set up a table and other items for Nora's initiation in front of a tombstone.
As part of the initiation, Annabel asks the "spirits" for a sign, and the dog suddenly appears again, seemingly larger than before, barking, growling and snarling at them.
Like before, it disappears very quickly and even more suddenly than before, leaving behind a patch of scorched and smoking earth where it had been standing.
While most of the group are terrified by this, Annabel shrugs it off by assuming it is the sign she asked for and insists that they finish the ritual and they continued and Annabel then forces Nora to drink what looks like blood, but is actually fake blood and she drinks it and they finish the ritual and Nora is officially inducted into their group.
As they start to leave, Nora and Severin split from the group to take a walk together, during which time Nora asks how many times Severin has seen the dog so far, but he does not have time to answer before they hear the dog approaching again.
They hide behind a tombstone and Nora tells him to close his eyes as the dog approaches.
They regroup with Annabel, Ophelia and Luna, who also saw the dog again, and Nora warns the others that the dog means an untimely death for whoever has seen it three times; this results in an argument.
As they try to leave, Luna trips and nearly cracks her skull on a glass bottle, supporting Nora's theory and causing the group to panic.
They finally get back to the car and try to drive off but the car won't start, with Annabel still arguing with the others that there is nothing to worry about, refusing to believe that there was anything supernatural about the dog.
As they finally drive away, still arguing, Annabel does not see another car coming right towards them and they crash.
The camera captures an image of Nora, now injured and bleeding, trying to wake up Severin before realizing that he is dead and comes to the conclusion that he saw the dog three times.
As she gets up to leave, the dog suddenly appears again, but is acting very friendly this time and Nora begins to pet it as she leaves the scene.
It turns out that there were no official records of Nora anywhere, and to this day, her true identity remains unknown (it is implied she is a ghost).
The others were all proclaimed dead at the scene.
Traces of sulfur were found in and around the car, but no evidence of any dog was found anywhere near the site.
In Summer (July) 2009, the Redding family tried to refurbish an old house that they moved into after the father, Dennis, lost his job during the recent economic down turn.
Worried about her son Eddie because of his history of sleepwalking, Sarah installs a stationary camera in his new room.
Eddie is not very enthusiastic about his new surroundings, especially after he sees the door to his closet open on its own.
Eddie flips his present from his grandmother while he and his mother leave the room for a snack, the camera he left behind on the bed captures an image of the closet door closing by itself.
Shortly thereafter, in the middle of the night, the door opens again and a strange, humanoid creature emerges.
It creeps around the room, lingering near Eddie's bed and finally stealing his stuffed bear Ruggles.
However, Eddie wakes up and screams at the sight of the creature and it flees right before his parents come in.
Eddie claims that there is a monster in his closet, but Dennis finds nothing.
Suddenly, there is a scrabbling sound as something in the ceiling moves above them, which Dennis attributes to raccoons and Sarah says that he can sleep in her room.
The following day, Eddie goes looking for Ruggles, following a trail of cotton to the closet.
Sarah finds the shredded remains of the stuffed teddy bear, which worries her as she assumes Eddie was responsible, but Dennis dismisses it as simply being the result of their recent move.
He plans to have Eddie help him fix up the house so that they can bond.
Meanwhile, Eddie looks at a squirrel eating an apple core, and his parents have hired a pest control exterminator, named Stan Polanski, to deal with what they assume is a raccoon infestation.
In the basement, Polanski discovers a hole in the wall which he examines with a snake camera.
His camera reveals several nests made of various debris, and he suddenly sees a strange creature in the nest in full view of his camera.
As soon as the camera stops, the creature's eyes open and it attacks the camera.
In the ensuing struggle, the camera manages to capture footage of the creature pulling a screaming Polanski through the wall and tearing into his throat, killing him.
Dennis and Eddie, meanwhile, are having a fun time fixing the house, but Sarah notices that the exterminator has been missing for a while.
Eddie goes down into the basement to find him with his camera but drops it, discovering the nests through the now much larger hole in the wall, as well as Polanski's body.
Polanski's snake camera then catches a humanoid like creature watching Eddie.
On
A Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.
This plexus of veins drains blood from the testicles back to the heart.
The vessels originate in the abdomen and course down through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord on their way to the testis.
Varicoceles occur in around 15% to 20% of all men.[3][4] The incidence of Varicocele increase with age.
Varicocele might be noticed as soft lumps, usually above the testicle and mostly on the left side of the scrotum.[5] Right-sided and bilateral Varicocele does also occur.
Men with Varicocele can feel symptoms of pain or heaviness in their scrotum.[5] Large Varicoceles present as plexus of veins and may be described as "bag of worms".[6][7] Varicocele is sometimes discovered when investigating the cause of male infertility.[8][9] There are three main theories as to the anatomical cause; the first has to do with the geometry of the veins, wherein the vein on the left side connects to the larger outflowing vein at a right angle, which tends to fail; the second is that valves that are supposed to prevent backflow fail (venous insufficiency); the third is due to excessive pressure in upstream arteries, created by nutcracker syndrome.[10] Often the greatest concern with respect to Varicocele is its effect on male fertility.
The relationship between Varicocele and infertility is unclear.
Some men with the condition are fertile, some have sperm that are normal in shape and move normally but are compromised in function, and some have sperm with abnormal shapes or that do not move well.[10] Theories as to how Varicocele affects sperm function include damage via excess heat caused by the blood pooling and oxidative stress on sperm.[4][10][11][12] Tobacco smoking and mutations in the gene expressing glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 both put men at risk for infertility; these factors may also exacerbate the risk that Varicocele will affect fertility.[10] Following discovery of the sign of swelling comprising a mass, Varicocele can be confirmed with scrotal ultrasound, which will show dilation of the vessels of the pampiniform plexus to be greater than 2 mm.[13] Varicocele in ultrasound (left: testicle) Varicocele The two most common surgical approaches are retroperitoneal (abdominal using laparoscopic surgery), infrainguinal/subinguinal (below the groin) and inguinal (groin using percutaneous embolization).[4] Possible complications of this procedure include hematoma (bleeding into tissues), hydrocele (accumulation of fluid around the affected testicle), infection, or injury to the scrotal tissue or structures.
In addition, injury to the artery that supplies the testicle may occur, resulting in a loss of a testicle.[4] Whether having Varicocele surgery or embolization improves male fertility is controversial, as good clinical data is lacking.[9] There is tentative evidence that Varicocelectomy may improve fertility in those with obvious findings and abnormal sperm;[4] however, this has a number needed to treat of 7 for Varicocelectomy and 17 for embolization.[14][15] There are also studies showing that the regular surgery has no significant effect on infertility.[9] A 2012 Cochrane review found tentative but unclear evidence of improved fertility among males treated for Varicocele.[16] Evidence for sclerotherapy is unclear as of 2015.[17] Around 15% to 20% of all adult males, up to 35% to 40% of men who are evaluated for male infertility, and around 80% of men who are infertile due to some other cause, have Varicocele.[3][4][9]
I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy sitcom starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000-year-old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master, with whom she falls in love and whom she eventually marries.
Produced by Screen Gems, the series originally aired from September 1965 to May 1970 on NBC.
The series ran for five seasons and produced 139 episodes.
The first season consisted of 30 episodes filmed in black and white; all later seasons were filmed in color.
All first season episodes were originally filmed in black and white, but were colorized for some DVD releases. After orbiting in Stardust One, Astronaut Tony Nelson crash lands on a remote island in the South Pacific. On the beach, he finds a bottle and gets a surprise when he opens it. A beautiful genie appears who is instantly attracted to him, helps him get rescued and then follows him back to Cocoa Beach, Florida. Philip Ober appears as General Wingard Stone, the father of Tony's fiance Melissa (Karen Sharpe). There is peril in Persia when Jeannie whisks Captain Nelson to that ancient civilization in order to avenge her honor against Ali, the Killer of Giants (Richard Kiel). When Jeannie visits her parents, she announces to them that her greatest wish is to marry her Master — if he survives Ali first. When Tony's future father-in-law accepts an ambassadorship, he offers Tony a prestigious position if he leaves the Air Force. Tony turns down the offer. Tony's fiancée, Melissa, urges him to accept the position overseas and move up their wedding date. An old friend of Melissa's, Grover Caldwell (John Hudson), comes into the picture. She believes now that Tony has changed too much and wants to marry Grover. Tony is relieved. Tony's littlest fan, 8-year-old Custer (Bill Mumy), causes trouble when he sees some of Jeannie's magic and reports it to his parents, Major Jamison (Herb Voland) and Mrs. Wendy Jamison (Grace Albertson). They don't believe him and take Custer to see Dr. Bellows. Dr. Bellows would like Custer to continue to spy on Tony. Now Jeannie must outwit the doctor before Tony gets put in the hot seat at work. Gift giving goes too far when Roger unwittingly gives Jeannie's bottle to a visiting female Russian cosmonaut (Arlene Martel) as a symbol of friendship. Tony goes to extreme lengths to get the bottle back, but not before the cosmonaut realizes that she now has a genie of her very own. Paul Reed appears as General Barkley. Dr. Bellows determines that married men make better astronauts, so Jeannie asks her Master to marry her. When he refuses, Jeannie blinks up another Tony who is much more romantic and attuned to her needs. Dr. Bellows believes that the two will married this coming Sunday. At the wedding, Tony pretends to be the romantic copy, and Jeannie calls off the wedding. Note: General Peterson (Barton MacLane) makes his first appearance in this episode. Roger begs Tony to let Jeannie find a genie for him, but Tony says no. Roger finds himself in serious trouble when he keeps Dr. Bellows' niece Sheila (Judy Carne) out too late on a date. Dr. Bellows wants to send Roger to a remote island for 30 days. Further complicating matters, he believes the two stage magicians subletting his apartment are his personal genies. Herbie Faye (uncredited) appears as "Mr. Billings", Bernard Fox as Arnie, Emmaline Henry as Myrt. Feeling that Jeannie's magic is helping him around the house too much, Tony makes her swear to say "Tough luck, Charlie" if he ever asks her for help. Because she took the oath, she can no longer help her master. His timing could not be worse, as he is immediately taken captive by killer Chinese spies who are determined to get the plans for a top-secret project. Jeannie tells Roger what is happening and he tells Dr. Bellows, who naturally doesn't believe him. Jeannie saves Tony by having Roger temporarily be her master. When Jeannie gives her Master a crack golf swing, General Peterson is so impressed that he makes Tony his partner for a game against a longtime rival. Tony's determined to rise to the occasion without help, but soon realizes that Jeannie may be his hole-in-one. Golf pro Jerry Barber appears as himself. Jeannie, eager for Tony's painting to do well at a charity auction, turns his copy of a Rembrandt into the real thing. Dr. Van Weesen (Jonathan Hole) and Dean Geller (Booth Colman), both art experts, try to outbid each other for Tony's painting, believing it to be authentic. Dr. Bellows accuses Tony of either forgery or theft and flies in another expert from the Louvre. Jeannie poses as the expert and gets Tony off the hook. All episodes in Season 2 and onwards were filmed in color Jeannie lets in a man named Harry Huggins (Paul Lynde) who scoffs at her master's house and his taste. Hoping to make Tony look better, she makes several valuable works of art appear and several servants. Harry introduces himself as a representative of the IRS. While talking to Dr. Bellows, Harry says he believes Tony to be the head of an international smuggling ring. Before Tony can get in any real trouble, Jeannie changes all the art into fakes. Maurice Dallimore (uncredited) appears as "Professor Preever", an art expert. Roger tells Jeannie that he has arranged a double-date for Tony and himself with two beauty queens. Before Roger can tell Tony, Jeannie turns him into a French Poodle. Roger is caught by a dog catcher and taken to the pound. Tony manages to retrieve him and brings him to the office. Dr. Bellows wants to send the poodle into space. Jeannie changes him back. Tony and Roger are set to date the beauty queens but Jeannie turns the girls into dogs when they arrive. Watching a TV Western, Tony longs for the days when a man had to be strong to survive. Jeannie obliges by making him sheriff of "Gopher Junction", an old Western town. Tony must try to help Eddie Sheridan (Eddie Firestone), a man wrongly convicted. Some men want to lynch him in order to get his land and cattle. Hoyt Axton appears as Bull, one of bad guys. Guest star: Whit Bissell as Horace Sedgwick, the town banker and ringleader of the bad guys. Tony is unable to join Roger in buying a sailboat because he is short the money. Jeannie goes to the bank with Tony to "help" borrow money for his share. She gets Tony in trouble by putting $3 million in his Christmas club account. After Roger accidentally uses a free wish from Jeannie to clean a spill on Tony's uniform, the uniform becomes impervious to tears, stains, cutting or burning. Dr. Bellows witnesses these miracles and tries to convince General Peterson, but continually destroys the General's uniforms. General Peterson decides to send Dr. Bellows to Iceland. Jeannie manages to straighten things out. After seeing Jeannie's bottle, Mrs. Bellows, with her husband's encouragement, rudely takes the bottle. While getting a copy made, the shop mixes them up and she ends up taking the real bottle home, with Jeannie inside. Tony and Roger break into the house to get it back. When Dr. Bellows comes home early, Tony pretends to have been sleep walking to get the bottle. After Tony reluctantly accepts a job in the private sector, Roger and Jeannie look into his future, which is very successful. They fool him into thinking it will be horrible but he still takes the job as he feels that the aerospace industry needs him. Roger and Jeannie come up with another plan that works. Being suspicious as to why Jeannie is being so nice, Tony finds out it is "Haji's Day". On that day, a master can wish away his genie. Tony decides to do that, but realizes he made a terrible mistake. Roger decides to hold a mod party and invites Tony and Jeannie. They forget it conflicts with a meeting Dr. Bellows set up, and say they will be hunting. Mrs. Bellows finds out about the party when Jeannie goes to buy a dress. When Dr. and Mrs. Bellows go to the party to confront Tony and Roger, Jeannie puts them in Roman hunting outfits and they end up camping in the rain. Tony and Roger are training a chimpanzee named Sam to be on the first flight to the Moon. Jeannie turns him into a human (Larry Storch). When she tries to turn him back, she accidentally turns Tony into a chimp. After Jeannie returns from a Beauty Salon, Roger tells her what happened, and she blinks Sam and Tony back to themselves. While Jeannie and Tony are in Hawaii, a con man (Milton Berle), who pretends to be wealthy Mr. Vanderhaven, tries to get Jeannie's scarab pin, given to her by Tutankhamun, in exchange for diamonds supposedly found on a beach near Diamond Head. Once Tony convinces Jeannie she has been cheated, she goes back and scams the con-artist. Fred Clark appears as the real Mr. Vanderhaven. To keep her word she will not cause problems at a press banquet, Jeannie promises she can live without magic for 24 hours and proves it by transferring her powers to somebody. That somebody is Tony. Jeannie eventually tells Tony what she has done, but not before he inadvertently transfers the power to Dr. Bellows. Commander Kiski (Don Rickles) is a tough physical fitness fanatic that is working Tony and Roger to exhaustion. Jeannie mellows Kiski by giving him the personality of his aunt. Harry Harvey Sr. appears as Gen. Powlett. Dr. Bellows cancels Tony's camping vacation when his wife cannot find a band to play at a function. Not wanting Tony to miss his vacation, Jeannie picks four guys (Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart along with William Lewis and Steve O'Reilly) and uses her magic to make them play. When Tony has an important report to finish, he tries to get Jeannie out of his way by telling her to go help someone. She ends up helping some bank robbers in a heist and uses Tony's car in the process. After the police trace the car back to Tony, he tells Jeannie to straighten things out. With Jeannie's help, Tony captures the crooks. Severn Darden appears as Milton, one of the crooks. Tony lies to Jeannie about going to the North Pole for survival training, but instead goes to Hawaii. When Jeannie finds out, Tony comes up with a story that he is protecting a princess (Brenda Benet) from some bad guys. Roger let's it slip to Jeannie that the princess is actually the Admiral's daughter. Jeannie then plays a few tricks on Tony. When Tony finds out NASA is getting an expert (Benny Rubin) to open the safe, he disguises it as an ice cream cart and takes it home. Roger tries to delay the expert so Tony can open the safe, but he still makes it to NASA. They find out the safe will explode in a few hours, so Tony takes him to the safe to open it. They successfully defuse the bomb, but then scare the expert into thinking the timer started up again to make him leave. Jeannie was knocked unconscious and cannot escape through the drilled holes, so Tony finishes the combination and opens the safe, freeing Jeannie. A twist on NASA's first couple-on-the-Moon project: Jeannie's sister horns in. Tony and Roger are testing an experimental aircraft that resembles a flying saucer. When Jeannie pops in, her weight causes the aircraft to land far off course. A family of hillbillies (J. Pat O'Malley and Kathleen Freeman) mistake them for Martians and hope to turn them into NASA for a reward. When the daily newspaper does not arrive, Jeannie blinks one in. Unfortunately, she blinks the following day's paper featuring a headline saying an astronaut has broken his leg. But it doesn't say which astronaut. Tony and Jeannie head off to find Roger thinking that it might be him. Roger, who has taken the sports section, decides to bet on horses with the information. After Jeannie crashes Tony's car, it is brought to used car dealer Carl Tucker (Carl Ballantine) to be repaired. Tucker tries to cheat Jeannie by purchasing the damaged car from her, and then he tries to make her buy it back at a higher price. Jeannie teaches him a lesson while he's doing a live TV commercial. Guest star: Bob Hastings as Homer Banks, Amanda Bellows' cousin, who makes unwanted advances to Jeannie. Henry Beckman appears as a policeman. When Jeannie users her magic to help Tony knock out some thugs, he ends up being entered in a boxing match with a Marine. Before the fight, Jeannie gets trapped in a locker and is not able to help Tony. Tony and Roger must spend a week together in Tony's house as a compatibility test. Jeannie is sent away, so she puts the house on automatic, granting their every wish. When Dr. Bellows hears that they are not getting along so well and are always fighting, he decides that they should be split up as a team. Jeannie causes Dr. Bellows and his wife to have a fight, so he realizes that anyone can fight and still stay together. Jeannie is roped into being a rodeo queen. Following Roger's suggestion, Jeannie decides to sell the house so that Tony will have more time with her. But when Tony finds out and tells her that he does not want anyone else seeing the house, she makes it invisible. Tony and Dr. Bellows are going on a secret trip to Hollywood. While clothes shopping with Tony, Jeannie is spotted by Gary Owens and George Schlatter of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. Seeing her trick of appearing inside a mirror, they want her on the show. Jeannie accidentally turns her dog Djinn-Djinn into porcelain, and art collector Mrs. Bellows wants it. While traveling through a small town, Tony and Roger bump another car. The occupants fake injuries and sue them. Jeannie turns a top secret project into a scale model which ends up getting into the hands of an amateur toy inventor. Gen. Schaeffer prevails upon Tony to take Jupiter, Schaeffer's pet Great Dane, for a training walk. Tagging along is Jeannie's magical mutt Djinn-Djinn, who takes an instant dislike to Jupiter. Jeannie gives Amanda Bellows some of her beauty cream that turns her into a beautiful woman, except that no one can recognize her. After blinking Tony away from a mission, she returns him to his plane which she lands in the country of Cuba rather than Puerto Rico. Jeannie's twin sister, Jeannie II, shows up and makes Tony and Jeannie's friends think that she is having an affair that another astronaut, Maj. Biff Jellico (Michael Ansara). When Tony forgets to take a gift when dining with the Bellows, Jeannie blinks up some wine. The wine is delicious but as soon as the Bellows taste it, they become invisible. Tony, Commander Wingate (Robert Hogan) and Roger have to be in isolation as they may contaminate the outer world with germs from the Moon. Jeannie forgets this and blinks in to hug Tony. Guest star: Bill McKinney as Crewman #1 After Tony and Roger win at poker, thanks to Jeannie, they are under suspicion of being cardsharks. Tony's cousin Arvel (Gabriel Dell) persuades Jeannie to give Tony "financial security" as a surprise present by marketing his homemade chili, with Tony's picture on every can. Jeannie does not realize that Tony is not allowed to endorse products. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all 5 seasons of I Dream of Jeannie on DVD in Regions 1, 2 & 4. On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the R1 rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including I Dream of Jeannie.[5] They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on April 1, 2014.[6] On October 6, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released I Dream of Jeannie: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[7] In Australia, a repackaged Complete Series collection was released on 23 November 2010 in a purple box (the first version was a pink box). On November 4, 2015 a 50th Anniversary Edition of The Complete Series was released. On 6 July 2016, all five individual seasons were re-released as well as another The Complete Series collection, now distributed through Shock Entertainment. Some episodes were released on VHS. It is assumed they are no longer in print. This is a complete list. List of Heartbeat episodes Heartbeat is a British police drama television series which was first broadcast on ITV between 1992 and 2010. Set in the fictional town of Ashfordly and the village or Aidensfield in the North Riding of Yorkshire during the 1960s, the programme is based on the "Constable" series of novels written by ex-policeman Peter N. Walker, under the pseudonym Nicholas Rhea. During the course of the programme, 372 episodes of Heartbeat aired, including nine specials over 18 series. List of Falcon Crest episodesThe following is the list of episodes from the American prime time television soap opera Falcon Crest, which aired for nine seasons on CBS from December 4, 1981 to May 17, 1990. When Angela couldn't tolerate Lance's irresponsible behavior, she prevents her grandson from becoming the proud owner of Falcon Crest, therefore, she kicks him out, much to her contempt. Discovering from him of his grandmother's feelings towards him, he tries to please Angela by blowing up Chase's pump house and cause a fight in the springhouse, and later gets arrested, before he gets grounded by Angela, not Julia (though she told Lance, her mother was under the impression, who also gave Lance to him, away from Julia, as a little boy)! Once grape harvesting begins, Lance tries to please Angela, again, by paying off Chase's staff, afterwards, to make Lance jealous, Angela escorts Cole into becoming the new heir of Falcon Crest, who straightens out with his father about Chase's staff losing pickers. Cole learned about this, he takes the keys and the car back to Angela, returning to his parents' house. Lance told Angela about his actions, and the staff, before Chase confronts Angela about her doings with Cole and about Chase's staff being gone and demanded that the staff returns, early in the morning. Chase and Cole accompany Lance on a trip to examine a remote piece of property that Angela is contemplating buying. As the wilderness property is only accessible by horse, Cole is injured in a riding accident. Chase stays with Cole, while Lance goes for help. After running into some problems, Lance finally leads a rescue team to Cole. After Vicky makes an innocent remark regarding a mental health clinic, Emma runs away from home, believing that she is going to be sent away because people think she's crazy. When Vicky discovers Emma hiding in an old springhouse, she befriends Emma, and ultimately persuades her to return home. Worried, Douglas Channing stays by Angela's side until Emma is found. After a bitter argument with Angela regarding plans for him to marry Melissa Agretti, the wine empire heiress, Lance leaves in a fury. After he nearly runs over a girl, he falls in love with her and decides to move to San Francisco to be close to the girl. However, when Angela attempts to stop him, Lance succumbs and leaves the love of his life. In an old room that Jason had walled up, Chase finds some writings, which lead him to believe that Angela may have been involved in crippling a girl forty years ago. Confronted with the evidence, Angela turns the tables on Chase, playing a small excerpt of a recording that leaves Chase believing that his father hated him. Angela, angry that Lance is working for his grandfather's newspaper in San Francisco and determined that he will marry Melissa Agretti (Ana-Alicia), plans to destroy Melissa's budding romance with Cole. Chase and Maggie, concerned about Emma's instability, persuade Julia to take her sister to a local psychiatric clinic. When Angela finds out, she tells Julia the truth about Emma killing Uncle Jason, which turns Julia against Chase and Maggie. At the same time, Chase uses his influence as a county supervisor to discover the real cause of his father's death. When Douglas is buried, Angela tries to keep Emma sedated to prevent her from testifying. Angela could lose Falcon Crest to Chase if his attorney can prove that Jason died under suspicious circumstances. When the coroner's inquest resumes, the D.A. mounts a circumstantial case that is easily rebutted by Philip when Emma is unable to testify. Defying her mother, Emma manages to escape from Falcon Crest and arrives to take the stand, confessing how she accidentally pushed Jason to his death while he fought with Turner Bates. The jury rules that Jason "died at the hands of another," thereby giving Chase control of Falcon Crest, but he magnanimously offers fifty percent of the vineyard to Angela. Though Angela detests the thought of sharing Falcon Crest with anyone, she has no choice and accepts. Another threat looms as Angela learns of Douglas's illegitimate son, Richard Channing, who has inherited fifty percent of The Globe. At Falcon Crest, Angela withstand Chase's offer to half ownership. Feeling bitter over the prospect of sharing Melissa; Lance's inheritance, he is more than happy to present Chase from coming into the vineyard property. For Angela to take over The New Globe, Richard Channing, Angela's illegitimate son of her late husband, plans to take control; as the new Chairman of the Board. The small portion of the newspaper of the big portfolio names "The Company," held by Henri Denault (E.G. Marshall). Having been adopted, nearly all his life, Richard recognizes his mother's identity which transferred him from New York to California. Cole comes to Melissa's father, Carlo Agretti (Carlos Romero), and that Cole wanted to state that Melissa admits that she's carrying his child... not Lance's, Carlo slaps him in the face. When Gus dies in a gas explosion, Chase gives Angela an affidavit; jeopardizing and accusing her of Gus's death. Angela must agree in sharing Falcon Crest with Chase. The Channings and The Giobertis attend the funeral at the Tuscany Valley Cemetery, where their lives will affect everybody while in San Francisco. Julia admits to the murder of Carlo Agretti, and then pull a gun to shoot her cousin, Chase, but to murder her aunt Jacqueline. Dr. Michael Ranson (Cliff Robertson), another of Chase's cousins, appears at Jacqueline's funeral, who gets completely taken in to the Gioberti house. Julia determines Angela's attempts to help her prove her innocence, thinking prison is better than living under Angela's manipulative behavior. Lance excitingly gives Melissa back to him, who is very devastated that his mother had shot Melissa's father. Julia has made a strong commitment that she will never forgive any of the Channings. In the hospital, Chase is in a coma, but at the very last minute comes out of it, only to find out his bullet lodged in his spine, leaving him paralyzed. Chase is in a public feud with Richard, who wants to build a racetrack that could demolish the entire wine industry, however, the final say is when the residents who are planning to vote after scandalous campaigns of men. Angela strongly promises that she wouldn't allow Chase to run Falcon Crest without her and thwarts his goals to obtain the accounting records. Lance threatens Vince over Joseph's paternity suit, Vince suffers a heart attack soon after being threatened. In spite of The Gioberti's warning that Terry is dangerous, she moves in with Michael. Michael must face his fears from the past, as he operates Sheriff Robbins to save his life. In the operating room, Michael cannot perform the surgery, who later admits to Terry about the guilt he's felt, the day he lost his wife. Terry arranges to become the new wife of Michael, after she spies on Maggie for Angela. While a gangster attacks Richard, Angela plans to crush Chase, with the encouragement of Calvin Kleeger, who's the wine distributor of Falcon Crest. Kleeger lets Chase know that Angela is no longer in the running of Falcon Crest, he won't serve as distributor, until Chase offers the winery as collateral. Thanks to Phillip, Melissa has no choice other than to sell her Agretti land to him. Richard is nearly run down by a hit man, as the cartel was bound to take over his racetrack. Maggie also finds Jacqueline had an affair with Johann Riebmann, who was the head of the Nazi Gestapo. Cole came back home, only to find out Melissa was waiting for him seductively posed in bed. He kicks her out of the house, prior to Linda coming back. When Joseph's custody battle goes to court, Lance and Melissa resort to blackmail. Cole punches Lance in front of a witness, who comes to court, all bodily bruised claiming that Cole had assaulted him. After hearing the story of the blackmailed witness, the case of Cole and Linda had been dismissed. Maggie and Chase notices that Jacqueline's relationship with Johann Riebmann and Henri Denault, led her into being a war criminal. Prior to Maggie, who chooses not to submit her article at The New Globe, Emma, who plays second-fiddle to her mother and brother, Angela and Richard, into being evil, that she has the story written on the front page behind Richard's and Maggie's back. Thanks to Emma's underlying schemes, the cartels were not pleased about that story and Richard would be knocked out. Lance and Emma finds out Julia is in the springhouse with Joseph, who's being held hostage by her. Terry lies, constantly to Michael, when she receives a letter about the dark past. After Angela reads a letter in which Julia had left her, while she was in college, she regrets in not being a very good mother to her, due to her busy career. The house is surrounded by police officers, when Angela enters in trading for Joseph. Angela admits that she has failed in becoming a mother to Julia, and finally gets Julia to listen to what her mother has to say, about Angela loving her. Julia hands Angela the gun, the deputy sheriff ends up shooting, which sets the kerosene lamp and house on fire. Chase and Lance scramble to locate Angela and Julia, towards their safety, when Lance is knocked out, and has to be rescued by the fire, as did Angela, he is being saved by Chase, and the springhouse explodes. The springhouse is on fire, the coroners inspecting a ring and bone fragments, they're all identifies the cremation of Julia's. In the letter to Lance, the final request from Julia was to have her ashes scattered in Italy. Angela asks both The Channings and The Giobertis to travel to Italy, in hoping that Julia's death can reunite the family together again. Richard believes that Pamela may be alive in Europe, a hostage of Norton Crane, and sends Padgett there to find her. Lance is told by Melissa, that she will be moved out of Falcon Crest, and back to her father's house when he returns from Italy. Angela already knows Melissa has filed for divorce, and can't have children of her own. Melissa pays one of the Falcon Crest employees to stage an accident at the winery so that Cole will have to stay behind with her. As Chase, Richard, and his pilot, Jack, leave to check possible travel routes to Italy, Spheeris enters the hangar posing as a mechanic, and heads toward Richard's plane carrying a toolbox and smiling. Angela, Philip, Lance, Emma, Richard, Maggie, Michael, Terry, Linda and Joseph, all take off in a plane, one of its engines catches fire and Chase suspects sabotage, the plane dives perilously and goes down in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Range, leaving everyone's lives hanging in the balance. As Melissa and Cole wait at the rescue site where the helicopters arrive with the remaining survivors of the plane crash. As Angela leaves the plane, she says to her family that Phillip is dead, as well as Chase's co-pilot and Terry's husband, Michael. Richard has brought up the fact that the cartel was responsible for the crash, while Chase maintains it's a wreck. Angela blames Chase and has vowed to force him into paying. At the hospital, Linda is in critical condition where Cole visits her and makes plans for her future. Before she passes away, she tells Cole how much she loves him. Terry learns that she's a rich woman. In Buenos Aires, The Cartel meets where reveals that the ultimate goal is to reclaim a valuable Third Reich treasure buried under Falcon Crest. Chase continues to have nightmares about the crash and is concerned that whatever it was than he could've done just to land safely. Greg Reardon is offered a job as a lawyer, much due to Angela's surprise, to fill the void for Phillip, who died. She also promises to help launch his political career, the following year, if he accepts it. Maggie and Cole pack up Linda's things. As Richard heads into the limousine, Spheeris levels a pistol at him, who also refuses to buy the property, made especially for the members of the cartels. In planning a fuel leak story that will eventually blame chase for the crash, Angela, Lance and Alan Caldwell of the F.A.A., detailed about it. In Buenos Aires, Johann steps into his limousine, it immediately explodes while Gustav stands by, pleasing watching his father die. Pamela learns that Richard's attacker is Padgett, who pulls back the covers only to find the pillows where Richard's body was supposed to have been. While Padgett attempts to flee from town, Richard hasn't been knocking out property, Gustav is very furious. At The New Globe, Lance was hired as publisher much to the dismay of many of his new staff. Chase has been removed as the Head of the airport authority by the Board of Supervisors. Joel (Parker Stevenson), broke and desperate to support his drug abuse attacks Maggie at Tuscany Downs. She rarely see him, and later, Cole unhappily hires Joel as the new transportation foreman for the vineyards. Julia has been called out by Emma in the vineyards, where Angela shows up, Julia disappears again. Being angry about written out of Angela's will, Melissa begs Joel's help by bestowing him $50,000 to disgrace Lance in Angela's eyes. Joel uses Lance into having a private meeting, and locks him up in a deserted warehouse. Pretending to be Lance, he uses Lance's Porsche to drive Angela off the road. While the real Lance is released from the warehouse, he is arrested immediately for his grandmother's murder. Angela acknowledges her plot to Greg to ally with Richard in order to get Chase to stop his champagne business. Gustav commands to follow Chase and Ben to Paris, where the two search for clues leading to Johann's whereabouts. While Ben and Chase are caught in a set-up, Ben is dead. Charlotte loses her temper over her gambling impulses at Richard's racetrack. At Falcon Crest, Lance is dumbfounded when he sees Julia appear on the stairs. Greg and Angela manage to persuade Judge Leeds to transfer Julia's sentence to a convent in Oregon. Meanwhile, Angela plans to buy Sam Giannini's estate. Richard meets Cassandra Wilder, who attracts both Richard and his advertising account for Francesca wine. Greg continues to pursue Melissa until the day of the wedding. Dr. Mitchell informs Melissa that her auto accident has rendered her unable to bear any more children and Melissa fails to build the courage to tell Cole, who wants more children. However, Cole learns this in the worst possible way, through Angela. Feeling that Melissa has deceived him, Cole decides at the last minute that he cannot go through with the wedding and abandons Melissa at the altar in tears. A forlorn Lorraine misses her Lance, all the while having lost her baby. In jail, Lance acknowledges Angela about his worries of Lorraine's survival. Angela encourages him and promises that Greg is working on his release. Pamela delivers Maggie a cassette tape, at The New Globe, describing all the conversations that Richard had taped. Both Maggie and Greg play the tape, hearing Richard and Judge Holder scheme against Lance. Cole receives word from Melissa that Joel is framing Lance. Then, striking back, Cole informs her that her surrogate mother's plan worked because Robin is pregnant. Judge Holder has no choice other than to release Lance, due to the overwhelming evidence against him. Happy, Lance hurries himself to the hospital, where the judge marries him and Lorraine. For Angela to assume Chase and Richard to go bankrupt, after a competitor to win his bid, her scheme is to regain control of Falcon Crest will fall through. She has no idea about Cassandra Wilder, who holds the liens on their shares. Her mother, Anna Rossini, arrives for her much anticipated vengeance against Angela, because her daughter owns two-thirds of Falcon Crest. Chase is accepted by Connie to become a partner in Giannini Winery, while working at the winery. Maggie enters in and catches them in a celebratory embrace. Furious, she'll also be moving out that evening, and Chase vehemently tells her to go, eventually. Testifying on Melissa's half is Angela, which gives Melissa a permissive 60-day sentence in jail, in return for the Agretti land. Before Lorraine dies, Lance must sign the release paper for her to remove Lorraine off life-support, prior to her condition, growing increasingly worse, due to brain damage. Maggie and Richard comforts each other, one evening, until an explosion rips through his house, trapping them. When this new season began, Falcon Crest had started with the regular practice a recap to remind the viewers of the previous episode's recollections, before a short sneak preview of the new episode, prior to the main title. Midway throughout the season, Jane Wyman had been absent for only 2 episodes, due to her abdominal surgery. Maggie has amnesia, despite her and Chase surviving the explosion. To rebuild their marriage, Chase takes Maggie home. Angela has to reveal a long-kept secret in her fight to save her wine empire from the encroachments of a vengeful mother and daughter to plan to take over the estate. The manor was set on fire, where Lance rescues Angela and Emma. Cassandra notices her mother was behind in both fires. Despite Maggie suffering from amnesia, Chase talks Maggie into renewing their marriage vows with another wedding. On that day, Angela pours her own brand of vitriol on the ceremony by bringing up Chase's relationship with Connie Gianinni. The unknown assassin of Richard's tries again, he's trapped. Father Christopher gives some hard facts of life, learning that she's an aspiring singer, once a cocktail singer, named Apollonia (Apollonia Kotero), whom Lance rescues. Angela takes Julia home for a visit, in an attempt to bring calm to Mrs. Channing's family. her attempt to get her daughter influence Father Christopher backfire when Julia becomes disobedient towards her mother. A nationwide search is beginning for Robin and the baby, Hope is completely vain, until Robin and the Maggie for money and admits that Cole is not the father of that baby. Richard wants to bleed his new wife of, all because of her assets, he also learns Terry isn't gullible. Dwayne tries to elope with Emma, who invites him for dinner with her family, much to Angela's displeasure. Jordan finds Greg for solace, while developing a split personality to hide from reality; hence, the guilt from her father's death built up nightmares, herself. Dwayne teases Angela; and brings Emma home from the hospital. Lance leaves San Francisco for Europe; in pursuit of searching for Peter. Angela is very happy to have an opportunity to strike back at Melissa; prior to Robin consulting her (Angela), for help in keeping her daughter. Chase and Richard agree to work together, challenging Angela by opening Terry's winery. Angela disappears and the residents of Falcon Crest were all concerned about her, esp. Dwayne, who's more concerned for Emma. They all know Angela is about to be arrested for attempting to hijack Chase's wine shipment. After Sheriff Gilmore, he has trouble finding Angela and Peter. Cole moves back home, after Robin takes Hope from Melissa and Cole. Jeff travels with Maggie, all across the country. Richard and Chase refuse to agree (together) to deal with methods of purchasing more vineyards. Terry hires a private detective to spy on Jordan, prior to her needing Greg's help. Lance make sure whereabouts of his grandmother's disappearance; whereas Peter returns with her power of attorney. Lance is very aware that Peter has been so secretive from the rest of the family. Angela had a good mind and a good reason not to give control of Falcon Crest to an outsider. While Emma reconciles with Dwayne, Maggie turns down Jeff's romances, when he's already obsessed with her. Richard hires a detective to look after Jordan, after she gave clues about Richard's and Chase's hidden business plans. Eric takes Melissa dancing, whilst enjoying his campaign. Greg is fired when he failed to follow Peter's instructions to withdraw $30 million of Falcon Crest funds for him. Angela comes back and learns the havoc Peter has wrecked during her absence, who promised very strongly to take vengeance on him. Before Angela would come back, Greg gets a temporary order to stay at Peter's hand at Falcon Crest, when it's too late. Not only Peter is gone, her $30 million is gone, as well. In addition to Richard, who learns that Jordan's revealing his financial problems to Terry, but he also learns about Peter purchasing the mortgage at Tuscany Downs. When Maggie's tour has concluded, Jeff's determined to win her over, by taking her to Tuscany Valley. Melissa attempts to talk Eric to form a partnership with her. Despite Angela marrying Peter, she learns he took her $30 million to prevent her for being prosecuted for arranging the hijacked Chase's wine. Angela puts herself away, who still must serve time in jail, until the $50,000 bail can be paid. While Jordan offers Maggie some professional help for her problems, Jeff's appearances in Tuscany Valley annoys her. Angela learns that Peter has made her Richard's partner in Tuscany Downs. Not only Angela is shocked to hear that Dwayne had moved into her house; but also to find that Lance and Jordan are sleeping together. Chase gets shot by Jeff and is rushed to the hospital, where he learns he has hermorrhage, who must undergo surgery. Angela and Lance close the winery down, who both break Melissa's and Eric's friendship by forging Melissa's signature. Greg and Harriet learns Jordan's split personality, Monica, is in control, after Greg and Harriet bail Jordan out of jail. Dr. Kramer and Harriet help Jordan face the personality behind for which she has kept it a secret, for all that she had been suffering. While searching for Cassandra, Richard arrives in England, at her grave. Cassandra had died, prior to giving birth and Damon Rosini disappeared with her baby boy, afterwards, Sabrina Cross shows up with his son, Michael. The season finale concluded with an earthquake, rippling through Tuscany Valley, leaving the many people being injured in the wake. This is Robert Foxworth's final year. Originally, the producers intended to have his character attend anger management classes, to fail them miserably, and to become the show's most bitter and obnoxious villain; it didn't happen. He (in turn) also directed some episodes. Midway throughout the season, Michael Reagan, Jane Wyman's real-life son, had a recurring role as the concierge in a hotel. San Francisco dealt with the aftermath of the earthquake, which struggle to deal with the loss of property and loved ones, when aftershocks rock the region and the people, even Dwayne & Terry, who died. After the earthquake, Peter was struggling to find Angela, until he heard her, and got her up. Angela even got Lance to call the paramedics on Julia, only to find that all telephone connections were down, hence, she was transferred to a church that Father Bob transformed it into a field hospital for earthquake victims, along with the information center for concerned family and friends, before she was transferred to a different Tuscany Valley hospital, where she lays in a coma, not too far from where Chase's has been treated for his gunshot wound, where Maggie and Cole awaits. Maggie has nightmares about Wainwright, whom Angela brings up to Maggie, when Angela doesn't know anything about what's going on in these nightmares. Thanks to Vickie, who needs protection, from her father, who's uncertain about this, Maggie also needs protection, from her husband, as Chase hires a private detective. Lance fires kit, who's being denunciated by Dan Fixx (Brett Cullen). Angela makes plans to have Lance compete against Dan. Julia reminds the family about an unexpected decision. Ms. Jones has fallen for Richard's scheme and 2 fishermen suspect they have caught the big one. Richard also traps Angela to bail him out of their racetrack. Lance and Melissa comes back after their wedding and Dan becomes doubtful of Kit's mysterious stunts. Wainwright trying to receive feelings from Vickie. The Giobertis are in a crisis; Maggie's strong concern about her problems of her children, primarily her baby, after Chase buries himself in his business deal and his political campaign. Meanwhile, Cole releases his disappointments out on his family, Vickie becomes totally fond of Dan Fixx. Chase and Tony learn that their vines are damaging. Angela and Lance argue over their own associations. Richard's been seduced by Meredith, for the first time. Lance makes secret plans with Karlotti (Marjoe Gortner) to buy out Emma's stock certificates in The New Globe. Through Kit's disguise, a hit man approaches. Despite Maggie, which estranged her from her family, no matter the consequences, has determined to keep her baby. Cole is uncompromised about leading his life away from his family, and Maggie must give him her blessing. He leaves Falcon Crest for Australia. Vickie sees Dan Fixx, whose parents aren't very happy. Chase accepts his wife's situation on her future motherhood. Angela attends Karlotti's séance, which is a big asset in bestowing Lance control of Emma's holdings. Chase and Tony learn vineyards tainted from the dumping of Tuscany Downs, containing evidence pointing to Angela's secret plan to destroy her rivals. Dan confides in Vickie. Lance works at The New Globe. While Maggie battles her isolation, Chase has trouble saving his vineyards and Angela attempts to have her own independence. Vickie lets her parent's problems to influence her relationship with Dan Fixx. Chase's marital problems contemplate on his campaign for county supervisor, he and Maggie confront themselves about their rocky marriage. Peter faithfully stands by Angela, especially when he is troubled over Angela's innocence or guilt. Richard is bound to defeat Lance's attempt at a takeover of The New Globe as the ghost of Ms. Jones, starts to haunt him. Kit dies to Tony's charm, who is horrified by Stafford. Emma learns how great her husband really is, hers and Karlotti's church wedding ends. While the couple stands up before Father Bob for their nuptials, Karlotti's reputation as a lover has improved. For somebody to try to bring Lance back home, Angela intimidates Melissa in front of Lance, Richard and Dan. Maggie and Chase looks for clues to find their baby in Boston. When Lance finds out about the whereabouts of Kit's, he plans to block her in his quest to help Tony. D.A. Wilkerson comes to Angela, with the fact that he's got Tony "nailed to the wall". Vickie and Eric comes back from their escapade. Melissa's hopeless try to retain the baby effects in a car chase that is over when the car carrying her, as Chase, Maggie, Richard and Dan plunges into San Francisco Bay. Angela's child ,thought to have died in childbirth, is alive and ready to come back to plague her; she finds out about this. Peter faces charges of murder, fleeing with Kit, after Angela and Peter reconcile, and she tries to buy his freedom. Chao-Li falls off at the top of the stairs, as if Angela wasn't aware of that. Due to the largest number of rotating guests on Falcon Crest, and of budget constraints, 5 of the 10 main stars didn't appear in several episodes of this season (Brett Cullen, Margaret Ladd, John Callahan, Dana Sparks and Chao-Li Chi). Angela still finds the truth about her supposedly deceased child. The lives of Melissa's, Chase's, Richard's, Dan's and Maggie's were all endangered after the car chase. They all know that Chase is presumed dead. Chao-Li, who fell off at the top of the stairs, Angela calls the ambulance. Disappointed with her mother's interference, Emma stands on top of the front veranda of the Falcon Crest roof, who threatens to jump, when Lance jumps instead, and Emma must rescue him. In San Francisco, after Richard and Maggie placed their baby in a bag, he calms her down, for a while, until Angela shows up celebrating a triumph over Chase's presumptuous death, who will talk to the mayor's officer, who in turn would try to give her nephew the decent burial, after finding his body. Richard kicks Angela out of their hotel suite, for wearing her welcome out. Angela comes to Dan to be in charge of her winery and find somebody else to run the spa, as unsuccessful in tempting Lance back to her side. However, Melissa, much to Angela's dismay, creates a successful nightclub for the Del Oro, when Dan has Melissa to be in charge of the spa. In Las Vegas, Richard wins Eric's Nevada land and plans to create a town called Channing, on a turn of a single card. Nicole harasses Maggie constantly, until Angela enters the fray, after Maggie is more than happy not to press charges against Melissa. Richard Channing and John Remick (Ed Marinaro) try to help Maggie pay off Angela, both of them play dirty in hoping that he will be the only one to whom she is forever grateful. Angela is too late, when she sends Lance and Dan to investigate Emma's new job. Not only Vickie tells Maggie that she is pregnant, but admits about Eric's gambling mania. Dina (Robin Greer) and Lance are both involved in a car accident, with Dina being seriously injured. Maggie and Richard are unaware that they are under surveillance, prior to them visit his new Nevada property. As a result, they return home to face Angela's demand for payment. Angela and Richard are both placed in precarious positions, after they individually plot to meet the men who's responsible for the mysterious activity in Tuscany Valley. Maggie doesn't seem to understand Richard's reluctance to trust the police. Angela makes Wilkinson (Dick O'Neill) to reveal Richard's ownership of lake property in Nevada. Emma, who's happy to write her autobiography, hires a ghostwriter and personal manager, who heads for Los Angeles. While Lance learns that somebody did damage to his car, Vickie finds herself, among the homeless. An explosion destroys the Gioberti home. Prior to Angela and Richard introducing the mysterious Carlton Travis (Eddie Albert), Angela plots with Travis to bring Richard down. Richard knows that even Travis is a man who refuses to listen to anything, except just to listen to Angela. In spite of all the cut backs on Hollywood offers, Emma works on her screenplay. Melissa goes with Dan to Australia to visit Cole and Joseph. With Frank Stan's help, Dina's nurse works on her patient to disgrace Lance. Angela and Carlton learn that they have a history. Travis kidnaps Richard and Angela, after Richard declines his offer of a truce. Angela brings a puppy as a gift to the party, after Maggie hires an old friend to plan a birthday party for Richard's son. Dina's nurse has her to sign Lance's half-million-dollar check over to her. Lance doubts that Frank Starr damaged his car. Angela must open old wounds, prior to herself searching into the past to save Richard from Travis. Angela sees the wife of a Supreme Court justice and one of Washington's most celebrated hostesses (Eve Arden) to persuade help in protecting her son. Melissa becomes Lance's assistant, prior to his arrest for murder. A man who Dan finds is a criminal turns out to be his father. As Lance falls asleep, he is injected with a toxin that is going to kill him within 24 hours. Lance is determined to clear his name and nail the actual murderer to just, jeopardizes his own life. Tony dictates that Lance, who's under the weather, check into a hospital. When however, Lance, in spite of the poison coming through his veins, sends Nurse Chadway (Salome Jens) to justice. Richard helps out the daughter of an old friend (Lauren Hutton) and becomes responsible for helping her protect her ball team. Angela attempts to demolish Melissa's new vineyards. Richard proposes Maggie to marry him. Maggie leaves San Francisco to be with Vickie in Monte Carlo, who's upset with Richard's affair with Liz and cannot decide for a proposal. Maggie refuses her trust on Richard's protection, when a mysterious and an eerie assassin figure barges Liz. Angela attacks with a plot that boomerangs, after Melissa gives Angela a hard time. In a contest, Maggie enters her new wine, who wins second place. Angela finds out that Dan's father (Robert Donner) has another family. Emma begins writing an advice column for The New Globe, after Lance rescues from her would-be-producers. Prior to Maggie returning to San Francisco with Vickie and Eric, she discovers that Richard and Liz have been traveling together. Eric notices that his gambling debts are approaching him and that he must pay more money to escape others. Melissa's world begins falling apart, all the while, she embarks to experience unusual phenomena due to Angela's hired illusionist Foster Glenn (Buck Henry). Emma's successful writers annoys Angela, who goes to Father Bob for advice about her family. After learning that Maggie has finally taken Richard back in, Angela and Emma throw a surprise engagement party. Wearing only a bathrobe, Melissa makes her entrance, during the party. Lance finds out that the charming stranger that he has befriended knows secrets that could directly influence him. Liz announces that exasperates Angela, and pleases Maggie. Melissa eavesdrops Angela talking about her plot to drive her crazy and have her committed. Richard prevents Eric from making a mistake. As Angela proves immaterial supportive, Maggie and Richard choose to try again. Angela happily greets Lance with the news that Carly will be staying at Falcon Crest, for a few days, prior to him moving back to his grandmother house. In a misleading tryout to help Emma, Curtis (Gary Imhoff) dishes the dirt on Richard. Melissa comes into a complicated masquerade to save Emma, at Lance's provocation. Richard takes on some risky help, in his attempt to break the codicil to Chase's will. When Gabrielle (Cindy Morgan) returns to Tuscany Valley on the anniversary of Chase's death, she gives Maggie some encouraging news. Maggie's disappointments combined with Richard's hardheaded behavior began taking her on the trail of self-destruction. Richard refuses to settle with Maggie on situations that are vitally important in her new role of wife and mother, combined with Angela's visits with her grandson and Garth's well-being in their house. Upon the reasoning of Emma's, Lance continue to investigate the current deaths at the manor house. Vickie and Eric learn that they have understated Richard. Angela awakens Melissa's curiosity about Frank's peculiar activities. Angela gains visitation rights to her grandson, Michael, following a court hearing with Judge Ambrose, that angers Richard. Vickie and Eric delivers gives Maggie reassuring cards, that let her know that both of them are alright. Lance gets a warning that he might be in danger, as he finds an ally within the Justice Department to help pursue his investigation of Richard. Carly and Angela has a surprise party, orchestrated by Carly, herself, until Richard barges in, interrupts the party and vehemently confronts to Angela about losing her younger grandson, while in the store. Angela knows from Maggie that she has a drinking problem. Especially when Frank saves Melissa from disaster, he still pays. Richard searches for professional help, when he begins to notice about the problems he and Maggie face. Angela directs Carly to come to Melissa, when Angela places a spy in Maggie's and Richard's house, and thinks of a suit for custody of Michael. Dan refuses an offering loan from Angela, who looks for financing with his trucking company. Lance discovers that he isn't getting the kind of help that he wanted from Kathryn (Daphne Ashbrook), while Lance and Kathryn travel to Africa in pursuit of Remick. Richard expands a movie studio to his newspaper and television holdings. Maggie will look for professional help, herself, only when she will submit to her family's demands. To please Richard, she starts packing to go to a sanitarium, who's being mystified by her children's response, who also takes the first step by solving her problems for consulting Dr. Everdene (Mary Ann Mobley). Richard faces up to Lance and Kathryn, when Lance protects Kathryn from the anger of The Thirteen. To prevent Frank's legacy from approaching Angela, Melissa looks for help in Richard. Maggie's fight in overcoming her alcohol addiction becomes a lot impossible, after she learns Richard's role in Vickie's absence. Maggie urges that she must face withdrawal, her way, a self-satisfied letter from Vickie forces her view Richard's loving care as false. Melissa and Carly try to believe Dan against this, hence, Dan offers a chance at making enough money to start his trucking company by facing a dangerous dilemma. Angela attempts to talk Melissa into allowing for a dangerous surgery for Frank. Richard tries to find a way out of his treacherous association with The Thirteen, while Angela faces Rosemont (Roscoe Lee Browne) and makes a worst enemy. The final explanation to Chase's will bequeaths to Melissa, "the key" to Angela, at Falcon Crest. Concerned, Angela guides Lance to find out the secret to "the key", which she's afraid might lead to the demolition of her and her family. Maggie's more than happy to receive an invitation from Angela to stay at Falcon Crest, until she can come clean with her problems with Richard. Carly learns that Dan's priority to make money is more treacherous than she had noticed. Richard is disappointed in his attempts to retain Vickie's and Eric's release from Switzerland. Richard might be in trouble than he notices, as Melissa makes a decision about Frank's surgery. Richard's understatement of The Thirteen and their influence puts him highly in jeopardy, all the while, he urges on testifying before the investigating committee. Madame Malec toughen up her web around Eric, that creates more harm between him and his wife. Dan refuses to make up with Melissa, when he gets his trucking business. While Angela recommences her campaign to bring Lance and Melissa together again, to get the belonging of the key that could demolish the Gioberti fortune, Lance helps Melissa in her quest of Uncle Frank's treasure. Angela is informed by Richard of Melissa's plans, while Lance and Melissa have been rescued from the cave. Eric shoots Angela, wounding her, when The Thirteen gets Eric to murder Angela and Richard, who, on the brink that Maggie and his children are to be all alone, is happy when Eric is allowed to murder Richard. After his funeral, Maggie says to Vickie, "He knew, somehow he knew." Melissa seizes Falcon Crest from Angela, and loses Lances and Frank, afterwards, thanks to a newly discovered deed. A few months later, Angela approaches a bearded man in the shadows of the church and asks him, "Isn't it about time Maggie knew you were alive?" The show focused heavily on the new cast members (Kristian Alfonso, David Beecroft, Brandon Douglas, Cástulo Guerra and Danny Nucci). Two of the former cast members (Robert Foxworth and Abby Dalton) did not return. Ana-Alicia played two different characters and Jane Wyman's poor health resulted in the show's episodes being reduced from 28 to 22. As Angela shocks her family and friends with her calm retirement over losing control of the winery domain, Maggie's nightmares over Richard's death has been haunted, whereas Melissa worthlessly exercises her established power over everybody within her empire, down to the field hands and household help. While Maggie tries to deal with the anguish of his murder by the underground group, The Thirteen, she must take control over Richard's vast financial domain. After leaving for many years, after an argument with her family, Pilar Ortega, who is not only the daughter of the vineyard foreman at Falcon Crest, but is now a bank vice-president, comes back to egg on severe interest throughout the valley. Richard comes back (from the dead) and Maggie slaps him. Angela chooses to stay in Tuscany Valley and battle over her family's land, after Maggie is shocked by the return of her supposedly deceased husband, Richard, who gives out startling news about The Thirteen, the underground group, that was supposed to murder him, especially the son of Peter Stavros, Maggie can't figure out why she wasn't supposed to find out if Richard was alive or not. Also, Angela starts a new legal attack on Melissa for control of the Falcon Crest vineyards. Melissa's volatile behavior concerns her family, especially Lance, who gets slapped by her, before setting the Falcon Crest mansion on fire. Carly plans on leaving Tuscany Valley, while Emma begins to write an article about an enigmatic mystery writer. The Falcon Crest mansion is on fire, where outside, Angela must rely on Lance to plunge desperately into the flames to try to save Melissa, who is caught up inside. The aftermath of the fire has shocking results for the residents of Tuscany Valley. She was taken to the hospital and dies, and Lance flips out. Later, Angela privately arranges a meeting between Frank and his long-lost son, Nick, and grandson, Ben, (Brandon Douglas). Richard nervously embarks on a search to discover who was responsible for the assassination of The Thirteen. In search of an exclusive story, Emma secures a job typing for a private writer, R.D. Young, and later, meets his partner, Cabot (Allan Young). Senator Ryder is planning on shooting Richard, whilst kidnapping his wife, Maggie. Aware that Senate Ryder's brother, John is behind the assassination of The Thirteen, Richard learns the secret method of which Ryder and John could keep in touch with each other. When Richard waits in a park for John, he has no idea that the senator has already murdered his brother, while at Richard's house. District Attorney Field angrily refuses to receives Angela's help for the governorship, in exchange for dropping all murder charges against Lance, when Richard tries to hire Field's leukemic son to join the staff of The New Globe, Fields agrees to his deal. Lance, however, is ungrateful, he wanted to plead his innocence in court. Despite not charged with any crime, Maggie's conscious is guilty when she indeed murdered Senator Ryder, especially when she did that in order to save her husband's life. After Nick is pleased when he suspects Pilar swimming nude, Angela relays to him that she has gained knowledgeable information he's not supposed to be released, recognizing that the price for keeping the secret is Falcon Crest itself. Nick yields Falcon Crest to Angela, when she blackmails Nick with incriminating clues about his past life. As Angela arranges to rebuild the entire house, Nick makes a mistake about his respect towards her and cautions that he will not bend from then on. Nick has to tell Ben the truth about his mother, that angers him. Richard's newspaper prints the truth that Melissa had placed a phone call after Lance's exit, meaning that Lance is innocent of her death. Richard cautions Pilar not to allow her affair with Lance interfere with Richard's taking over the valley. When Frank's old friend, Libby comes back, Nick and Ben are stunned. Libby asks Frank to join her in Columbia to dig up for emeralds, that is the offer that bothers Angela. As Emma and Cabot begin a serious relationship, Cabot asks her true identity. Pilar is pressured when she is to sign paper allowing Mercedes and her husband to adopt Lisa. However, Pilar notices that Mercedes is the only mother the child has ever known, the thought of the last, legal adoption is more than Pilar can bear. Pilar finds Lance with an attractive young lady, after she goes to Lance for comfort. Angela is bound to learn who is responsible for the consortium, after she is outfoxed for the purchase of a bottling company. Emma learns that Cabot has been lying to her relating to his true identity, after Maggie's newspaper office is mysteriously discarded, a few days before the first edition. Angela's anticipated approach to Emma's imminent wedding may prove fruitless when the bride and groom call the festivities off. When Angela receives word from her daughter, Emma, that the wedding is off, her forthcoming bridgegroom, R.D. Young, apologizes for his behavior and announces that the wedding is on schedule again. During the wedding rehearsals, Young's anxieties elevates and he encourages Emma to elope. Lance's & Pilar's romances resumes, after Pilar accepted Lance's apology about Cookie Nash. Nick unsuccessfully suggests to Ben, that he curtail his relations with the Cellini Family, despite cautioning him that the family is dangerous. An unexpected visitor causes a crisis at Tuscany Valley. The Ortegas are in a crisis, when they learn Gabriel has epilepsy, right after the accident that he suffered a head injury. Anna (in desperation) tries to encourages Frank and Nick to help her pain be over, prior to growing increasingly weaker. Stating his true feelings for Maggie, Tommy consoles her, after Maggie breaks down into tears, after a phone conversation with Michael. When Lance has been meaning to call Angela, about the Glenbraddoch meeting (when all the phone lines were down), Angela calls Lance, instead, and asks him to plant the Chardonnay, before the week is over and it could be too late, because of the changing weather. Also, on the same business trip that Angela is away, Richard approaches a beautiful young lady who is the dead ringer for Melissa Agretti. Pretending that it'll help an ailing Angela, Richard encourages his new invasion, Samantha Ross, to comeback to San Francisco, while impersonating Melissa. After Richard approves to pay her a heavy price, the deal is mutual. For Angela to marry Frank Agretti, she had triumphantly disappointed Richard's plans, she also returns to Falcon Crest, where her family gathers to her side and plans have come up for Richard's complete downfall. Richard tells Samantha to lose their partnership or she'll have to pay the consequences, all the while Samantha returns from Paris to Chicago. However, when Samantha finally goes to Falcon Crest, she gives proof that Richard was responsible for Angela's kidnapping, right at the same time, Angela and Pilar work with the S.E.C. to make smooth of Richard's financial ruin. Kelly, hearing the many lies from Tommy about his relationship with Maggie, she breaks him up, tries to rescue her, who then drowns in the lake. The season ended, when Angela confronts Richard about putting his mother in the psychiatric ward, hence, she calls the police, who has him arrested. This is the final season of Falcon Crest. It is also the only season in which Jane Wyman does not appear in nearly every episode, due to her ongoing health problems, while at the same time, the show went into a different direction by adding 2 new cast members (Gregory Harrison and Wendy Phillips), who replaced Susan Sullivan, who left the season, before. By show's cancelation, against her doctors, Jane Wyman appeared for the show's final 3 episodes. As Angela prepares to travel to Greece, she leaves her grandson Lance in charge, though under the strict supervision of her reliable foreman, Frank Agretti. Since Daniel, an unsuccessful author, has turned to gambling, drinking and brutality, Emma has become a battered wife. To escape her troubles, Emma turns to another man, Charley, for much-needed affection. In an effort to get out of prison, Richard decides to testify against his co-conspirator, Michael Sharpe. Richard evades an attempt on his life meant to stop his testimony. Accidentally getting her finger stuck in a pool drain, Maggie drowns. Angela hires a private investigator to tail Pilar. Emma's old friend Charley (Mark Lindsay Chapman) arrives just in time for Maggie's funeral, where, Charley removed Maggie's wedding ring. Even when Angela disapproves of Charley and changes her vacation plans, Emma stands by Charley despite Angela's interference. Michael Sharpe takes his revenge on Richard for his testimony against him by having Richard's children removed from his custody. Aware that Angela is trying to break up his relationship with Emma, Charley places a pillow over Angela's face and suffocates her. After Chao-Li returns from vacation, he went up to Angela's room, where she was found unconscious. The Channings are in a crisis where Angela was rushed into a hospital, only to be slipped in a coma. Lance has a hard time managing Falcon Crest without Angela, especially when business associates urge on negotiating with his grandmother; but fortunately, Pilar is happy to help Lance with Ned Vogel (David Spielberg). Richard learns that Michael was an asset in Richard's custody loss over his own children, who delivered them to Walker (Robert Ginty) and Lauren Daniels, the emotional couple who lost their own children. When Charley exploded the back-up generator in the hospital basement, The Channings have no choice other than to pull the plug on Angela's life-support. Richard still mourns for Maggie, and must keep all of his promises that have been made by her. With his continued influence over Emma, Charley upsets the family. After the bank calls in its loan, Richard saves Falcon Crest from Michael Sharpe. Encouraged by his sister-in-law, Genele Ericson (Andrea Thompson), Frank Agretti goes to the bank with the power of attorney which Angela had given him prior to her aborted trip to Europe and takes over operation of Falcon Crest. Due to Richard's testimony, the S.E.C. slaps Michael Sharpe with the largest fine in history. Lauren and Walker confront Michael about his schemes and their custody of Richard's children. Frank's obsession with the treacherous Genele escalates. Charley is relieved to hear that Emma's husband has apparently committed suicide, since his death removes the last obstacle for Charley to marry Emma. When the court gives control of Falcon Crest to Emma, she is overwhelmed by the notion of running the business. Emma's new husband Charley, however, has many ideas about running Fpool cover repair you can affordIf you have a pool with a pool cover, repair of that cover could be costly if something happen unless you have a swimming pool cover repair kit. The covers usually have a rip or a small hole from so much use. You can fix this yourself if you have a repair kit. You should have a repair kit that is especially for repairing a pool cover. If the repair is a large job, you may want to see how much a pool cover repair company would charge if you do not think that you could do it. However, most pool cover repair jobs can be done yourself. DIY Pool Cover RepairIf you have a small rip in the cover, you can use a pool cover repair kit to seal the rip. This may include using a piece of the same material to patch the cover. If the cover is wet, you should let it dry out before applying any patch material or glue. Once you are ready to start, read the directions on the repair kit. If you follow the directions, you will have no problems repairing the pool cover. It will be cheaper than buying a replacement. Replacement or RepairReplacement parts for a pool can be expensive if they become a problem. You have to make a choice to fix the problem or leave it and replace the part in question. In most cases, the repair is cheaper and you can do it yourself. If you need a new liner or pool cover because you did not do the repair, it will cost you more money. Most replacement parts can be bought at a pool supply company, but if you have to have labor added to that, it will cost you more. In other words, fixing a problem saves you money. All you need is the swimming pool cover repair kit and your time. Making the Best ChoiceIf you have to make a choice to repair a pool problem or replace the part, you should compare the costs. The best choice is always the one that will not cost you so much money. As soon as you see a problem, try to fix it before it gets any worst. This will make it easier for you to fix it and save money. If you think that the part is old and should be replaced, you have to weigh the cost of the replacement. Just because something is old, does not mean it is time to replace it.In the end, the pool cover repair will save you money. If you have a repair kit, you can do it yourself and save on the cost of labor. You could always get a replacement cover or part, but this will cost you more than doing a minor repair yourself. Take some time to assess the problem before you decide if you can do the pool cover repair or if you will need a replacement because the problem is major.different pool repair kitsOne thing every pool owner has found out is that not all pool repair kits are the same. There are different swimming pool repair kits that contain different materials and are meant for different areas of the pool. When you have a pool, you want to choose the correct repair kit for the pool itself and the cover. You can find these repair kits at a very reasonable price so that you can keep one on hand in the event you have a need to fix something. That way you have it when you need it, which is important to stop the damage from spreading.Choose the Right OneWhen you are looking for pool repair kits, you should look for one that has everything you would need for any repair you might encounter when you own a pool. Make sure that the repair kit is not missing anything that might happen to a pool. You may have to repair a pool cover, pool liner or even the pool equipment. It is always cheaper to repair something that it is to replace it. When you have the right lit, you can fix something before it gets any worst. This is important when you have a pool. Repairing the Pool CoverIf you have a pool cover, you need to keep pool repairs kits on hand. As soon as you notice a problem with the pool cover, you need to repair it. If you let the problem go, it could get worst and then you are going to spend more money replacing the cover than you would if you would have spent the money for the swimming pool repair kits. You need to be prepared when you own a pool. Affordable Prices The pool repair kits are more affordable than calling a professional to repair your pool or the cover. It is also cheaper than having to replace any parts of your pool. If you have a n above ground pool or an in ground pool, you should have the right swimming pool repair kits. By having the kits available when you need it, you can save time looking for a repair kit when you need it right away. You will see a savings on repairs if you have your own repair kit. This can save you time and money. If you wait to repair the problem because you do not have a lit, you could see more damage. If you have a pool and you want to keep it in good condition, you need pool repair kits included with your pool supplies. If you do not have one, you risk the chance of more damage being done while you try to find a repair kit. It is cheaper to have a kit when you need one than to wait until you find the right one. Make sure that you have the repair kits handy when you need them. This can save you more money than you think. You will make the repair quicker and prevent further damage to the pool.pool surface repair is it really that difficultPool Surface Repair of swimming pool can be a huge project, but it does have its draw backs. Depending on how big your pool is, the degree of the damage, and the cost of maintenance, taking on the task of fitting your pool can be a long and boring task, one that is time intense, and frustrating.pool repair reasons for keeping your pool in good shape year roundIf you have a pool in your yard, it may occasionally need to be fixed. It is important to get proper pool repair when necessary for various reasons, whether you are selling your house or just like to enjoy warm days by swimming.�having a pool party tonight thumbs up for austin pool repairA swimming pool has so many areas that require the maintenance and checking from pros.A good repair company can ensure that they can send professionals to work on any make or models of swimming pool.When summer is at its height, there is nothing like dunking in the swimming pool in the backyard. But once the summer is over and so are the pool parties then the pool is a one big mess inside out. There are times when after a pool party it becomes so messy that a professional cleaning service is essential. Other times when pro services are needed include annual maintenance and from time to time when the pool needs cleaning. There are many Austin pool repair companies that are licensed to help customers with all kinds of problems that crop up with the private swimming pools. Licensed companies take up contracts on weekly, monthly or annual basis. They check up the pool and also advice if there is any requirement for upgrades and accessories for the pool. Most people in Austin check out the pool repair companies to ensure that they can have a good splash whenever they want without any risks. A swimming pool has so many areas that require the maintenance and checking from pros. A company sends contracts who are familiar with all kinds of pools and are able to give advisories as required. They are able to give the best repair solutions too. A good repair company can ensure that they can send professionals to work on any make or models of swimming pool. They are required when there are leakages, seeps and when water is not getting warm enough. Sometimes working with swimming pool repair kits is not sufficient. It is not good enough to handle bigger problems like filters, hand pumps, chlorinators, control systems, automatic cleaners and floor cleaners. It is best to get a good company with a good track record and satisfied clients to do repairs. Austin pool repair companies are spread in many localities and provide comprehensive services of maintenance. There are pool repair online guides also that help pool owners to learn what to do in situations where the pools stop functioning to their optimum capacity. Some of the other areas that are looked after by companies which also give online guides are repairing pool tiles, cleaning them, above ground or inground pump leaks, pool installations, maintenance contractors and risks if adults and kids use the same pool. Ideally if the pool owner is planning an evening barbeque party besides the pool, it is a good idea to let the contract have a routine check. It minimizes risks of getting embarrassed or any untoward incidents when all guests have to do it enjoy and leave the party with good memories. an introduction to the surface repair of your pool be informedThe pool that you might have made for yourself in the recent times might be very beautiful in its layout and the form in which it has been decorated. But there are certain things that can do weathering and damage your pool, thereby leading to a significant decrease in the quality of the pool.swimming pools tiles and damageSwimming pools, tiles, and damage can be a pool owner's nightmare, but it does not have to be that way. The pool tiles are not as fragile as once thought. If you take proper care of your pool, you can avoid having to call someone to repair pool tiles that have become damaged. You can take care of the tiles and keep them clean and free of any mildew and corrosive compounds. If you have old tiles that need to be replaced, you should have a pool repair contractor do the replacements so that it is done correctly.Take Care of the TilesIf you practice good pool maintenance, you can make sure that the swimming pools, tiles and surrounding area stays in good condition. If you have tiles in your pool, you want to make sure that people do not use heavy objects in the pool that could crash into the tiles and damage them. You should avoid having to repair pool tiles, which would require a pool repair contractor. If you keep heavy objects out of the pool area, you will protect the tiles. You will also need to keep the titles clean and prevent cracking. Cleaning the TitlesWhen you have to clean the swimming pools, tiles and fixtures, you need to use pool supplies that are recommended for tiled pools. If you use a corrosive cleaning solution, you can damage the tiles and cause yourself more headaches. Take time to read thedirections and recommended uses for each of the cleaning supplies you buy for the swimming pool. Make sure that the chemicals that you use to keep the water clean are not corrosive to the tiles. Always keep the tiles clean and free of mildew and algae. Old TitlesIf you have older swimming pools, tiles may become old and start to crack or turn brittle. This does not happen all that often, but the hardness of the water and the type of cleaning and chemicals you use in your pool, can age the tiles over years. The same holds true for vinyl pool liners. Tiles are preferred because they have less of a chance of being damaged, but age can cause the tiles to need replacing. If younotice that some of the tiles are old and in need of repair or replacement, you should have this done before you have water leaks in the pool.Repair pool tiles or replace pool tiles is a decision that you have to make if the tiles are damaged or showing signs of aging. If you need to use cleaning solutions, you should use supplies that are meant for tiled pools. Swimming pools, tiles and damage can be avoided if you use the proper supplies in the pool and keep heavy objects out of the pool that could crack, chip or break the tiles. Proper pool maintenance and cleaning is important for any pool, but with a tiled pool, this is important to keep the tiles from becoming damaged.vero beach swimming pool repairPool ownership is something to be proud of. Pool owners can either take care of their own swimming pool in Indian River County or find a reputable Vero Beach pool service to maintain their swimming pool. Taking care of your own swimming pool maintenance can be very enjoyable if you like doing it.�As a proud owner of your swimming pool you will love to swim in your pool. There are many ways Family Pools Inc can make this easier for you to maintain your swimming pool yourself or less expensive to have maintained by a swimming pool service company. We offer state of the art swimming pool sanitization equipment items such as UV lights. One pass of the water through a UV sterilization light will render all pathogens sterile. We install these lights in many public swimming pools and bathing places when we repair or build swimming pools in Vero Beach. Salt water chlorine generators are another item that can make your life easier in Indian River County. These little electrolytical cells can take saline water and convert it into chlorine. When the chlorine is used up by the sanitization process it turns back into salt. You end up with an ecofriendly sanitization system to be proud of. Family Pools can take care of these items in vero beach swimming pool repair jobs or new installation.Any time your swimming pool is not running rite or needs service do not hesitate to ask for help. Family Pools Inc has been retained by municipalities near Indian River County as consultants . Family Pools Inc has the knowledge to answer your specific questions on vero beach swimming pool repair questions.In Vero If you need your swimming pool repaired you must hire a reliable company like Family Pools Inc. We are� Florida's premier swimming pool repair service provider. We are absolutely different from other vero beach swimming pool repair companies. Family Pool Inc. will never ever begin any repairs until the correct permits are pulled, our repairs are performed by factory trained craftsman so that you will not be troubled about the work failing an inspection. When the job is complete, we will come back and leave clear pool care instructions with you.�Our service include Swimming Pool resurface, new tile, acid wash, new pumps and filter, repair of pool leaks, Pebble pool surface, Florida Gem, drain and fills including water analysis correction of ph levels, skim pool surface ,net pool, brush off pool, cleaning tiles, vacuum pool, checking of pump and skimmer baskets, , Inspection of pool equipment and many. Having a specialized technician to remodel your pool can save you time, money, and avoid the unnecessary hassle with a less qualified technician.If you are based in Vero and have any questions about your swimming pool repairing or installation then check out Family Pool, Inc. It has been in business for over 30 years and is dedicated to providing our clients with professional equipment repairs or replacement to provide you with the pool you have always dreamed of.Whether it is a regular swimming pool maintenance or vero beach swimming pool repair, feel free to call�Family Pool Inc service at 772-878-8452 (Main), or 866-294-4011 (Toll) Free today for a free estimate.make leaks a past thing in your poolA pool consists of various mechanical systems. There is the pool filter system or the pumps which most often need repair. If you have a swimming pool in your house, you must also have come across the problem of leaks in the pool. The kind of leak in a pool depends on the kind of pool one has. There are different kinds of swimming pools. The three main types are � vinyl, fiberglass and concrete pools. All three types of pools can be successfully repaired in case of any leakage; once it is certain that there is a leakage in the pool.pool repair services you need to considerThere are times when you may need to consider pool repair. If this is the case, you will need to find someone reliable and trustworthy to do the job for you.pool repair services to considerThere are times when you may need to consider pool repair. If this is the case, you will need to find someone reliable and trustworthy to do the job for you.strengthen your foundation with proper repairsIs your drive-way or your patio or your home pool in need of repair? A1 Columbus is Columbus�s leading service provider of concrete leveling and foundation repair. Be it the pool or patio our patented equipment provides the highest quality of repair. repairing leaky pool linersDo you suspect you have a leak? Vinyl pool liners need periodic repair and replacement. Read on to learn more about at-home repair.easy solutions for doing home pool repair yourselfWhen you have a concrete pool in your backyard, over time it will need repair. It is open to the elements of weather and seasonal temperature changes. Through use, you will wear down certain areas of ...want information on using a pool netAre you interested in putting up a swimming pool? You must plan for its safety. The best protection is a pool net. It creates a physical barrier over the entire pool. It can easily be removed if you want to use the pool. Don�t wait for an accident to buy a pool net. Read this article for pool net tips. pool repair service required all kind pools 261134call prompt swimming pool repair services san antonio 1529330reasons hiring swimming pool repair installation replacement services san antonio 1490118factors consider when selecting pool repair service 1159327benefits hiring good pool repair company 818581need good las vegas pool repair 789562Just like everything else in our life, our swimming pools must also be cared for well. This does not just confine itself into its day to day care, but also in good quality repairs. When you think of Las Vegas pool repair, you can be certain that you will have only the very best available to you.Las Vegas sets very high standards for itself, in the attractions it proudly shows and also in all that it displays. There is a glint of class, stardom and charisma in everything, and the pool is bound to reflect it too.You might sometimes wonder why you will really need a god Las Vegas pool repair when you have the pool looked after on a daily basis. While routine maintenance will help the pool look good and stay hygienic, there could always be breakdowns. This is not very good for the pool or the people using it, and any problem will need immediate attention.When you look for repairs to be carried out in your Las Vegas pool, always trust only experienced professionals who know their job. They may be a little more expensive than a novice, but they are sure to find the problem and give you a good solution. Problems are not likely to surface on a daily basis in your pool, but when they do, they must be addressed well.There are several companies which can be approached for Las Vegas pool repair. They will not only look after routine maintenance, but also take care of all your pool repairs. The advantage of having a trusted provider who has a contract with you is that they will know the exact condition of the pool when they arrive, and also respond much faster to your complaints. It normally tends to work out more viable when you have someone do you all your pool maintenance for you.While you may find it quite unnecessary to have someone come in to take care of your pool for you, it may be in your best interest. There are some smaller problems and details which you may be able to look after yourself, but the bigger problems might need an expert hand. While you may be able to have some make shift arrangement in place for any troubles, it is always best to have a complex mechanism like a pool looked after by someone who is trained for it.types issues swimming pool needs repaired emergency basis 1627378find best swimming pool cleaners san antonio 1551707get cost effective solution availing swimming pool repair services san antonio 1395472 Swimming pools are constructed in a commercial or residential setting not only for an added touch of elegance to the exteriors, but also for swimming, recreation, competitive matches, physical education classes and other water sports. In a commercial establishment like hotels, resort or fitness centers, a pool is intended for swimming and recreation, while sports complexes and water parks have a pool for swimming competitions and other water based activities. With the fast changing time, swimming pools have become both, commercial and private property. Regardless of places and ownership, having a pool requires regular cleaning, timely maintenance and repair. Cleaning is an action which includes skimming, debris removal, draining, filtering, brushing and acid washing. Skimming is all about removing debris, while vacuuming is performed to keep the pool free from algae, fungi, bacteria's and other harmful contaminants. A wide range of equipment is available in the market today to help you accomplish the cleaning. On the other hand, pool's maintenance work is a set of activities in which pump, filter, heater, automation control and other equipment's are repaired or replaced when needed. After a certain period of time when the pool is overused or left uncleaned, fungi, algae and other contaminants may settle on the pool's surface, bottom, walls and stairs, making the water toxic and causing a number of diseases. Moreover, the increased amount of these pollutants may stain the pool's plaster and corrode the steps, which in turn require re-plastering, restoration or tiling. Those having a swimming pool can get swimming pool repair services in San Antonio. The program includes weekly checks of your pool water and full cleaning service. The offered services are available at pocket-friendly prices. These services give you an all-in-one, cost-effective solution to bring your outdated, damaged or dirty pool back to life. Maintaining acid/alkaline balance is also very important because it prevents your eyes from irritating, plaster from staining and metal in heaters and pool steps from corroding. In addition, proper sanitation prevents algae and harmful bacteria's to flourish. Doing this on your own requires appropriate tools and may create a number of inconveniences. For the precise accomplishment of these activities, you can get cleaning service San Antonio, Texas. These services are available in various customized solutions as per your different requirements. These services are rendered using the right techniques and appropriate tools so as to give the customers maximum satisfaction. get professional help swimming pool plaster repair 1213946pool repair company economical way maintain your pool 831172importance using miami pool service florida 343770best swimming pool repair service san antonio 1564443choosing right pool service company 1532586what does pool service take care 140033646298 pool repair questionI just bought a REO home and am making my list of things to be repaired and improved. My question is: the home has an inground pool with vinyl liner. This liner is 13 yrs old and is patched beyond repair. The liner above the water line is cracking also. Since the pool is already in ,when I replace this liner is it considered a repair? It does extend the life of the pool but without it the pool is non-functional. I can't find any info on this except that "a swimming pool is an improvement" but I'm not installing a new pool.Thanks342142 pool repair recommendation dfwHi Guys - Can anyone provide pool repair references in DFWThanks484034 house flip in ground pool repair costsLooked at a house today for a possible flip. Has an old in ground pool in need of a LOT of TLC. I'm not sure how to estimate the cost of fixing this up. Has anyone done a flip with an in ground pool needing repairs? Any idea what I should estimate for costs? I have pics but am not sure how to post on mobile app. I posted this is the Massachusetts Boston forum so prices reflect the region. Thanks! 744908 home rehab cracked pool repair or fillHello! I was wondering if I could get some advice regarding a flip home with a cracked concrete pool in Florida. From what I've gathered (without being able to get an estimate yet), it will cost upwards of $10k to completely repair the pool. I'm wondering if I should go through with that route or if I should hire someone to correctly refill the crack and do a repair with a sealant that, while not permanent, will last a year or so, if possible. I can still make a profit spending the $10k, but I'm wondering if it's worth it?Thank you!705973 looking for a reliable pool repair service companyI'm looking for a pool company that repairs and service pools in the Montgomery area. My PM referred a company and I have left messages over the past few days without any reply. I even filled their contact form on the website a few days ago, but no contact from them. Any help here would be highly appreciated. Thanks.222712 pool inspector or repair company referral sacramento davisAnyone know of a pool repair company that will inspect a pool in the Sacramento area?Thanks!-James303843 new member from morrison coloradoAfter a long career in the software industry, during which I also successfully rehabbed and resold several residential projects as well as an entire small (6000 sq ft) commercial building and a Best-of-Denver award-winning restaurant, I am focused now entirely on real estate in the greater Denver area and Morrison in particular.At present I have four projects underway at once, which is a little too much for my capital and experience levels. I am looking for one or more partners for these and future projects.667380 tenant requesting certificate of rent for their taxesI had a tenant request a certificate of Rent for their own taxes. I haven't been able to find anything about that, any guidance would be appreciated.2013 03 28 invest in homes with a poolMaybe it’s the 8 bags of shock I’ve been exposed to over the last two days that’s “inspired” me to right this post, but either way, I know I’m not the only one with the looming feeling investors might face this time of year. “Should I buy a house that has a pool?” Create an account today to get BiggerPocket's best blog articles delivered to your inboxIn places like Arizona, we might look at things a little differently, (ie, any relief from the scorching desert is a plus!) If you’re in the midwest, having a pool might mean different costs and value. But, let’s look at the pros and cons of purchasing a rental or flip that has a pool. I’ve seen my share of distressed properties, and I guess after awhile, I feel like a Ghostbuster walking through freshly-minted foreclosures. (“I ain’t afraid of no ghosts!!”) This comes with the exception of pools, though. A dark green pool may be hiding years of neglect, bad siding, algae, and who knows what else. It can be difficult to estimate what pool repairs may be needed, and if you have say, 20 minutes to do a full inspection of the house, the "ifs" of a range of $50-$5,000 can swing your margins in the red quickly. If the home is a short sale, the pool may be sitting for months longer and cost more than you initially estimated, as well. If you have longer to get an inspection, and a pool person is able to give you an estimate on getting the pool back in working condition, then the initial costs may be worth the investment. However, there’s further things to consider. Much of this might be negated if you're flipping the property. Similar to a fireplace in a warm-weather state building in more value (go figure!), a pool may add extra attraction to your property as well. It's advisable not to ever add the pool yourself, since dollar for dollar you will never re-coop even your costs. However, if there are matching houses and one has a pool, the one with the extra amenity may help you procure a buyer that much faster, therefore decreasing your holding time and/or increasing your sales price. I know many investors out there wouldn’t touch a pool with a 6′ pole (or a skimmer, I suppose!), but others find it to be a draw as a rental or a flip. What do you think? Is it worth the risk and added cost or do you stay far away from homes with a liquid headache in the backyard? Photo:propertysnaps218437 poolTenant owned 3 foot Walmart type pool. Do you allow them or take a razor to the side? We just bought a tenant occupied rental and there is a preexisting pool that is not part of the property. Our solution was to write in an addendum freeing us from all liability and matiness of the pool. Pool RepairExactly how To Select A Pool Cover? End of the swimming period? Now you need to cover your swimming pool with a swimming pool cover as well as say a very farewell to the swimming times. But the greatest trouble that accompanies you after completion of the swimming period is exactly how to preserve the swimming pool. The direct solution is 'make use of pool covers to preserve your swimming pool in excellent problems. For, pool covers shield the pool and also shield it from undesirable particles and also water. So, picking one proper pool cover becomes a should for you. Also, you need pool covers to block the swimming pool while you are away from house to make sure that the youngsters may not try swimming alone. Allow's take a peep into exactly how can you shop at simplicity for pool covers. There are various kinds of pool covers out there area today. Firstly clearly construct your demands before you browse for a pool cover. The normal swimming pool covers are the plastic covers that are laid on the swimming pool and repaired with the assistance of sand bags or some other heavy objects on the corners of the swimming pool. They are temporary swimming pool covers which can be removed conveniently as they are light-weight. Though, safety and security covers are one of one of the most trusted covers when it pertains to a period long covering for your swimming pool. They resemble an obstacle to the swimming pool. These covers stop your children from getting on the swimming pools. Normally the short-lived swimming pool covers leave a little void between the deck and the cover. It obtains simple for the kids to slide through that void as well as jump inside. If you acquire safeguard covers from the marketplace for you merge, it would permit you to have a full sight of the water inside the pool. It would certainly make you enjoy the setting that pool has produced in your yard. The net of pool cover is a strong metal web that is carefully woven into a swimming pool cover. Additionally, the cover can be removed with in 10 minutes. The automatic covers run along with the edges of the pool and also obtain rolled inside package on their own. You just need to press a switch to do all this. You can likewise use opaque swimming pool covers too. But one of the major problems dealt with while using a nontransparent swimming pool cover is standing water. The rain water does not go inside the swimming pool yet it obtains collected on the pool cover. So, you can utilize special swimming pool covers with pumping system with it. For, the pump would efficiently get rid of the water from your swimming pool cover. So make your choice after considering all the various pool covers on the market. As a swimming pool proprietor, you can also involve a swimming pool developer for your pool cover. He will certainly outline the needs of your swimming pool according to the design of your house. So you would acquire the needed defense for your pool and also a pretty back yard consisting of swimming pool in your home.Pool Services - Building, Cleaning, Decks, Heater, Installation, Plastering, Renovations, Repair, Resurfacing | +1 (833) 631-0557Contact Us Today!+1 (833) 631-0557USAhttps://sites.google.com/site/bestpoolservices24/http://poolservices24.s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/