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Safeguard Your Pool With Pool Covers, Reap Conveniences Swimming pool covers are becoming progressively prominent amongst industrial swimming pool owners as well as house swimming pool owners.
This holds true for both indoor and exterior pool.
Pool covers offer a lot of advantages for any type of pool proprietor, several of which even equates to tangible and quantifiable values.
Undoubtedly, a swimming pool cover is one must-have swimming pool product that any pool owner should possess.
There have been several reported sinking incidents of children as well as also pet dogs because of unguarded swimming pools.
Having a swimming pool cover over your neglected pool is highly effective to prevent crashes like these from happening.
The swimming pool cover is a veritable safety gadget.
It acts as a straight fencing on your swimming pool, sealing it off from accidental accessibility by your young children, your animals, in addition to unwanted site visitors.
Though there is still no replacement from proper supervision, a swimming pool cover might in some way do this in your place when you are not around.
Pool covers can conserve your life, and also the life of individuals you respect.
Apart from buying security, obtaining a pool cover for your swimming pool, in fact, conserves you cash.
Just how? A swimming pool cover can conserve you up to 70% on operating expenses by lowering your swimming pool's requirement for extra heating equipment, make-up water, water treatment chemicals, as well as cleaning as well as upkeep expenses.
In the future, your pool cover will pay for itself.
According to researches, swimming pools not secured by a pool cover can lose as high as 30% of their heat each day and also more than 10,000 liters of water, including chemicals made use of to treat the water, all as a result of the natural procedure of evaporation.
Evaporation, amongst many various other factors, is mainly responsible for the warmth loss in pool water.
It takes a significant quantity of energy to evaporate water, ultimately taking a great deal of warmth out of your swimming pool water also.
With the use of a pool cover, heat loss is lowered by obstructing evaporation and also securing the warmth in.
Normally, there will certainly be a substantial reduction in your swimming pool home heating prices as your water thermostat may cut the warm supply from the central heating boiler during making use of the swimming pool cover.
Also, securing even more of the heat in with your pool cover in some way expands your swimming period.
Your pool stays cozy as well as welcoming for a a lot longer amount of time.
A pool cover over your swimming pool also considerably decreases the quantity of energy called for to ventilate the pool room for interior pools.
There will be little need for air flow and also exhaust fans, allowing you to conserve a lot more on air-heating expense.
You are not only saved from big power costs, by obstructing dissipation, you also minimize cosmetics water by as long as 50%, as well as chemicals for dealing with water by as long as 60%.
Loss of volatile chemicals like chlorine because of dissipation is also substantially reduced.
Researches show that around 5,000 gallons of water is preserved, along with chemicals used to treat it every year if swimming pool proprietors will certainly simply use pool covers.
For interior swimming pools, fewer harsh sanitation chemicals released into the air because of subdued evaporation results to lowered moisture damages as well as acidic corrosion on your building structure.
This also consists of fixtures such as steel joints, door and window frameworks, speakers, and also others.
Pool covers additionally reduce your cleaning time and minimize swimming pool tools upkeep cost.
Pool covers keep off fallen leaves, debris as well as dust out of your swimming pool water.
Leaving your swimming pool water crystal clear for the longest time.
A pool cover can also protect swimming pools from severe winter months components.
With a pool cover over your pool, the heat of the swimming pool water is kept well inside and also with the pool cover additionally keeping the dirt out, your pool devices lasts longer due to the fact that it really works much less.
Exterior and indoor swimming pool proprietors will take advantage of a pool cover.
Primarily, it can conserve lives as a safety and security gadget.
As well as the monetary incentives and also advantages are just an added reward.
Pool proprietors no more require to stress on just how to maximize their pool usage and also maintain it at its ace condition.
The key is just to utilize a swimming pool cover that finest suits your pool as well as your swimming requires.
Deck may refer to:
Aria Resort and Casino is a luxury resort and casino, part of the CityCenter complex on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada.
Aria consists of two curved glass and steel highrise towers adjoined at the center.
It opened on December 16, 2009 as a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and Infinity World Development.
At 4 million sq ft (370,000 m2) and 600 ft (180 m) in height, it is the largest and tallest structure at CityCenter.
The resort's 61 and 51-story towers contain an AAA five diamond[3] hotel with 4,004 guest rooms and suites, 16 restaurants, 10 bars and nightclubs, and a casino with 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) of gaming space.
It also has a 215,000 sq ft (20,000 m2) pool area with 34 cabanas, an 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2) salon and spa, a 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) convention center and a 1,800-seat theater which hosted Zarkana by Cirque du Soleil, until closing April 30, 2016.
Among the most notable aspects of Aria is its incorporation of technology in the exterior and interior design of the hotel,[4] specifically for the reduction of energy consumption.
It is the largest hotel in the world to have earned LEED Gold certification.[5] On account of its smart rooms which automatically adjust curtains, turn off unused lights and electronics, and regulate the temperature when a guest enters or leaves a room, Aria was described in Popular Mechanics as possibly "the most technologically advanced hotel ever built".[6] Aria was conceived by MGM Mirage (now MGM Resorts International)[7] as part of the broader CityCenter development project, which was announced on November 10, 2004.
The architectural design of Aria was conducted by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, and construction began in early 2006 on a plot of land located between the Bellagio and Monte Carlo.
This site was previously occupied by the former Boardwalk Hotel and Casino, retail stores, and a large parking lot, all of which were excavated beginning in April 2006.
Following excavation, Aria's foundation was poured in June 2006.
Vertical progression commenced in September 2007, at which point construction workers built upwards at a rate of one floor every seven days until reaching the final height of 61 floors.[8] Amid ongoing construction in 2007, Infinity World Development, a subsidiary of Dubai World,[9] invested about $2.7 billion to acquire a 50% stake in the CityCenter project.
From this point on, Aria was jointly owned by MGM Resorts International and Infinity World Development, with MGM solely responsible for operations and management.
The economic downturn and its ripple effects – including litigation – threatened to halt construction of Aria at one point in early 2009,[10] but an additional funding arrangement was made, allowing construction to continue on schedule.[11] The resort opened on December 16, 2009, in the same month as several other CityCenter properties such as The Crystals, an attached retail shopping complex.[12][13] The completed structure comprises two curvilinear glass towers, measuring 61 stories tall.[14] At the base of the connected high-rise towers is a casino and a three-story lobby that incorporates natural materials including foliage, flowers, glass, wood, and stone.[15] Aria's design is described as not adhering to an overarching theme, in contrast to themed resorts prevalent on the Las Vegas Strip.[16][17] It was named Aria due to its placement as the central feature of CityCenter, as arias are focal points in operas.[18] Artwork is incorporated throughout the lobby and interior of the building.
The main entrance contains a lighted water feature called "Lumia" created by WET, which syncs water bursts to music.[19] Maya Lin, designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., created an 87 ft (27 m) reclaimed silver sculpture of the Colorado River called Silver River which is suspended behind Aria's hotel registration desk.[8] A result of its design, Aria is the largest hotel in the world to have received LEED Gold certification.[5] Aria contains 4,004 hotel rooms within its 4 million sq ft (370,000 m2).[20] The suites make up 568 of the rooms, and a portion are referred to as Sky Suites, a AAA-5 Diamond and a Forbes Five Star hotel.
Sky Suites are categorized separately since they are accessed via a private entrance and elevator, and include transportation between the hotel and airport in limousines fueled by compressed natural gas.[21] At the time of its opening in 2009, Aria was the 9th-largest hotel in the world as measured by the total number of rooms.[22] All rooms have a touch-screen automation system which automatically adjusts curtains, turns off unused lights and electronics, and regulates the temperature when a guest enters or leaves the room.
Room dimensions begin at 520 sq ft (48 m2).
The standard suites range in size from 1,050 to 2,060 sq ft (98 to 191 m2).[6][20][23] The two top floors of the hotel consist of a separately designated room category entitled Sky Villas, which range from 2,000 to 7,000 sq ft (190 to 650 m2) in size.[24] All rooms outside the Sky Suite are non-smoking.
A three-story, 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) convention center includes four ballrooms (three with fully functioning theatrical stages), 38 meeting rooms and a three-story 400 ft (120 m) long window overlooking the pool.
As of 2009, the window was the largest glass-curtain wall of its type ever constructed in a public building.
An additional 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) is allocated for back-of-house areas, offices, and a subterranean parking garage.[25] In December 2015, Aria announced an expansion of its convention center with construction to begin in May 2016 and completed in February 2018.[26] The only casino within the CityCenter complex is located at Aria.
Its 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) of gaming space includes slots, poker, table games, and a race and sports book.[20] The gaming machines are controlled and monitored by a 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) data center and are changed to play the most popular games based on real-time data collected about the performance of each machine.[6] Exterior windows are present along the edges of the casino floor and skylights are part of the ceiling in the high-limit gaming area, differing from traditional casino design which historically omits natural light.[20][27] Lemongrass, the first Thai restaurant to be opened on the Las Vegas Strip, is one of multiple restaurants located within the casino area.[28] Located at the base of the Aria Casino is the 182,985 sq ft (16,999.9 m2) Pool Deck containing one large pool surrounded by tropical landscaping and multiple smaller pools.
The general Pool Deck has a security kiosk and retail shop at the entrance as well as Salt & Ivy, Pool Bar, and 34 cabanas.
The Pool Deck structures were designed by Graft's Los Angeles[29] office with structural engineering provided by Geiger Engineers,[30] exclusive of the Liquid Pool area.
The cabanas are structural steel covered with tensile fabric.
The Breeze Cafe and Pool Bar are sweeping canopies created by layering stucco on top of unusual curved steel skeletons.
A separate outdoor pool area called LIQUID Pool Lounge was opened in March 2010.[31] The Breeze Café at Aria Pool Deck has since closed, but guests can order food pool-side from a limited menu via a waitress.
There are 16 restaurants as well as 10 bars and clubs within Aria, covering a total of about 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2).[32] Julian Serrano, a tapas restaurant in the lobby named after its chef, was noted as one of Esquire Magazine's "20 Best New Restaurants in 2010".[33] Sage, described as a contemporary American restaurant, is also located in the lobby area.[34] Jean-Georges Steakhouse, run by Jean-Georges Vongerichten, is one of only nine restaurants in the United States that serve genuine Kobe beef.[35] Catch, a seafood and sushi restaurant known for drawing celebrities to its New York and Los Angeles locations, opened in 2018.[36] Among the restaurants led by celebrity chefs that have previously operated at Aria were Masa Takayama's sushi eatery BarMasa and teppanyaki grill Tetsu (both closed in 2018), and Michael Mina's American Fish (closed in 2014).[37][38] An 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m2) salon and spa covers two floors of Aria, and a coed balcony attached to the spa overlooks an outdoor infinity-edge pool.[39] Cirque du Soleil's Gold Lounge is located in the Aria Resort & Casino and is 3,756 square feet (349 m2).[40] The design is reminiscent of Elvis' mansion, Graceland, and black and gold are utilized extensively throughout the décor.
The bar has the same shape as the bar in the Elvis mansion as well.[41] The music played changes throughout the night including upbeat Classic rock, commercial House music, Elvis remixes, minimal hip-hop, Top 40, and Pop.[42] As of mid-2015, Gold Lounge is closed for remodeling and undergoing a $4 Million makeover.[43] Jewel, will replace Haze as the new nightclub in Aria.
It is set to open in March 2016.
In May 2018, Poker Central opened the PokerGO Studio at the Aria Resort and Casino.
This poker studio is a 10,000 square-foot space built to host live poker events distributed on the poker streaming service, PokerGO.
Notable poker tournaments and cash games held at the PokerGO Studio include the Super High Roller Bowl, Poker Masters, U.S.
Poker Open, Poker After Dark, and more.
The PokerGO Studio is open to the public on an event-by-event basis.[44] Cirque du Soleil, CKX, Inc.
and its subsidiary Elvis Presley Enterprises created a permanent show at Aria celebrating Elvis' music entitled Viva Elvis.[45] The show premiered on February 17, 2010 and consisted of music, singers, dancers, acrobats and multimedia components that paid tribute to the King of Rock 'n' Roll.[19] Aria's Gold Boutique Nightclub and Lounge is themed after Elvis' former Graceland home.[19] Viva Elvis ended its run on August 31, 2012 due to low ticket sales, and was replaced on November 1, 2012 by Cirque du Soleil's rock opera Zarkana.[46][47] Zarkana closed in April 2016 to allow for the expansion of the convention center.
Salon at ARIA Pool Deck Security Kiosk Aria Pool Deck, Breeze Cafe interior Aria Pool Bar Aria Express Coordinates: 36°6′28.50″N 115°10′37″W / 36.1079167°N 115.17694°W / 36.1079167; -115.17694
Stamped concrete is concrete that is patterned and/or textured or embossed to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures.
Stamped concrete is commonly used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, pool decks, and interior flooring.
The ability of Stamped concrete to resemble other building materials makes Stamped concrete a less expensive alternative to using those other authentic materials such as stone, slate or brick.
There are three procedures used in Stamped concrete which separate it from other concrete procedures; the addition of a base color, the addition of an accent color, and stamping a pattern into the concrete.
These three procedures provide Stamped concrete with a color and shape similar to the natural building material.
It also is longer-lasting than paved stone, and still resembles the look.
The base color is the primary color used in Stamped concrete.
The base color is chosen to reflect the color of the natural building material.
The base color is produced by adding a color hardener to the concrete.
Color hardener is a powder pigment used to dye the concrete.
The color hardener can be applied using one of two procedures; integral color or cast-on color.
Integral color is the procedure where the entire volume of concrete is dyed the base color.
The entire volume of concrete is colored by adding the color hardener to the concrete truck, and allowing all the concrete in the truck to be dyed.
Cast-on color is the procedure where the surface of the concrete is dyed the base color.
The surface of the concrete is colored by spreading the color hardener onto the surface of the wet concrete and floating the powder into the top layer of the wet concrete.
Concrete can be colored in many ways; color hardener, integral liquid or powder, acid stains to name a few.
The process of integrally coloring the concrete offers the advantage of the entire volume being colored; however, the surface strength is not increased as with the use of color hardener.
Dry shake color hardener is another popular way to color concrete.
You broadcast the hardener on the concrete as soon as it is floated for the first time.
After letting the bleed water soak into the hardener you float and trowel it in.
This method only covers the surface about 3/16 of an inch but it gives the concrete surface a longer wear life.
The accent color is the secondary color used in Stamped concrete.
The secondary color is used to produce texture and show additional building materials (e.g.
grout) in the Stamped concrete.
The accent color is produced by applying color release to the concrete.
Color release has two purposes - 1) It is a pigment used to color the concrete and 2) It is a non-adhesive used to prevent the concrete stamps from sticking to the concrete.
The color release can be applied in one of two procedures based on the two forms it is manufactured in: powdered (cast-on color release made up of calcium-releasing powders that repel water); or liquid - which is a light aromatic-based solvent, spray-on color release.
Cast-on color release is a procedure where the powder color release is applied by spreading the color release on the surface of the concrete before the concrete is stamped.
Spray-on color release is a procedure where liquid color release is sprayed on the bottom of the concrete stamps before the concrete is stamped.
The pattern is the shape of the surface of the Stamped concrete.
The pattern reflects the shape of the natural building material.
The pattern is made by imprinting the concrete shortly after it has been poured with a "concrete stamp".
Most modern concrete stamps are made of polyurethane, but older "cookie cutter" style stamps were made of various metals.
The old style stamps lacked the capabilities of forming natural stone texture.
Concrete stamping is the procedure which uses the concrete stamps to make the pattern in the Stamped concrete.
Concrete stamps are placed on the concrete after the color release has been applied.
The concrete stamps are pushed into the concrete and then removed to leave the pattern in the Stamped concrete.
In most cases concrete stamping is made to look like ordinary building products such as flagstone, brick, natural stone, etc.
Stamping concrete increased in popularity in the 1970s when it was first introduced in the World of Concrete.
Builders saw it as a new way to satisfy the customer and make their budget work simultaneously.
This technique of stamping concrete has been done since at least the 1950s.
When stamping concrete first began, there were very few choices of design and colors.
However, as the industry grew more stamping patterns were being created along with many different types of stains.
Another advantage to using Stamped concrete is that it can be applied to many different surfaces and textures, such as driveways, highways, patios, decks, and even floors inside the home.
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull[1] of a ship.
On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms the "roof" of the hull, strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface.
Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck, similar to the floors of a multi-storey building, that are also referred to as decks, as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure.
Decks for some purposes have specific names.
The main purpose of the upper or primary deck is structural, and only secondarily to provide weather-tightness and support people and equipment.
The deck serves as the lid to the complex box girder which can be identified as the hull.
It resists tension, compression, and racking forces.
The deck's scantling is usually the same as the topsides, or might be heavier if the deck is expected to carry heavier loads (for example a container ship).
The deck will be reinforced around deck fittings such as the capstan, cleats, or bollards.
On ships with more than one level, deck refers to the level itself.
The actual floor surface is called the sole, the term deck refers to a structural member tying the ships frames or ribs together over the keel.
In modern ships, the interior decks are usually numbered from the primary deck, which is #1, downward and upward.
So the first deck below the primary deck will be #2, and the first above the primary deck will be #A2 or #S2 (for "Above" or "Superstructure").
Some merchant ships may alternatively designate decks below the primary deck, usually machinery spaces, by numbers, and those above it, in the accommodation block, by letters.
Ships may also call decks by common names, or (especially on cruise ships) may invent fanciful and romantic names for a specific deck or area of that specific ship, such as the Lido deck of the Princess Cruises' Love Boat.
Equipment mounted on deck, such as the ship's wheel, binnacle, fife rails, and so forth, may be collectively referred to as deck furniture.
Weather decks in western designs evolved from having structures fore (forward or front) and aft (rear) of the ship mostly clear; in the 19th century, pilothouses/wheelhouses and deckhouses began to appear, eventually developing into the superstructure of modern ships.
Eastern designs developed earlier, with efficient middle decks and minimalist fore and aft cabin structures across a range of designs.
In vessels having more than one deck there are various naming conventions, numerically, alphabetically, etc.
However, there are also various common historical names and types of decks: A traditional wood deck would consist of planks laid fore and aft over beams and along carlins, the seams of which are caulked and paid with tar.
A yacht or other fancy boat might then have the deck canvased, with the fabric laid down in a thick layer of paint or sealant, and additional coats painted over.
The wash or apron boards form the joint between the deck planking and that of the topsides, and are caulked similarly.
Modern "constructed decks" are used primarily on fiberglass, composite, and cold-molded hulls.
The under structure of beams and carlins is the same as above.
The decking itself is usually multiple layers of marine-grade plywood, covered over with layers of fibreglass in a plastic resin such as epoxy or polyester overlapped onto the topsides of the hull.
Generally speaking, the method outlined for "constructed decks" is most similar to metal decks.
The deck plating is laid over metal beams and carlins and tacked temporarily in place.
The difficulty in metal construction is avoiding distortion of the plate while welding due to the high heat involved in the process.
Welds are usually double pass, meaning each seam is welded twice, a time-consuming process which may take longer than building the wood deck.
However, welds result in a waterproof deck which is strong and easily repairable.
The deck structure is welded to the hull, making it structurally a single unit.
Because a metal deck, painted to reduce corrosion, can pick up heat from the sun, and be quite slippery and noisy to work on, a layer of wood decking or thick non-skid paint is often applied to its surface.
The process for building a deck in fiberglass is the same as for building a hull: a female mould is built, a layer of gel coat is sprayed in, then layers of fiberglass in resin are built up to the required deck thickness (if the deck has a core, the outer skin layers of fiberglass and resin are laid, then the core material, and finally the inner skin layers.) The deck is removed from the mould and usually mechanically fastened to the hull.
Fiberglass decks are quite slick with their mirror-smooth surfaces, so a non-skid texture is often moulded into their surface, or non-skid pads glued down in working areas.
The thickness of the decking affects how strong the hull is, and is directly related to how thick the skin of the hull itself is, which is of course related to how large the vessel is, the kind of work it is expected to do, and the kind of weather it may reasonably be expected to endure.
While a naval engineer or architect may have precise methods of determining what the scantlings should be, traditional builders used previous experiences and simpler rules-of-thumb to determine how thick the deck should be built.
The numbers derived by these formulae gives a rough number for determining the average thickness of materials based on some crude hull measurements.
Below the waterline the thickness should be approximately 115% of the result, while upper topsides and decks might be reduced to 85% of the result.
– Source:[12]
The Montreal Olympic Pool was constructed for the 1976 Summer Olympics as part of the Montreal Olympic Park.
The Olympic Pool is part of the larger swimming centre, located in the base of the inclined tower.
The centre has a spectator capacity of 3,012 seats.
At the 1976 Olympics, the venue hosted swimming, diving, water polo, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events.
It had a capacity of 10,000 seats at the time (6,988 temporary seats were installed).
The building was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert, who also designed the Olympic Stadium and Olympic Village.
The structure, along with the accompanying velodrome, inspired Taillibert's later designs for Luxembourg's National Sports and Culture Centre.
Outside of the actual aquatic complex, inside the tower, a small museum exists, commemorating the 1976 Games as well as Games past, with posters and displays in French and English.
As of 2014, the aquatic complex is closed while undergoing extensive renovations to bring the facilities in line with FINA+ standards, including:[1] The pool reopened in May 2015, complete with modernized reception and waiting areas and a new boutique, rest area, and food court.[1] The pool was used as a filming venue for the upcoming Olympic-themed film Nadia, Butterfly.[2] Official Site Coordinates: 45°33′34″N 73°33′7″W / 45.55944°N 73.55194°W / 45.55944; -73.55194
A Swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities.
Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships.
In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size Swimming pool.
Many health clubs, fitness centers, and private clubs have pools used mostly for exercise or recreation.
Many towns and cities provide public pools.
Many hotels have pools available for their guests to use at their own leisure.
Educational facilities such as high schools and universities sometimes have pools for physical education classes, recreational activities, leisure, and competitive athletics such as swimming teams.
Hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or hydrotherapy.
They are common in hotels and health clubs, and can also be found in many private homes.
Special Swimming pools are also used for diving, specialized water sports, and physical therapy, as well as for the training of lifeguards and astronauts.
Swimming pools may be heated or unheated.
The "Great Bath" at the site of Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Pakistan was most likely the first Swimming pool, dug during the 3rd millennium BC.
This pool is 12 by 7 metres (39 by 23 feet), is lined with bricks, and was covered with a tar-based sealant.[1] Ancient Greeks and Romans built artificial pools for athletic training in the palaestras, for nautical games and for military exercises.
Roman emperors had private Swimming pools in which fish were also kept, hence one of the Latin words for a pool was piscina.
The first heated Swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas in his gardens on the Esquiline Hill of Rome, likely sometime between 38 and 8 BC.
[2] Gaius Maecenas was a wealthy imperial advisor to Augustus and considered one of the first patrons of arts.[3] Ancient Sinhalese built pairs of pools called "Kuttam Pokuna" in the kingdom of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in the 4th century BC.
They were decorated with flights of steps, punkalas or pots of abundance, and scroll design.[4] Swimming pools became popular in Britain in the mid-19th century.
As early as 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards existed in London, England.[5] The Maidstone Swimming Club in Maidstone, Kent is believed to be the oldest surviving swimming club in Britain.
It was formed in 1844, in response to concerns over drownings in the River Medway, especially since would-be rescuers would often drown because they themselves could not swim to safety.
The club used to swim in the River Medway, and would hold races, diving competitions and water polo matches.
The South East Gazette July 1844 reported an aquatic breakfast party: coffee and biscuits were served on a floating raft in the river.
The coffee was kept hot over a fire; club members had to tread water and drink coffee at the same time.
The last swimmers managed to overturn the raft, to the amusement of 150 spectators.[6] The Amateur Swimming Association was founded in 1869 in England,[citation needed] and the Oxford Swimming Club in 1909.[7] The presence of indoor baths in the cobbled area of Merton Street might have persuaded the less hardy of the aquatic brigade to join.
So, bathers gradually became swimmers, and bathing pools became Swimming pools.[citation needed].
In 1939, Oxford created its first major public indoor pool at Temple Cowley.
The modern Olympic Games started in 1896 and included swimming races, after which the popularity of Swimming pools began to spread.
In the US, the Racquet Club of Philadelphia clubhouse (1907) boasts one of the world's first modern above-ground Swimming pools.
The first Swimming pool to go to sea on an ocean liner was installed on the White Star Line's Adriatic in 1906.[8] The oldest known public Swimming pool in America, Underwood Pool, is located in Belmont, Massachusetts.[9] Interest in competitive swimming grew following World War I.
Standards improved and training became essential.
Home Swimming pools became popular in the United States after World War II and the publicity given to swimming sports by Hollywood films such as Esther Williams' Million Dollar Mermaid made a home pool a desirable status symbol.
More than 50 years later, the home or residential Swimming pool is a common sight.
Some small nations enjoy a thriving Swimming pool industry (e.g., New Zealand pop.
4,116,900 [Source NZ Census 7 March 2006] – holds the record in pools per capita with 65,000 home Swimming pools and 125,000 spa pools).[citation needed] A two-storey, white concrete Swimming pool building composed of horizontal cubic volumes built in 1959 at the Royal Roads Military College is on the Registry of Historic Places of Canada.[10] According to the Guinness World Records, the largest Swimming pool in the world is San Alfonso del Mar Seawater pool in Algarrobo, Chile.
It is 1,013 m (3,323 ft) long and has an area of 8 ha (20 acres).
At its deepest, it is 3.5 m (11 ft) deep.[11] It was completed in December 2006.[12] The largest indoor wave pool in North America is at the West Edmonton Mall and the largest indoor pool is at the Neutral Buoyancy Lab in the Sonny Carter Training Facility at NASA JSC in Houston.[13][14] In 2014, the Y-40 Swimming pool at the Hotel Terme Millepini in Padua, Italy became the deepest indoor pool at 42.15 m (138.3 ft), certified by the Guinness Book of World Records[15] The recreational diving center Nemo 33 near Brussels, Belgium previously held the record (34.5 m (113 ft)) from May 2004 until the Y-40 was completed in June 2014.[16] The Fleishhacker Pool in San Francisco was the largest heated outdoor Swimming pool in the United States.
Opened on 23 April 1925, it measured 1,000 by 150 ft (300 by 50 m) and was so large that the lifeguards required kayaks for patrol.
It was closed in 1971 due to low patronage.[17] In Europe, the largest Swimming pool opened in 1934 in Elbląg (Poland), providing a water area of 33,500 square metres (361,000 sq ft).[18] One of the largest Swimming pools ever built was reputedly created in Moscow after the Palace of Soviets remained uncompleted.
The foundations of the palace were converted into the Moskva Pool open-air Swimming pool after the process of de-Stalinisation.[19] However, after the fall of communism, Christ the Saviour Cathedral was re-built on the site between 1995 and 2000; the cathedral had originally been located there.[citation needed] The highest Swimming pool is believed to be in Yangbajain (Tibet, China).
This resort is located at 4200 m AMSL and has two indoor Swimming pools and one outdoor Swimming pool, all filled with water from hot springs.[20] Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools are often measured in feet and yards.
In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but older pools measured in yards still exist.
In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards (SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long course).
US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition.
There are also many pools 33⅓ m long, so that 3 lengths = 100 m.
This pool dimension is commonly used to accommodate water polo.[citation needed] USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools.
However, the international standard is metres, and world records are only recognized when swum in 50 m pools (or 25 m for short course) but 25-yard pools are very common in the US.
In general, the shorter the pool, the faster the time for the same distance, since the swimmer gains speed from pushing off the wall after each turn at the end of the pool.
Width: Most European pools are between 10 m and 50 m wide.[citation needed] Depth: The depth of a Swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool, and whether it is open to the public or strictly for private use.
If it is a private casual, relaxing pool, it may go from 1.0 to 2.0 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) deep.
If it is a public pool designed for diving, it may slope from 3.0 to 5.5 m (10 to 18 ft) in the deep end.
A children's play pool may be from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 ft) deep.
Most public pools have differing depths to accommodate different swimmer requirements.
In many jurisdictions, it is a requirement to show the water depth with clearly marked depths affixed to the pool walls.[citation needed] Pools can be either indoors or outdoors.
They can be of any size and shape, and inground or above ground.
Most pools are permanent fixtures, while others are temporary, collapsible structures.
Private pools are usually smaller than public pools, on average 3.7 m × 7.3 m (12 ft × 24 ft) to 6.1 m × 12.2 m (20 ft × 40 ft) whereas public pools usually start at 24 m (80 ft).[citation needed] Home pools can be permanently built-in, or be assembled above ground and disassembled after summer.
Privately owned outdoor pools in backyards or gardens started to proliferate in the 1950s in regions with warm summer climates, particularly in the United States with desegregation.[21] Construction methods for private pools vary greatly.
The main types of in-ground pools are gunite shotcrete, concrete, vinyl-lined, and one-piece fiberglass shells.
Many countries now have strict pool fencing requirements for private Swimming pools, which require pool areas to be isolated so that unauthorized children younger than six years cannot enter.
Many countries require a similar level of protection for the children residing in or visiting the house, although many pool owners prefer the visual aspect of the pool in close proximity to their living areas, and will not provide this level of protection.
There is no consensus between states or countries on the requirements to fence private Swimming pools, and in many places they are not required at all, particularly in rural settings.[22] Inexpensive temporary polyvinyl chloride pools can be bought in supermarkets and taken down after summer.
They are used mostly outdoors in yards, are typically shallow, and often their sides are inflated with air to stay rigid.
When finished, the water and air can be let out and this type of pool can be folded up for convenient storage.
They are regarded in the Swimming pool industry as "splasher" pools intended for cooling off and amusing toddlers and children, not for swimming, hence the alternate name of "kiddie" pools.[citation needed] Toys are available for children and other people to play with in pool water.
They are often blown up with air so they are soft but still reasonably rugged, and can float in water.
Public pools are often part of a larger leisure centre or recreational complex.
These centres often have more than one pool, such as an indoor heated pool, an outdoor (chlorinated, saltwater or ozonated) pool which may be heated or unheated, a shallower children's pool, and a paddling pool for toddlers and infants.
There may also be a sauna and one or more hot tubs or spa pools ("jacuzzis").
Many upscale hotels and holiday resorts have a Swimming pool for use by their guests.
If a pool is in a separate building, the building may be called a natatorium.
The building may sometimes also have facilities for related activities, such as a diving tank.
Larger pools sometimes have a diving board affixed at one edge above the water.
Many public Swimming pools are rectangles 25 m or 50 m long, but they can be any size and shape.
There are also elaborate pools with artificial waterfalls, fountains, splash pads, wave machines, varying depths of water, bridges, and island bars.
Some swimming facilities have lockers for clothing and other belongings.
The lockers can require a coin to be inserted in a slot, either as deposit or payment.
There are usually showers - sometimes mandatory - before and/or after swimming.
There are often also lifeguards to ensure the safety of users.
Wading or paddling pools are shallow bodies of water intended for use by small children, usually in parks.
Concrete wading pools come in many shapes, traditionally rectangle, square or circle.
Some are filled and drained daily due to lack of a filter system.
Staff chlorinate the water to ensure health and safety standards.[citation needed] The Fédération Internationale de la Natation (FINA, International Swimming Federation) sets standards for competition pools: 25 or 50 m (82 or 164 ft) long and at least 1.35 m (4.4 ft) deep.
Competition pools are generally indoors and heated to enable their use all year round, and to more easily comply with the regulations regarding temperature, lighting, and automatic officiating equipment.
An Olympic-size Swimming pool (first used at the 1924 Olympics) is a pool that meets FINA's additional standards for the Olympic Games and for world championship events.
It must be 50 by 25 m (164 by 82 ft) wide, divided into eight lanes of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) each, plus two areas of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) at each side of the pool.
Depth must be at least 2 m (6.6 ft).[23] The water must be kept at 25–28 °C (77–82 °F) and the lighting level at greater than 1500 lux.
There are also regulations for color of lane rope, positioning of backstroke flags (5 metres from each wall), and so on.[23] Pools claimed to be "Olympic pools" do not always meet these regulations, as FINA cannot police use of the term.
Touchpads are mounted on both walls for long course meets and each end for short course.
A pool may be referred to as fast or slow, depending on its physical layout.[24] Some design considerations allow the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster: namely, proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic and illumination designs.
In the last two decades, a new style of pool has gained popularity.
These consist of a small vessel (usually about 2.5 × 5 m) in which the swimmer swims in place, either against the push of an artificially generated water current or against the pull of restraining devices.
These pools have several names, such as swim spas, swimming machines, or swim systems.
They are all examples of different modes of resistance swimming.
Hot tubs and spa pools are common heated pools used for relaxation and sometimes for therapy.
Commercial spas are common in the Swimming pool area or sauna area of a health club or fitness centre, in men's clubs, women's clubs, motels and exclusive five-star hotel suites.
Spa clubs may have very large pools, some segmented into increasing temperatures.
In Japan, men's clubs with many spas of different size and temperature are common.
Commercial spas are generally made of concrete, with a mosaic tiled interior.
More recently with the innovation of the pre-form composite method where mosaic tiles are bonded to the shell this enables commercial spas to be completely factory manufactured to specification and delivered in one piece.
Hot tubs are typically made somewhat like a wine barrel with straight sides, from wood such as Californian redwood held in place by metal hoops.
Immersion of the head is not recommended in spas or hot tubs due to a potential risk of underwater entrapment from the pump suction forces.
However, commercial installations in many countries must comply with various safety standards which reduce this risk considerably.
Home spas are a worldwide retail item in western countries since the 1980s, and are sold in dedicated spa stores, pool shops, department stores, the Internet, and catalog sales books.
They are almost always made from heat-extruded acrylic sheet Perspex, often colored in marble look-alike patterns.
They rarely exceed 6 m2 (65 sq ft) and are typically 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, restricted by the availability of the raw sheet sizes (typically manufactured in Japan).
There is often a mid-depth seating or lounging system, and contoured lounger style reclining seats are common.
Upmarket spas include various jet nozzles (massage, pulsating, etc.), a drinks tray, lights, LCD flat-screen TV sets and other features that make the pool a recreation center.
Due to their family-oriented nature, home spas are normally operated from 36 to 39 °C (97 to 102 °F).
Many pools are incorporated in a redwood or simulated wood surround, and are termed "portable" as they may be placed on a patio rather than sunken into a permanent location.
Some portable spas are shallow and narrow enough to fit sideways through a standard door and be used inside a room.
Low power electric immersion heaters are common with home spas.
Whirlpool tubs first became popular in America during the 1960s and 1970s.
A spa is also called a "jacuzzi" in USA since the word became a generic after plumbing component manufacturer Jacuzzi introduced the "spa whirlpool" in 1968.
Air bubbles may be introduced into the nozzles via an air-bleed venturi pump that combines cooler air with the incoming heated water to cool the pool if the temperature rises uncomfortably high.
Some spas have a constant stream of bubbles fed via the seating area of the pool, or a footwell area.
This is more common as a temperature control device where the heated water comes from a natural (uncontrolled heat) geothermal source, rather than artificially heated.
Water temperature is usually very warm to hot — 38 to 42 °C (100 to 108 °F), so bathers usually stay in for only 20 to 30 minutes.
Bromine or mineral sanitizers are often recommended as sanitizers for spas because chlorine dissipates at a high temperature thereby heightening its strong chemical smell.
Ozone is an effective bactericide and is commonly included in the circulation system with cartridge filtration, but not with sand media filtration due to clogging problems with turbid body fats.
In the early 20th century, especially in Australia, ocean pools were built, typically on headlands by enclosing part of the rock shelf, with water circulated through the pools by flooding from tidal tanks or by regular flooding over the side of the pools at high tide.
This continued a pre-European tradition of bathing in rockpools with many of the current sites being expanded from sites used by Aboriginal Australians or early European settlers.
Bathing in these pools provided security against both rough surf and sea life.
There were often separate pools for women and men, or the pool was open to the sexes at different times with a break for bathers to climb in without fear of observation by the other sex.[25] These were the forerunners of modern "Olympic" pools.
A variation was the later development of sea- or harbour-side pools that circulated sea water using pumps.
A pool of this type was the training ground for Australian Olympian Dawn Fraser.
There are currently about 100 ocean baths in New South Wales, which can range from small pools roughly 25 metres long and "Olympic Sized" (50m) to the very large, such as the 50 × 100 m baths in Newcastle.
While most are free, a number charge fees, such as the Bondi Icebergs Club pool at Bondi Beach.
Despite the development of chlorinated and heated pools, ocean baths remain a popular form of recreation in New South Wales.
A semi-natural ocean pool exists on the central coast of New South Wales; it is called The Bogey Hole.
An infinity edge pool (also named negative edge or vanishing edge pool) is a Swimming pool which produces a visual effect of water extending to the horizon, vanishing, or extending to "infinity".
Often, the water appears to fall into an ocean, lake, bay, or other similar body of water.
The illusion is most effective whenever there is a significant change in elevation, though having a natural body of water on the horizon is not a limiting factor.[citation needed] Natural pools were developed in central and western Europe in the early and mid-1980s by designers and landscape architects with environmental concerns.
They have recently been growing in popularity as an alternative to traditional Swimming pools.[26] Natural pools are constructed bodies of water in which no chemicals or devices that disinfect or sterilize water are used, and all the cleaning of the pool is achieved purely with the motion of the water through biological filters and plants rooted hydroponically in the system.
In essence, natural pools seek to recreate swimming holes and swimmable lakes, the environment where people feel safe swimming in a non-polluted, healthy, and ecologically balanced body of water.
Water in natural pools has many desirable characteristics.
For example, red eyes, dried-out skin and hair, and bleached bathing suits associated with overly chlorinated water are naturally absent in natural pools.[citation needed] Natural pools, by requiring a water garden to be a part of the system, offer different aesthetic options and can support amphibious wildlife such as snails, frogs, and salamanders, and even small fish if desired.
A zero-entry Swimming pool, also called a beach entry Swimming pool, has an edge or entry that gradually slopes from the deck into the water, becoming deeper with each step, in the manner of a natural beach.
As there are no stairs or ladders to navigate, this type of entry assists older people, young children and people with accessibility problems (e.g., people with a physical disability) where gradual entry is useful.
Indoor pools are located inside, under a roof and insulated by at least three walls.
Built for the purpose of year-round swimming or training, they are found in all climate types.
Since the pool room is insulated, it is less likely the heat will escape; making it less expensive to heat than an outdoor pool where the heat will escape.[27] Architecturally, the indoor pool may look like the rest of the house, but in terms of engineering, variables such as heating and ventilation are required to ensure comfortable humidity levels.
In addition to drainage and automatic pool covers, there are a number of ways to remove humidity in the air that is present with any wet indoor environment.
Efficient dehumidification in the indoor pool environment prevents structural damage, lowers energy costs in addition to improving the room's climate to make it a comfortable swimming environment.
Swimming pools are also used for events such as synchronized swimming, water polo, canoe polo and underwater sports such as underwater hockey, underwater rugby, finswimming and sport diving as well as for teaching diving, lifesaving and scuba diving techniques.
They have also been used for specialist tasks such as teaching water-ditching survival techniques for aircraft and submarine crews and astronaut training.
Round-cornered, irregular Swimming pools, such as the Nude Bowl, were drained of water and used for vertical skateboarding.
Levels of bacteria and viruses in Swimming pool water must be kept low to prevent the spread of diseases and pathogens.
Bacteria, algae and insect larvae can enter the pool if water is not properly sanitized.
Pumps, mechanical sand filters, and disinfectants are often used to sanitise the water.
Chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine (usually as a hypochlorite salt, such as calcium hypochlorite) and bromine, are commonly used to kill pathogens.
If not properly maintained, chemical sanitation can produce high levels of disinfection byproducts.
Sanitized Swimming pool water can theoretically appear green if a certain amount of iron salts or copper chloride are present in the water.[28] Acesulfame potassium has been used to estimate how much urine is discharged by swimmers into a pool.[29] In a Canadian study it was estimated that swimmers had released 75 litres of urine into a large pool that had about 830,000 litres of water and was a third of the size of an olympic pool.
Hot tubs were found to have higher readings of the marker.
While urine itself is sterile, its degradation products may lead to asthma.[29] Swimming pool heating costs can be significantly reduced by using a pool cover.
Use of a pool cover also can help reduce the amount of chemicals (chlorine, etc.) required by the pool.
Outdoor pools gain heat from the sun, absorbing 75–85% of the solar energy striking the pool surface.
Though a cover decreases the total amount of solar heat absorbed by the pool, the cover eliminates heat loss due to evaporation and reduces heat loss at night through its insulating properties.
Most Swimming pool heat loss is through evaporation.[30] The heating effectiveness of a cover depends on type.
A transparent bubble cover is the most effective, as it allows the largest amount of solar flux into the pool itself.
Thermal bubble covers are lightweight UV-stabilized floating covers designed to minimize heat loss on heated Swimming pools.
Typically they are only fitted in spring and fall (autumn) when the temperature difference between pool water and air temperature is greatest.
When used consistently they can raise average pool temperatures of an outdoor pool by around 18 °Fahrenheit (11 °Celsius) when combined with a well sized solar pool heating system, or about 11° Fahrenheit (6 °Celsius) without a solar heater but with full sun exposure.[31] Bubble covers are typically applied and removed by being rolled up on a device fitted to one side of the pool (see illustration).
Covers fall apart after four or five years due to sun exposure, overheating in the sun while off the pool, and chlorine attacking the plastic.
Bubble covers should be removed during super chlorination.
A vinyl cover absorbs more sunlight directly, allowing temperature to rise faster, but ultimately prevents the pool from reaching as high a temperature as a clear cover.[32] Vinyl covers consist of a heavier material and have a longer life expectancy than bubble covers.
Insulated vinyl covers are also available with a thin layer of flexible insulation sandwiched between two layers of vinyl.[32] These covers are mandatory[citation needed] to be fitted to all pools in areas of Australia that have experienced drought since 2006.
This is an effort to conserve water, as much water evaporates and transpires.
An alternative to a continuous sheet of pool covering is multiple floating disks which are deployed and removed disk by disk.
They cover most of the surface of the pool and offer evaporation reduction similar to continuous covers.
Various types are available, for example opaque (for UV resistance and possible reduced algal growth), transparent (for esthetics), heavy and solid (for wind resistance), light and inflatable (for ease of handling).
Liquid covers are also an option.
They use a microscopically thin layer of liquid (such as cetyl alcohol) that sits on the water surface and reduces evaporation, which is one of the major sources of heat loss as well as water loss.
Unlike other covers, the pool can be used while the liquid cover is in place, and the nontoxic material is safe for people as well as pumping / filtering systems.
The liquid must be replenished regularly (monthly or more), and may not be effective in windy areas (since the wind will disperse the thin layer).
These covers are typically attached all winter, by hooked bungee cords or hooked springs connected to the pool deck, and are usually made in a variety of materials including coated or laminated vinyl or polypropylene mesh.
They are custom designed to stop leaf debris from entering the pool but more importantly they also provide safety for animals and small children when designed and installed properly.
The custom safety cover was invented in 1957 by Fred Meyer Jr.
of Meyco Pool Covers when he found a dead animal in his pool.
Today covers are made to meet ASTM safety barrier standards and have kept animals, people and even large vehicles out of the pool.
They are not popular in warmer climates, due to the five to ten minutes it takes to fit/remove them, making them inconvenient for repeated application and removal.
A pool cover can be either manually, semi-automatically, or automatically operated.
Manual covers can be folded and stored in an off site location.
Pool cover reels can also be used to help manually roll up the pool cover.
The reel, usually on wheels, can be rolled in or out of place.
Semi-automatic covers use a motor-driven reel system.
They use electrical power to roll and unroll the cover, but usually require someone to pull on the cover when unrolling, or guide the cover onto the reel when rolling up the cover.
Semi-automatic covers can be built into the pool deck surrounding the pool, or can use reels on carts.
Automatic covers have permanently mounted reels that automatically cover and uncover the pool at the push of a button.
They are the most expensive option, but are also the most convenient.
These reels can be run from either an external motor requiring a pit to be dug beside the pool or using an internal motor that spins the reel.
Some pool covers fit into tracks along the sides of the pool.
This prevents anything or anybody from getting into the pool.
They even support the weight of several people.
They can be run manually, semi-automatically, or automatically.
Safety covers may be required by inspectors for public pools.[32] In areas which reach freezing temperature, it is important to close a pool properly.
This varies greatly between in-ground and above-ground pools.
By taking steps to properly secure the pool, it lessens the likelihood that the superstructure will be damaged or compromised by freezing water.[33] In preparation for freezing temperatures, an in-ground Swimming pool's pipes must be emptied.
An above-ground pool should also be closed, so that ice does not drag down the pool wall, collapsing its structure.
The plumbing is sealed with air, typically with rubber plugs, to prevent cracking from freezing water.
The pool is typically covered to prevent leaves and other debris from falling in.
The cover is attached to the pool typically using a stretch cord, similar to a bungee cord and hooks fitted into the pool surround.
The skimmer is closed off or a floating device is placed into it to prevent it from completely freezing and cracking.
Floating objects such as life rings or basketballs can be placed in the pool to avoid its freezing under the cover.
Sand or DE filters must be backwashed, with the main drain plug removed and all water drained out.
Drain plugs on the pool filter are removed after the filter has been cleaned.
The pool pump motor is taken under cover.
Winter chemicals are added to keep the pool clean.
The innovation of a composite construction of fibreglass, with an epoxy coating and porcelain ceramic tiles has led to the Pre-form, Composite-type with significant advantages over older methods; however, it also has increased sensitivity to metal staining.
In climates where there is no risk of freezing, closing down the pool for winter is not so important.
Typically, the thermal cover is removed and stored.
Winter sunlight can create an algae mess when a cover that has been left on all winter is removed.
The pool is correctly pH-balanced and super-chlorinated.
One part algaecide for every 50,000 parts of pool water should be added, and topped up each month.
The pool should be filtered for one to two hours daily to keep the automated chlorination system active.[citation needed] Pools pose a risk of drowning, which may be significant for swimmers who are inexperienced, suffer from seizures, or are susceptible to a heart or respiratory condition.
Lifeguards are employed at most pools to execute water rescues and administer first aid as needed in order to reduce this risk.
Diving in shallow areas of a pool may also lead to significant head and neck injuries; diving, especially head-first diving, should be done in the deepest point of the pool, minimally 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in), but desirably 3.7 m (12 ft), deeper if the distance between the water and the board is great.
Pools also present a risk of death due to drowning, particularly in young children.
In regions where residential pools are common, drowning is a major cause of childhood death.
As a precaution, many jurisdictions require that residential pools be enclosed with fencing to restrict unauthorized access.
Many products exist, such as removable baby fences.
The evidence for floating alarms and window/door alarms to reduce the risk of drowning is poor.[34] Some pools are equipped with computer-aided drowning prevention or other forms of electronic safety and security systems.
Suspended ceilings in indoor Swimming pools are safety-relevant components.
The selection of materials under tension should be done with care.
Especially the selection of unsuitable stainless steels can cause problems with stress corrosion cracking.[35] In public Swimming pools, dress code may be stricter than on public beaches, and in indoor pools stricter than outdoor pools.
For example, in countries where women can be topless on the beach, this is often not allowed in a Swimming pool, and a swimsuit must be worn.
For men, wearing ordinary shorts and a tee shirt to go in the water at a beach may be considered acceptable, but pools usually require real swim suits or other dedicated water wear.
Swimming with regular clothes on is not only unhygienic,[citation needed] but can potentially weigh a swimmer down should he or she need to be rescued.
In France and some other European countries, board shorts are usually not allowed for hygienic reasons.
In Nordic countries and in particular Iceland, rules about clothing and hygiene are especially strict.[36] When diving from a high board, swim suits are sometimes worn doubled up (one brief inside another) in case the outer suit tears on impact with the water.
A Moon Shaped Pool is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead.
It was released digitally on 8 May 2016, with CD and vinyl releases in June 2016 through XL Recordings.
Radiohead recorded A Moon Shaped Pool in southern France with longtime producer Nigel Godrich.
It features strings and choral vocals arranged by guitarist Jonny Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra.
Several songs, such as "True Love Waits" and "Burn the Witch", were written years earlier.
The lyrics address climate change, groupthink, and heartbreak; many critics saw them as a response to singer Thom Yorke's split from his partner Rachel Owen.
The artwork was created by Yorke with longtime collaborator Stanley Donwood, who created abstract works by exposing his paintings to weather.
Radiohead promoted A Moon Shaped Pool with singles and videos for "Burn the Witch" and "Daydreaming", a viral campaign of social media and postcards, and a series of video vignettes.
A world tour began in May 2016, with legs in 2017 and 2018 and headline performances at festivals including Glastonbury and Coachella.
The tour included a performance in Tel Aviv, which drew criticism from supporters of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions, a campaign for an international cultural boycott of Israel.
A Moon Shaped Pool appeared in many publications' lists of the year's best albums.
It was the fifth Radiohead album nominated for the Mercury Prize, and was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Song (for "Burn the Witch") at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.
It topped the charts in several countries, becoming Radiohead's sixth number-one album in the UK, and was a bestseller on vinyl.
It was certified gold in the UK and US in 2018.
Several tracks on A Moon Shaped Pool were written years before the recording.
"True Love Waits" dates to at least 1995, and Radiohead performed it numerous times over the following years, becoming one of their best-known unreleased songs.[1] Radiohead first worked on "Burn the Witch" in the sessions for Kid A (2000), and again in subsequent album sessions, but were not satisfied with the results.[2] Songwriter Thom Yorke first performed "Present Tense" in a solo set at the UK Latitude Festival in 2009.[3][4] During the tour for their eighth album, The King of Limbs (2011), Radiohead performed new material, including future Moon Shaped Pool tracks "Identikit" and "Ful Stop".[3] On tour in 2012, they recorded two songs at the Third Man Records studio in Nashville, Tennessee, including a version of "Identikit",[5] but discarded the recordings as substandard.[6] After the tour ended that year, Radiohead entered hiatus and the members worked on side projects.[7] Radiohead began work on A Moon Shaped Pool with longtime producer Nigel Godrich in their Oxford studio[8] in September 2014.
They were slow to regain momentum after their break[9] and worked in "fits and starts".[10] Yorke had few demos and there was no rehearsal period.
According to guitarist Ed O'Brien, "We just went straight into recording ...
The sound emerged as we recorded."[11] Instead of using computers, Godrich recorded the band to tape with analog multitrack recorders,[12] inspired by Motown and early David Bowie records.[8] This added creative limits, as rerecording a take meant first erasing the previous take.[12] According to bassist Colin Greenwood, "It forces you to have to make decisions in the moment; it’s very much the opposite of having your album stored on a terabyte hard drive."[8] The Oxford sessions lasted until Christmas.[13] In 2015, Radiohead spent three weeks[11] in the La Fabrique studio near Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France, building on their Oxford recordings.[8] The studio, originally a nineteenth-century mill producing art pigment, had been used by musicians including Morrissey and Nick Cave and houses the world's largest vinyl record collection.[14] Work was interrupted by the recording of "Spectre", commissioned for the 2015 James Bond film.
The film producers rejected the song, according to guitarist Jonny Greenwood, as "too dark".[15] Godrich said: "That fucking James Bond movie threw us a massive curveball.
It was a real waste of energy ...
In terms of making A Moon Shaped Pool it caused a stop right when we were in the middle of it."[16] For the introduction to "Daydreaming", Radiohead slowed the tape, creating a pitch-warping effect.
Digital editing was used on many tracks; for example, Greenwood used the music programming language Max to manipulate the piano on "Glass Eyes".[12] "Identikit" was developed from loops of Yorke's vocals recorded during the King of Limbs sessions.[8] Drummer Clive Deamer, who had performed with Radiohead on the King of Limbs tour[17] and appeared on their 2011 double single "The Daily Mail" and "Staircase",[18] played additional drums on "Ful Stop".[19] The strings and choir sections were arranged by Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra, with Hugh Brunt as conductor.
The orchestra had previously worked with Greenwood on his score for the 2012 film The Master.[7][20] The strings were recorded at RAK Studios in London.[19] For "Burn the Witch", the players used guitar plectrums rather than bows,[21] creating a percussive effect.[22] For "Daydreaming", Greenwood had the cellists detune their cellos, creating a "growling" sound.[23] The song, which Yorke described as a "breakthrough" for the album, was finished early in the La Fabrique sessions.[24] Additional string and choir parts were recorded but cut.[25] Godrich's father Vic died on the day of the recording of strings for "Burn the Witch".
According to Godrich, "I literally left him on a fucking table in my house and went and recorded.
And it was a very, very emotional day for me.
He was a string player as well so it was one of those things where it felt like he would want me to go and just do this."[16] Around the same period, Yorke announced his separation from his wife, Rachel Owen, who died of cancer several months after the album's completion.[11] The special edition of the album is dedicated to Vic Godrich and drum technician Scott Johnson, who died in the 2012 stage collapse before Radiohead's scheduled show in Downsview Park, Toronto.[26] Yorke told Rolling Stone: "There was a lot of difficult stuff going on at the time, and it was a tough time for us as people.
It was a miracle that that record got made at all."[11] In December 2015, at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, Yorke performed three Moon Shaped Pool songs: "The Numbers" (then known as "Silent Spring"), "Present Tense", and "Desert Island Disk".[27] On Christmas Day, Radiohead released "Spectre" on the audio streaming site SoundCloud.[28] Greenwood estimated that 80% of the album was recorded in two weeks.[12] After Radiohead finished work in France, Godrich edited and mixed the album in London.[8] A Moon Shaped Pool incorporates elements of art rock,[29][30] folk,[31] chamber music,[31] and ambient music.[32] It combines electronic elements such as drum machines and synthesisers, acoustic timbres such as guitar and piano, and Greenwood's string and choral arrangements,[33] which feature more heavily than on previous Radiohead albums.[20] The Guardian characterised A Moon Shaped Pool as more restrained and "pared back" than Radiohead's earlier work.[34] The songs are sequenced in alphabetical order,[20] which Greenwood said was chosen only because the order worked well.[35] "Burn the Witch" features "pulsating" strings and electronic percussion.[36] "Daydreaming" is an ambient song[32] with a "simple, sad" piano motif, "spooky" backmasked vocals, and electronic and orchestral elements.[37] "Identikit" has a jam-like opening, choral vocals, and "spacey" electronics, and ends with an "agitated" guitar solo.[38][39] "Ful Stop" features "malevolent" synthesiser, a "bustle" of rhythms,[40] and phasing guitar arpeggios.[41] "Glass Eyes" has manipulated piano,[12] strings, and lyrics evocative of an "unguarded phone call".[14] "The Numbers" begins as a "loose-limbed, early 70s jam session",[31] with strings reminiscent of Serge Gainsbourg's 1970 album Histoire De Melody Nelson.[38] "Present Tense" is a ballad with bossa nova elements.[34] "Tinker Tailor Soldier Sailor Rich Man Poor Man Beggar Man Thief" features strings, electronic percussion and distorted synthesiser.[42] "True Love Waits", first performed on acoustic guitar over 20 years prior, is performed on piano.[42] The special edition contains two additional tracks: "Ill Wind", featuring a bossa nova rhythm and "icy" synthesisers,[43] and "Spectre", an orchestral piano ballad.[44] The lyrics discuss love, forgiveness, and regret with, according to Larson, "a sense that beyond tectonic heartbreak there is an anaemic acceptance that is kind of beautiful if you don't get too sad about it".[20] Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Yorke's recent separation from his partner of almost 25 years, Rachel Owen, noting that the backmasked vocals of "Daydreaming", when reversed, resemble the words "half of my life".[20][45][46][47] Spencer Kornhaber of the Atlantic wrote that A Moon Shaped Pool "makes the most sense when heard as a document of a wrenching chapter for one human being".[48] Other themes include climate change[48] and call for revolution on "The Numbers",[31] and the dangers of authority and groupthink on "Burn the Witch".[49] Yorke asked himself whether it was still possible to write political songs, fearing they alienated some listeners, but decided it was better than writing "another lovey-dovey song about nothing".[50] He was conscious that lyrics such as "a river running dry" and "the system is a lie" were cliches, but felt there was no other way to state them: "How else are you supposed to say 'the system is a lie'? Why bother hiding it? It's a lie.
That's it."[50] The Guardian wrote that whereas Hail to the Thief had addressed the era of Tony Blair and George W.
Bush, A Moon Shaped Pool may become the "accidental soundtrack" to the Donald Trump presidency.[34] Of the refrain "one day at a time" from "The Numbers", Yorke said: "One day a time, mate, you will be impeached shortly, mate.
You are not a leader, love … You can't sustain this.
It's not gonna work.
One day a time.
We ain't stupid."[50] The artwork for A Moon Shaped Pool was created by Yorke with longtime collaborator Stanley Donwood.[51] Donwood joined the band in France, and worked in a barn with speakers connected to the studio where they recorded nearby, allowing their music to influence his art.[14] Wanting to move away from figurative art and create work that was more a product of chance, Donwood initially conceived a "painting Dalek" that would squirt paint at canvases, but this proved technically difficult.
Instead, he experimented with weather, leaving canvases outdoors to allow the elements to affect the paint.
Donwood continued the weathering process in Oxfordshire during the band's winter break, with "completely different results", before photographing the works and editing them in Photoshop with Yorke.[52] A Moon Shaped Pool was released as a download from 7pm BST on 8 May 2016 on Radiohead's website,[53] online music stores including iTunes Store and Amazon Music,[53] and on paid streaming services including Apple Music, Groove Music, Tidal,[54] and Google Play Music (where it was accidentally released hours early).[55] CD and LP editions were released in Japan on 15 June through Hostess Entertainment[56] and in other countries on 17 June through XL Recordings.[53] A Moon Shaped Pool was added to the streaming service Spotify on 17 June 2016.
Yorke and Godrich had made headlines in 2013 for their criticisms of Spotify, arguing that it cannot support new artists.[57][58] Spotify had been in "advanced discussions" with XL and Radiohead's management to make A Moon Shaped Pool the first album available exclusively to Spotify users with premium subscriptions, but no agreement was reached.
Spotify spokesman Jonathan Prince said they and Radiohead had explored "new approaches", but could not overcome technical problems in time.[59] Radiohead sold a special edition of A Moon Shaped Pool from their website, shipped from September 2016.[60] It contains the album on CD and two heavyweight 12" vinyl records, plus an additional CD with two extra tracks:[61] "Ill Wind" and the previously released "Spectre".[43] The special edition features packaging inspired by the albums for 78rpm shellac records in the La Fabrique studio, additional artwork, and an original piece of master tape, less than a second in length, from one of Radiohead's prior recording sessions.
As tape degrades over time, the band decided to include it in the special edition rather than have it "end up as landfill".[61] On 20 June 2020, a white vinyl repress was released through independent online record stores for Love Record Stores Day.[62] Radiohead conducted no interviews and did not tour before the release of A Moon Shaped Pool.[63] O'Brien said the band members were not ready to talk about it when it was released: "We didn't want to talk about it being quite hard to make.
We were quite fragile, and we needed to find our feet."[11] On 30 April 2016, days before the album was announced, fans who had previously made orders from Radiohead received embossed cards with lyrics from the lead single, "Burn the Witch".[64] On 1 May, Radiohead deleted all content from their website and social media profiles, replacing them with blank images.[65] Pitchfork interpreted the move as symbolic of Radiohead's re-emergence.[63] Donwood said the idea had been "a way of getting rid of all of what [sic] had gone before ...
It was like being some sort of evil Bond villain or something, in some lair, pressing buttons ...
It was creatively brilliant fun."[52] After releasing excerpts on Instagram, Radiohead released "Burn the Witch" as a download on 3 May.
It was accompanied by a stop-motion animated music video that homages the 1960s children's television series Trumpton[66] and the 1973 horror film The Wicker Man.[67] Three days later, Radiohead released "Daydreaming", accompanied by a music video directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, for whom Greenwood had scored several films.[53] The video was projected in 35mm film in select theatres.[68] On the same day, Radiohead announced that their next album would be released online the following Sunday, but did not reveal the title.[53] BBC Radio 6 Music played A Moon Shaped Pool in its entirety on the day of release.[69] The following week, Radiohead released the first in a series of video vignettes set to clips from the album by directors and artists including Adam Buxton,[70] Richard Ayoade,[71] Yorgos Lanthimos, and Ben Wheatley.[72] This was followed by a fan competition to create a vignette for "Daydreaming" using a version of the song with additional strings.[73] In September and October, Radiohead released video performances of "Present Tense" and "The Numbers".
The videos, directed by Anderson, saw Yorke and Greenwood performing with a CR-78 drum machine.[74][75] On 17 June 2016, the day of the album's retail release, participating record shops held a promotional event, "Live From A Moon Shaped Pool".
The event featured an audio stream curated by Radiohead, a recording of their performance at the London Roundhouse,[76] and competitions, artwork, and other activities.[77] A participating shop in Istanbul closed following an attack by a gang angered by customers drinking beer and playing music during Ramadan.
Radiohead released a statement condemning the attack and offering fans in Istanbul "love and support".[78] Radiohead toured Europe, North America, and Japan from May to October 2016,[79] joined by drummer Clive Deamer.[80] They began a second US tour in March 2017, culminating in April with a headline slot at the Coachella Festival in California.[81] A European tour followed in June and July with further festival shows,[82] including Radiohead's third headline performance at Glastonbury Festival in the UK.[83] In 2018, Radiohead toured North and South America from April to August,[84] including four nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City,[85] with Jonny Greenwood's project Junun as the support act.[86] The American tour was the 61st-highest-grossing tour of 2018 worldwide, earning over $28 million USD.[87] The Moon Shaped Pool tour included a performance in Tel Aviv on 19 July 2017, disregarding the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign for an international cultural boycott of Israel.[88] The decision was criticised by artists including musician Roger Waters and filmmaker Ken Loach, and a petition urging Radiohead to cancel it was signed by more than 50 prominent figures.[89] Yorke responded in a statement: "Playing in a country isn't the same as endorsing the government.
Music, art and academia is about crossing borders not building them, about open minds not closed ones, about shared humanity, dialogue and freedom of expression."[90] A Moon Shaped Pool was Radiohead's sixth number-one album on the UK Albums Chart.[91] It reached number one in Ireland, Norway and Switzerland, and the top ten in several other countries.
It was certified gold in the UK on 24 June 2016 for sales of over 100,000 copies.[92] Following the retail release in June, A Moon Shaped Pool returned to the top of the UK chart with sales of 44,000.
39,000 were retail copies, including 10,500 vinyl, making it the week's bestselling vinyl record.[93] It was the UK's fourth-bestselling vinyl album of 2016, behind Blackstar by David Bowie, Back to Black by Amy Winehouse, and the Guardians of the Galaxy soundtrack.[94] "Burn the Witch" was the year's 26th-bestselling UK vinyl single.[94] In the US, A Moon Shaped Pool sold 181,000 copies in its first week, reaching number three on the Billboard 200, the week's highest debut.[95] It was Radiohead's best American sales week since the debut of Hail to the Thief in 2003.[95] With the release of the special edition a few months later, A Moon Shaped Pool climbed to number 11 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the vinyl album chart, selling 21,000 vinyl copies in one week.[96][97] It was certified gold in the US on 9 November 2018, for sales of over 500,000 copies.[98] The bonus track "Ill Wind", added to streaming services in 2019, reached number eight on the Billboard Alternative Digital Songs chart[99] and number 24 on the Hot Rock Songs chart.[100] On the review aggregator website Metacritic, A Moon Shaped Pool has a score of 88 out of 100 based on 43 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[102] Patrick Ryan of USA Today wrote that "the brooding, symphonic and poignant A Moon Shaped Pool ...
was well worth the wait".[111] Chris Gerard of PopMatters felt it was "worthy of Radiohead's peerless catalog, a rich addition to what is the most vital and important string of rock albums of the last 30 years".[112] Jamieson Cox of the Verge praised the string arrangements and "emotional magnanimity".[113] Andy Beta of Rolling Stone described it as "a haunting, stunning triumph" and Radiohead's "most gorgeous and desolate album", praising its timbres and melodies.[33] Fellow Rolling Stone critic Will Hermes wrote that "it's Yorke's voice that holds the emotional centre, and it's never been more affecting ...
[A Moon Shaped Pool is] one of their most musically and emotionally arresting albums."[109] Sam Richards of NME described A Moon Shaped Pool as "an album of eerie, elusive beauty that is strange, shimmering and uncertain all at the same time".[106] Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote for AllMusic that "there's a melancholic comfort to its ebb and flow, a gentle rocking motion that feels comforting; it's a tonic to the cloistered, scattered King of Limbs and even the sleek alienation of Kid A".[103] Pitchfork editor Jayson Greene felt the album was coloured by Yorke's separation: "The impact of trauma, a sort of car crash of the soul, is palpable.
The music here feels loose and unknotted, broken open in the way you can only be after a tragedy."[40] At the end of the year, Pitchfork named "Daydreaming" and "True Love Waits" among the best songs of 2016.[114] Eric Renner Brown of Entertainment Weekly praised the variety and scale: "By nature, Radiohead albums will always be somewhat epic, but this one is more consistently grandiose than any of the band's releases since 2000's masterpiece Kid A."[40] Jon Pareles, writing for the New York Times, wrote that A Moon Shaped Pool was perhaps "[Radiohead's] darkest statement – though the one with the band's most pastoral surface".[45] He praised Yorke's vocals and Greenwood's string arrangements, writing: "Both Mr.
Yorke and Mr.
Greenwood are relentlessly inquisitive listeners, lovers of melody and explorers of idioms, makers of puzzles who don't shy away from emotion."[45] Chris Barton of the Los Angeles Times described A Moon Shaped Pool as "a rich and engrossing listen that somehow finds more undiscovered territory for a band that has built a career on doing just that".[115] MTV's Simon Vozick-Levinson wrote: "A Moon Shaped Pool provides a thrilling answer to the existential concerns that confront any band that's made it this far ...
After all this time, hearing these five old friends challenge themselves into a new phase of evolution can still blow even a jaded fan's mind."[47] In The New York Observer, Justin Joffe wrote that A Moon Shaped Pool was "a stunning display of naked vulnerability and a notable achievement ...
Radiohead remain dedicated craftsmen of strange new sonic universes."[46] Like Joffe, Nina Corcoran of Consequence of Sound praised the inclusion of older songs such as "True Love Waits", writing that "Radiohead finally feels connected enough to perform them with meaning ...
Waiting to release a studio recording of a song over two decades old allowed Radiohead to peel its words when riper than ever."[116] Guardian writer Lanre Bakare praised the evolution of "Present Tense" from Yorke's earlier "sketchy guitar number" to "beautifully wrought, bossa nova-tinged ballad".[34] Mike Diver of the Quietus, however, felt the older songs created the unwelcome feeling of a compilation album, writing: "Certain tracks feel less than fully fleshed out, really given the treatment that their age warrants ...
There's simply so little spark here, barely glowing embers and blackened dust where once Radiohead blazed a fascinating, furious trail for others to attempt to follow."[117] Jamie Milton of DIY felt that A Moon Shaped Pool needed "another breakneck force shock to the system" similar to "Ful Stop", and that it contained unnecessary elements, such as the "over-tinkering echo" of "Present Tense" and the "jagged closing section" of "Decks Dark".
Nonetheless, he concluded: "These are gorgeous, human, complete works – some of the best of [Radiohead's] remarkable career."[118] Alexis Petridis of the Guardian criticised the "suffocating gloom of the lyrics", but felt the album was an improvement over The King of Limbs and that Radiohead had achieved something new.[38] A Moon Shaped Pool was the fifth Radiohead album nominated for the Mercury Prize, making Radiohead the most shortlisted act in the award's history.[119] At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, it was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Song (for "Burn the Witch").[120] It was also shortlisted for the Independent Music Companies Association Album of the Year Award for the best album released on an independent European label.[121] It appeared on numerous critics' lists of the best albums of 2016.
All tracks are written by Radiohead.Adapted from the album liner notes.[150] Radiohead Additional musicians Production Artwork and design *sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone
In British English, a Lido (/ˈliːdoʊ/ LEE-doh, /ˈlaɪdoʊ/ LY-doh)[1] is a public outdoor swimming pool and surrounding facilities, or part of a beach where people can swim, lie in the sun, or participate in water sports.
On a cruise ship or ocean liner, the Lido deck features outdoor pools and related facilities.
Lido, an Italian word for "beach", forms part of the place names of several Italian seaside towns known for their beaches, such as Lido di Venezia, the barrier beach enclosing the Venetian Lagoon.
The term may have found its way into English via English visitors returning from the Lido di Venezia, where sea-bathing took place from the late-19th century.[2] Notes Sources
EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber)[1][2][3] is a type of synthetic rubber that is used in many applications.
EPDM is an M-Class rubber under ASTM standard D-1418; the M class comprises elastomers having a saturated chain of the polyethylene type (the M deriving from the more correct term polymethylene).
EPDM is made from ethylene, propylene, and a diene comonomer that enables crosslinking via Sulfur vulcanization.
The earlier relative of EPDM is EPR, ethylene-propylene rubber, that contains no diene units and can only be crosslinked using radical methods such as peroxides.[4] Dienes used in the manufacture of EPDM rubbers are ethylidene norbornene (ENB), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), and vinyl norbornene (VNB).
EPDM is derived from polyethylene into which 45-85 wt% of propylene have been copolymerised to reduce the formation of the typical polyethylene crystallinity.
EPDM is a semi-crystalline material with ethylene-type crystal structures at higher ethylene contents, becoming essentially amorphous at ethylene contents that approach 50 wt%.
Rubbers with saturated polymer backbones, such as EPDM, have much better resistance to heat, light and ozone than unsaturated rubbers such as natural rubber, SBR or polychloroprene (Neoprene).
As such, EPDM can be formulated to be resistant to temperatures as high as 150 °C, and, properly formulated, can be used outside for many years or decades without degradation.
EPDM has good low temperature properties, with elastic properties to temperatures as low as -40 °C depending on the grade and the formulation.
As with most rubbers, EPDM is always used compounded with fillers such as carbon black and calcium carbonate, with plasticisers such as paraffinic oils, and has useful rubbery properties only when crosslinked.
Crosslinking mostly takes place via vulcanisation with sulphur, but is also accomplished with peroxides (for better heat resistance) or with phenolic resins.
High energy radiation such as from electron beams is sometimes used for producing foams and wire and cable.
EPDM is compatible with polar substances, e.g.
fireproof hydraulic fluids, ketones, hot and cold water, and alkalis.
It is incompatible with most hydrocarbons, such as oils, kerosene, aromatic, gasoline, as well as halogenated solvents.
EPDM exhibits outstanding resistance to heat, ozone, steam and weather.
It is an electrical insulator.
Typical properties of EPDM vulcanizates are given below.
EPDM can be compounded to meet specific properties to a limit, depending first on the EPDM polymers available, then the processing and curing method(s) employed.
EPDMs are available in a range of molecular weights (indicated in terms of Mooney viscosity ML(1+4) at 125 °C), varying levels of ethylene, third monomer, and oil content.
As a durable elastomer, EPDM is conformable, impermeable and a good insulator.
Solid EPDM and expanded EPDM foam are often used for sealing and gasketing, as well as membranes and diaphragms.
EPDM is often used when a component must prevent fluid flow while remaining flexible.
It can also used to provide cushioning or elasticity.
While EPDM has decent tensile strength, its flexibility makes it inappropriate for rigid parts such as gears, shafts, and structural beams.
It is used to create weatherstripping, seals on doors for refrigerators and freezers (where it also acts as an insulator), face masks for industrial respirators, glass-run channels, radiators, garden and appliance hose (where it is used as a hose material as well as for gaskets), tubing, washers, O-rings, electrical insulation, and geomembranes.
A common use is in vehicles, where EPDM is used for door seals, window seals, trunk seals, and sometimes hood seals.[7] Other uses in vehicles include cooling system circuit hoses; water pumps, thermostats, EGR valves, EGR coolers, heaters, oil coolers, radiators, and degas bottles are connected with EPDM hoses.
EPDM is also used as charge air tubing on turbocharged engines to connect the cold side of the charge air cooler (intercooler) to the intake manifold.
EPDM seals can be a source of squeaking noise, due to movement of the seal against the opposing surface (and its attendant friction).
The noise can be alleviated using specialty coatings that are applied at the time of manufacture of the seal.
Such coatings can also improve the chemical resistance of EPDM rubber.
Some vehicle manufacturers also recommend a light application of silicone dielectric grease to weatherstripping to reduce noise[citation needed].
This synthetic rubber membrane has also been used for flat roofs because of its durability and low maintenance costs.[8] As a roofing membrane it does not pollute the run-off rainwater (which is of vital importance for rainwater harvesting).[citation needed] It is used for belts, electrical insulation, vibrators, solar panel heat collectors, and speaker cone surrounds.
It is also used as a functional additive to modify and enhance the impact characteristics of thermoset plastics, thermoplastics, and many other materials.[9][10] EPDM is also used for components that provide elasticity; for example, it is used for bungee cords, elastic tie-downs, straps, and hangers that attach exhaust systems to the underfloor of vehicles (since a rigid connection would transfer vibration, noise and heat to the body).
It is also used for cushioned edge guards and bumpers on appliances, equipment and machinery.
Colored EPDM granules are mixed with polyurethane binders and troweled or sprayed onto concrete, asphalt, screenings, interlocking brick, wood, etc.
to create a non-slip, soft, porous safety surface for wet-deck areas such as pool decks.
It is used as safety surfacing under playground play equipment (designed to help lessen fall injury).[citation needed] Annual production of synthetic rubber in the 2010s has exceeded 10 million tonnes annually, and was over 15 million tonnes in both 2017 and 2018.[11]
A Trowel is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of viscous or particulate material.
Common varieties include the masonry Trowel, garden Trowel, and float Trowel.
A power Trowel is a much larger gasoline or electrically powered walk-behind device with rotating paddles used to finish concrete floors.
Numerous forms of Trowel are used in masonry, concrete, and drywall construction, as well as applying adhesives such as those used in tiling and laying synthetic flooring.
Masonry Trowels are traditionally made of forged carbon steel, but some newer versions are made of cast stainless steel,[citation needed] which has longer wear and is rust-free.
These include: Other forms of Trowel include:
The Concordia class is a class of cruise ships that are operated by Costa Cruises and Carnival Cruise Lines, subsidiaries of Carnival Corporation & plc.
The ship's design is based on the design of Carnival's Conquest class fleet of ships.
However, their design from lido (pool) deck up to the top deck was enlarged and redesigned.
The most notable difference is the structure around the main pool.
The main pool features a glass exterior on both sides of the ship.
A retractable macrodome was also added for the main pool.
Another notable difference is the enlargement of its spa facilities.
Each ship has a 21,000 sq ft (2,000 m2) wellness facility.
Additional spa cabins were also included into the Concordia class.
Carnival operates only a single vessel in this class, Carnival Splendor, which is marketed as a Splendor-class ship.
Including Carnival Splendor, there are currently five ships sailing in the Concordia class.[1] Carnival Splendor experienced a fire in her engine room on November 8, 2010, resulting in a loss of all electrical power and stranding the vessel with almost 4,500 on board.[2] Costa Concordia capsized on January 13, 2012, after running aground shortly off the coast of Tuscany.
The ship had departed from Civitavecchia on a seven-day Mediterranean cruise with 3,229 passengers and a crew of 1,023.
The grounding caused a 50-metre (160 ft) gash in the hull, flooding the ship and causing the death of 32 people after the ship capsized and partially sank next to the shore.[3] Although the ship sank only partially and next to the shore, its evacuation was chaotic and its captain was subsequently arrested on preliminary charges of multiple manslaughter in connection with not only causing a shipwreck, but also failing to assist 300 passengers and failing to be the last to leave the wreck.[4]
Anisota peigleri, the yellowstriped oakworm, is a moth of the family Saturniidae.
The species was first described by Jules C.
E.
Riotte in 1975.
It is found in the United States from south-eastern Kentucky, south-western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina south through western South Carolina and central Georgia into north-central Florida.
It was described as a species in 1975 and is similar to and was previously identified as Anisota senatoria (J.E.
Smith, 1797).
The wingspan is 43–69 mm.
Adults are on wing from mid July to late August in one generation.
Adults are on wing during the day.
Mating takes place from midmorning until midafternoon.
The larvae mainly feed on various oak species, including Quercus palustris.
They feed in tight groups throughout their development.
Fully grown caterpillars pupate and overwinter in shallow underground chambers.
Adults do not feed.
It is an occasional pest on oak trees in the south-eastern United States.
In Florida, outbreak populations defoliated laurel, water and Shumard oaks in Gainesville from 1996 until 2001.
Even when defoliation is not severe, the falling frass (droppings) and large numbers of caterpillars are a major concern for many homeowners.
Frass commonly stains driveways, walkways, pool decks and other outdoor structures.[1]
W Hotel Amman is a 150 metres (492 ft) tall up-scale hotel by W Hotels in the district of Al-Abdali, in Amman, Jordan.[3] It is part of Abdali Project.
It was opened in April 2018, the Hotel features luxury apartments, 280 rooms, restaurants, gym, spa, and a pool deck.[4]
Vdara Hotel & Spa (/vəˈdɑːrə/ və-DAR-ə)[2] is a 1.6 million sq ft (150,000 m2) condo-hotel and spa located within the CityCenter complex across from Aria Resort & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip.
Vdara opened on December 1, 2009 as a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and Infinity World Development.
Vdara's 57-story, 578-foot (176 m) tower houses 1,495 suites; an 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2), two-story spa, salon and fitness center; a market and a bar.
It also has a 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) pool and deck area.
Vdara does not contain casino space and, along with Waldorf Astoria, is one of two non-gaming, non-smoking hotels within CityCenter.[3] In 2010, it was discovered that the hotel's reflective surface and concave design can act as a parabolic reflector that creates conditions of extremely high temperature at the pool deck.[4][5] In 2011, Vdara received its first AAA Four Diamond Award.[6] The hotel's name was thought up by the property’s original design-group: The "V" in Vdara stands for "Vegas" and "ara" is meant to evoke established high-end boutique hotels, such as the Aviara or Bacara.[2] Vdara, designed by Rafael Vinoly of RV Architecture, LLC, is a condo-hotel, located between the Aria Resort & Casino and the Bellagio.
Vdara's 57-story tower houses 1,495 units, ranging from 526 to 1,750 sq ft (48.9 to 162.6 m2).
The Architect of Record was Leo A.
Daly, while the Detroit-based firm Hamilton Anderson Associates was the Architect of Record for the interior guest rooms.
Tishman Construction Corporation served as Construction Manager, and Perini Building Company was the project's General Contractor.
Vdara was the first tower to open December 1, 2009.
Vdara was the first of the six high rises in the project to be topped out on May 14, 2008.
Vdara was the first of six projects to be completed as part of the $8.5 billion CityCenter complex.
Vdara's opening on December 1, 2009 was followed by The Crystals, a retail shopping center; Mandarin Oriental and Aria Resort & Casino in the same month.[7] Prior to its opening, Vdara was designated as a LEED Gold award building and received a five-key rating from the Green Key Eco-Rating Program.[8][9] Designed by Rafael Viñoly of RV Architecture, LLC, Vdara's 57-story crescent-shaped structure is formed by three parallel, offset arcs of varying heights.
Because of its staggered arc design, Vdara contains six corner suites per floor, compared to four in a conventional building.
The curvature of the building was designed as complementary to the arcs of Aria Resort & Casino, which is located across a shared circular driveway.
Artwork is incorporated into Vdara's interior and exterior design.
Nancy Rubin's 50 by 80 ft (15 by 24 m) canoe sculpture Big Edge is displayed at the entrance of the hotel[10] and an 8 by 32 ft (2.4 by 9.8 m) painting by Frank Stella hangs above the registration desk in the lobby.
Vdara contains 1,495 suites which include studios, deluxe studios, one- and two-bedroom suites and one- and two-bedroom penthouses.
The units range from 526 to 1,750 sq ft (48.9 to 162.6 m2) in size and contain a kitchen as well as a washing machine and dryer.[3] The suites at Vdara are sold as private residences and owners have the option to participate in a rental program to lease their condos as hotel rooms when they are not residing there.
The unsold pool of condos are structured as permanent hotel rooms managed by MGM Resorts International.[11][12] An 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) two-story spa and salon called Spa & Salon Vdara is made up of 11 private treatment rooms, a sauna, a steam room, co-ed lounges, a full service salon, a fitness center and a smoothie bar.[13] Pool & Lounge Vdara covers 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) and has 19 private cabanas.
A market called Market Cafe Vdara opened on March 1, 2011, just before Vdara's only restaurant, Silk Road, closed on March 8, 2011.
Vdara's only bar, Vice Versa, is also located in the lobby and contains inside and outside seating overlooking CityCenter.[14] Vdara has approximately 16,500 sq ft (1,530 m2) of meeting space that includes a 4,000 sq ft (370 m2) ballroom and three breakout rooms, one of which is a 14-person board room.[2] In 2010, it was established that the building's reflective surface and concave design can act as a collecting mirror.
The parallel incoming radiation from the sun is partially reflected and focuses in one dimension to a still onedimensional vertical line that lies about f = 50 m in front of the facade and hits the ground.[15] Some sources claim: The reflected rays of the sun create dangerous conditions of extremely high temperature at the pool deck.
Hotel employees as well as local news outlets have reportedly taken to calling the phenomenon the "death ray," with the management describing it as a "solar convergence".[4][16] Vdara management has considered various solutions but the challenge in overcoming the structural, design problem is that the sun and its reflection are targets that are constantly moving during the day and as every season progresses.[4] In the meantime, management has installed large blue umbrellas over the pool deck to protect bathers,[5] while the hotel's glass exterior has been covered with non-reflective film.[17] The architect who designed Vdara, Rafael Viñoly, also designed the "Walkie-Talkie" skyscraper in London, UK, built in 2013, which has been dubbed the "Walkie-Scorchie" and "Fryscraper" due to a similar, sun-reflecting and scorching problem.[17][18][19]
The Queen Elizabeth Pool, located on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River valley in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, is the oldest municipal pool in Western Canada.[1] The Edmonton Bulletin described the pool as “delightfully situated in what is generally recognized as the city’s most beautiful park."[1] The original pool was opened on August 22, 1922, but following a crack in the pool's basin, the facility was closed in 2004.
The original pool was demolished in the summer of 2011 and reopened later that same year 600m to the west adjacent to the Kinsmen Sports Centre.
The new pool features a 6-lane, 25-metre pool with a zero depth entry, children’s spray park, sun deck, universal access change room and showers and lockers on the pool deck.
Coordinates: 53°31′26″N 113°29′59″W / 53.52389°N 113.49972°W / 53.52389; -113.49972
Magic: The Gathering formats are various ways in which the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game can be played.
Each format provides rules for deck construction and gameplay, with many confining the pool of permitted cards to those released in a specified group of Magic card sets.
The DCI, the governing body that oversees official Magic competitive play, categorizes its tournament formats into Constructed and Limited.[1] Constructed formats require decks to be made prior to participation, with players allowed to use any tournament-legal cards they possess.
Sanctioned Constructed formats include Standard, Modern, Legacy, and Vintage.[1] Limited formats, in contrast, utilize a restricted and unknown pool of cards, usually formed by opening Magic products.
Limited competition require players to select cards and build decks on the fly within the tournament itself.
The primary two sanctioned Limited formats are Sealed Deck and Booster Draft.[1] A number of other formats have been designed by Wizards of the Coast or by players for custom gameplay or reduced investment cost; these are known as casual formats.[2] Some casual formats utilize rules or sets of cards that differ from those used in sanctioned tournament play.
The term "sanctioned" refers to formats that the DCI allows to be run at official events.[3] Many of the deck construction rules are shared across both sanctioned and casual formats.
The following is a non-exhaustive summary of some of the major formats.
Constructed formats, as opposed to Limited formats, allow players to build decks from the entirety of the legal cards available in the specified format.
The formats differ based on the card pool allowed, which affects each format's accessibility, power level, and complexity.[1] In Constructed format tournaments, players build their deck in advance of the tournament.
Of the constructed formats, the most popular are Standard, Pioneer, Modern, Legacy, Vintage, and Pauper.
The following rules apply to most sanctioned Constructed formats:[4] The Standard format is continually one of the most popular formats in the constructed deck tournament scene.
It is the format most commonly found at Friday Night Magic tournaments, played weekly at many hobby shops.
Standard's former name was "Type 2".
This format generally consists of the most recent five to eight standard sets(expansion /core set) releases.
The release of the standard set in Autumn (usually the first Friday in October) triggers a rotation; the new set becomes Standard legal, and the oldest four sets rotate out.
(The previous rule was using three to four recent "Block" releases plus any core sets released between the older set of the block and the first set that would make oldest two blocks rotated out).
The current Standard set includes the sets Guilds of Ravnica, Ravnica Allegiance, War of the Spark, Core Set 2020, Throne of Eldraine, Theros: Beyond Death, Ikoria: Lair of Behemoths and Core Set 2021.
[6] For a list of which sets were legal in the past, or notable deck archetypes, see Timeline of Magic: the Gathering Standard (Type II).
Modern is a constructed format created by Wizards of the Coast in the Spring of 2011 as a response to the increasing popularity of the Legacy format which, although popular, proved difficult to access due to the high price of staple cards, as well as dissatisfaction with the Extended format of the time.[7][8] Wizards of the Coast is unwilling to reprint some of these cards due to the Reserved List,[9] a list of cards Wizards promised never to reprint in order to protect card prices.[7] Therefore, Modern was designed as a new format that would exclude all cards on the Reserved List, allowing the format to be more accessible than Legacy.
Modern allows cards from all core sets beginning with the 8th Edition core set and all expansions printed afterwards.[10] The 8th Edition core set was when Magic cards began to be printed in modern card frames, and this is where the name for the format is derived.[11] Wizards believed this cutoff would have the advantage of giving a visual cue as to which cards are legal in the Modern format.[7].
In the regulation change in June 2019, set that is neither a Core nor Expansion sets that Wizard deemed modern-worthy is also allowed, as to cope with the creation of Modern Horizons, which Wizards believed some cards would be good in modern, but would be too powerful to be introduced in Standard (as previous modern sets were all Standard Legal for at least a year).
The format maintains its own banned list.[10] Cards are banned on the basis of their power level, as in all constructed formats outside Vintage.[7] The first official tournament to be held using the format was Pro Tour Philadelphia in September 2011.[12] The first Grand Prix to use the format was Grand Prix Lincoln in February 2012.[13] Pioneer was created in the Autumn of 2019.[14] The rules for card legality are similar to modern, consisting of cards that were released into the Standard format starting with a given expansion set.
For Pioneer, the first legal expansion set is Return to Ravnica.
The cutoff was made as it is the first expansion released after Modern was made an official format.
Like other constructed formats, Pioneer maintains its own banned list.
Legacy allows cards from all sets (known as an "Eternal" format).
It maintains a ban list based on power level reasons.
The format evolved from Type 1.5, which allowed cards from all sets and maintained a banned list corresponding to Vintage: all cards banned or restricted in the old Type 1 were banned in Type 1.5.[15] The modern Legacy format began in 2006, as the DCI separated Legacy's banned list from Vintage and banned many new cards to reduce the power level of the format.[15] Wizards has supported the format with Grand Prix events[16] and the release of preconstructed Legacy decks on Magic Online in November 2010.[17] The first Legacy Grand Prix was Grand Prix Philadelphia in 2005.[18] The Vintage format, formerly known as Type 1, is another Eternal constructed format.
Vintage maintains a small banned list and a larger restricted list.
Unlike in the other formats, the DCI does not ban cards in Vintage for power level reasons except for Lurrus of the Dream-Den.
Rather, cards banned in Vintage are those that either involve ante, manual dexterity (Falling Star, Chaos Orb), or could hinder event rundown (Shahrazad and Conspiracy cards).
Cards that raise power level concerns are instead restricted to a maximum of one copy per deck.[19] Vintage is currently the only format in which cards are restricted.
Because of the expense in acquiring the old cards to play competitive Vintage, many Vintage tournaments are unsanctioned and permit players to use a certain number of proxy cards.
These are treated as stand-ins of existing cards and are not normally permitted in tournaments sanctioned by the DCI.[19] Pauper is a Magic variant in which card legality is based on rarity.[20] Any cards that either have been printed as common in paper format or appeared as common in a Magic Online set at least once are legal.
The format was originally an official format exclusive for Magic Online on December 1, 2008[21], using Magic Online's own rarity list for pre-7th Edition cards appearing in the Master’s Edition series, though some paper Pauper events have been run on that list.
After it became a sanctioned format on June 2019, all paper and digital set were put into consideration instead.
Limited formats are so-called because they require players to build their decks from a more limited pool of cards than Constructed formats.
Limited formats require players to open a specified number of Magic products, they then must work exclusively with the cards that came from that product.
Due to the nature of Limited formats, players cannot build their decks in advance of the tournament and must build their deck within the tournament itself.[1] There are currently three sanctioned Limited formats: Sealed Deck, Booster Draft, and Rochester Draft.
Though the latter was no longer used in current competitive-level events.
The following rules apply to all current sanctioned Limited formats:[4] In Sealed Deck tournaments, each player receives six booster packs to build a deck.[4] Depending on which sets are to be used in a sealed deck event, the distribution of packs can vary greatly.
For example, a Magic 2010 sealed deck event consists of six Magic 2010 boosters, but a sanctioned Shards of Alara block sealed deck event consists of two Shards of Alara, two Conflux, and two Alara Reborn booster packs.
In a booster draft, several players (usually eight) are seated around a table and each player is given three booster packs.[1] Each player opens a pack, selects a card from it and passes the remaining cards to his or her left.
Each player then selects one of the remaining cards from the pack that was just passed to him or her, and passes the remaining cards to the left again.
This continues until all of the cards are depleted.
The process is repeated with the second and third packs, except that the cards are passed to the right in the second pack.[1] Players then build decks out of any cards that they selected during the drafting and add as many basic lands as they choose.
Each deck built this way must have a minimum of 40 cards, including basic lands.
Rochester Draft is a booster draft variant that was commonly used as a format in Pro Tour and Grand Prix.
Although it is still a sanctioned format, it has not (as of 2019[update]) been used as a Grand Prix/Pro Tour format since Pro Tour Nagoya 2005.
The format differs from traditional booster draft in that packs are opened one at a time and are laid out for each player to see.
Players openly pick one card from the pack in turn.
Once each player has picked a card from the booster pack, the draft order reverses so that the last player to draft a card from the pack takes the next draft pick and then passes the pack back the way it came.
Once each player has opened a booster and followed this process, the final player to open a booster opens their next booster and the draft pick order is reversed.
The process is repeated until each player has opened three booster packs each and all the cards in those packs have been drafted.[22] Traditionally, Magic is a game that is played between two players, however, it is also possible to play with multiple players.
Despite the existence of numerous multiplayer formats, Two-Headed Giant is currently the only multiplayer format that has been officially sanctioned by the DCI.
Two-Headed Giant (2HG) is a team game where pairs of players share turns and life totals.[1] Each player has their own separate deck and plays independently of their teammate, however, teammates share the goal of defeating the opposing team.[1] The Two-Headed Giant format can be used to play Constructed or Limited games.[1] In Constructed Two-Head Giant, no cards can be used by both members of the team, except basic land cards.[23] In June 2005, rules for handling multiplayer games were added to the official rulebook, and "Two-Headed Giant" team play became the first multiplayer format to be sanctioned by the DCI.[24] The first Two-Headed Giant Grand Prix was Grand Prix Amsterdam in 2007.[25] The first and thus far only Pro Tour to be held under the Two-Headed Giant format was Pro Tour San Diego in 2007.[26] On June 8, 2018, Battlebond was released as the first Two-Headed Giant-focused booster set.
Casual play groups and even Wizards of the Coast have developed many alternative formats for playing the game.
These formats are designed to accommodate larger numbers of players, to allow two or more players to work together as a team, or create specific requirements for deck construction.
They are distinct from the officially sanctioned formats such as Legacy, Vintage, Modern, Standard, or Block Constructed, which are organized by the DCI and merely define the available card pool, but don't change the rules.
Many of these variants are popular in tournament play, though not all have support from Wizards of the Coast.
Several casual formats have been implemented in Magic: The Gathering Online.
As with sanctioned formats, most casual formats can be categorized into Constructed or Limited formats.
Casual constructed formats include: While in Pauper, only common cards are legal, in Peasant, a deck may contain up to 5 uncommon cards and the rest must be common.
Peasant Magic was created by Rob Baranowski[27] who felt that players with limited access to cards should still have an opportunity for competitive play.
Tournaments for this format have taken place at Gen Con since 2001.
However, the original banned list is considered to be outdated and most tournaments are played by the rules of the largest active Peasant community.[28] Frontier is a format developed by Japanese stores Hareruya and BigMagic in 2016.[29] It is similar to Modern in its deck construction rules, but with a later start date; card sets are legal from Magic 2015 onwards.
In the Singleton format, players are allowed to use only one of each card instead of the usual limit of four.
This variation is also known as "Highlander" (named after the catchphrase "There can be only one" of the movies), "Legendary" (in Magic, before the Magic 2014 Core Set rule change, there could only be one of any legend card in the game), or "Restricted" (tournament formats with a restricted list insist that decks have no more than one of those cards) Magic.
Some versions of this format require that the decks have a minimum of 100 cards, ban sideboards, and institute a special rule for mulligans with hands having either too many or too few lands.[30][31][32][33] In temporary events in Magic: The Gathering Arena it's possible to play in the Singleton format.
Tribal Wars is a constructed casual format in which one-third of every deck must be of a single creature type.[2][34] Common tribes in Magic include elves, goblins, and merfolk.
Certain cards are banned in the Magic Online variant of Tribal Wars that would be overly swingy against known enemy Tribal decks, such as Circle of Solace or Engineered Plague.[35] Limited casual formats include all the sanctioned formats as well.
Cube Draft is a booster draft variant in which the pool of cards is a predetermined set of cards chosen for the purpose of drafting them.
The pool of cards is known as a Cube and usually contains a minimum of 360 cards to accommodate an eight-player booster draft.[36] The cards used in a Cube are usually unique so that no card appears more than once in a draft.
Typically, the card pool is an amalgamation of powerful cards from throughout the history of Magic, although the card pool can be whatever theme is desired.
The Cube Draft format has been sanctioned by Magic Online in 2012, albeit for limited time runs.[37] Cube Draft was first used as a format at the 2012 Magic Players Championship.[38] Back Draft is a draft variant where each player tries to build the worst deck possible, because each player gives another player that deck to play in the tournament.[2] To avoid mana problems, players choose what lands to add in the deck after they are "backdrafted".
Scoring is usually done where a player gains a point each time the deck they play with wins and each time the deck they built loses.
Reject Rare Draft[39] is a format in which each player donates 45 rare cards (the same number as in 3 regular boosters) and then drafts as normal.
The rares are "donated", as everyone takes home the deck they draft and no attempt is made to return the rares to the original owners, as all the rares donated must be able to be categorized as an "unplayable" rare occasionally printed by MTG for any number of reasons.
Hence "reject rare draft".
This variant was developed at Neutral Ground, a gaming store owned by Brian David-Marshall, a columnist for Wizards and noted commentator in the Magic world.
In the Type 4 or Limited Infinity[40] format, players randomly draft a 45 card deck from a large card pool (similar to a cube draft) without knowing the cards included in their deck.
Players get infinite mana but are only allowed 1 spell per turn (1 each turn, their own and 1 during each opponent's turn).
A starting hand is 5 cards.
The majority of multiplayer formats are casual formats, with Two-Headed Giant being the only multiplayer format to ever be sanctioned.
Many formats can be adapted for multiple players, however, some formats are designed specifically for play with multiple players.
Multiplayer formats include: The simplest format is the free-for-all, where players sit in a circle and vie with those around them to be the final surviving player.
Sometimes restrictions are added on who can be attacked in large free-for-alls - e.g.
a player can only attack players sitting next to them.
In the Assassin format, players are randomly assigned "targets" to defeat.
Assassins and targets are selected by picking out pairs of cards (such as two forests two mountains two plains etc.) According to the number of players.
Each player is dealt one type of card which is placed face up next to player.
The other cards are shuffled and dealt face down (this is their target).
Each player may only attack the target assigned to them.
Players score points for delivering the finishing blow to their assigned target as well as for being the last survivor.
Defeating another player grants you their "contract", and thus a new target to attack.
If a player is dealt their matching card, then they are considered rogue and may target any player.[41][42] In the Emperor format, two teams, each generally composed of three players, play to ensure their central player (the "Emperor") outlasts the other.[2] A team wins the game when the opposing Emperor has been eliminated, it does not matter if that team has any other players left on the team.
Teams can either be pre determined or randomly decided.
After teams have been selected Emperors are decided in the same fashion.
Range of influence is a standard rule enforced upon each emperor during a game.
It is widely debated what a fair range of influence is and should be discussed before the match.
(Example: An Emperor with a ROI of 1 can only cast spells and abilities as far as 1 player to his left or right.
A ROI of 2 enables targeting of 2 players left or right.
This effectively allows emperors to use harmful spells on non emperor enemy players) Another rule worth noting is all creatures gain a tap ability that reads "Target Teammate gains control of this creature." Summoning sickness affects use of this rule.
If a player leaves the game for any reason all of their permanents leave the game as well regardless of who controls them.
Wizards of the Coast have released a number of official products creating new, or supporting existing, casual formats.
Below is a list of the formats these products were created for.
This variant was designed specifically for social play.[43] Each player has a special card that affects the game.[43] These cards change the players' starting life total and cards in hand, and have additional effects as well.[43] Vanguard initially began with special oversized Vanguard cards, released as part of various promotions.[44] Only four sets of avatar cards were made before the product was discontinued.
The cards featured depicted major characters from the storyline of Magic, including Gerrard Capashen, Karn and Squee.[43] A new version of Vanguard was eventually added to Magic Online, with a player's avatar filling the role of the oversized physical cards.[45] Players are given a standard set of avatars and can receive more as entry and high-finishing prizes in release events.[46] New avatars are regularly added as new sets of Magic cards are released, each depicting a card from the set.[47] The wider availability online, combined with occasional tournaments, has made online Vanguard more of a success than its physical predecessor.
One recent addition to the regular Vanguard format is Momir Basic, which involves the Momir Avatar, which allows a player to discard a land card to get a random creature into play.
All Momir Basic Decks are constructed entirely of basic land.
In September 2009, Wizards of the Coast released the Planechase product.[48] The product was designed to allow players to play the new casual 'Planar Magic' format.[49] The format can be played with two or more players.[49] Each player requires a traditional Magic deck and a 'planar deck' of plane cards, players also need a 'planar die'.[49] The first player turns over a plane card from the top of their planar deck and that card affects the game as specified on the card.[49] The current plane card only changes when the specific symbol on the planar dice is rolled.[49] In 2012, Wizards announced that they would be making a new set of Planechase game packs.
They were released on June 1, 2012.[50] In June 2010, Wizards of the Coast released the Archenemy product.[51] The product allowed players to play a new multiplayer casual format designed by Wizards of the Coast.
The format is designed for four players with one player taking the role of the Archenemy and the other three players creating a team to play against the Archenemy.
Each player plays with a traditional Magic deck, however, the Archenemy also possess a 'scheme deck' of 20 oversized cards.[52] During the first main phase of the Archenemy's turn they turn over a card from their Scheme deck and use its effect.[52] The effects of scheme cards are usually powerful to allow the Archenemy a greater chance of defeating their three opponents.[52] The Archenemy starts at 40 life while all other players start at the traditional 20 life.[52] The Archenemy also always takes the first turn and draws a card at the beginning of this turn.[52] The Archenemy's opponents share a turn, as in the Two-Headed Giant format, however they play individually and cannot share resources.[52] The Archenemy wins the game by defeating each member of the opposing team, whilst the opposing team wins if they defeat the Archenemy.[52] The Commander format, also known as Elder Dragon Highlander (EDH), uses 100 card singleton decks (no duplicates except basic lands), a starting life total of 40, and features a "Commander" or "General".[53][54] The Commander must be a legendary creature (with some exceptional cases, namely Planeswalkers with text that specifically states they can be your Commander), and all cards in the deck can only have mana symbols on them from the Commander's colors.
The Commander is not included in one's library; it is visible to all players in the "command" zone and can be played as if it was in one's hand.
Whenever it would be put into a graveyard or exiled, the Commander's owner may choose to put it back into the "command" zone instead.
A Commander that is cast from the command zone costs an additional 2 generic mana for every other time that Commander has been cast from the command zone that game- this is referred to as "Commander tax" (for example, a 3 mana Commander would cost 3 mana the first time it is cast, 5 mana the 2nd time it is cast, 7 mana the 3rd time, etc.).
If a player takes 21 combat damage from any one commander, that player loses the game regardless of life total (a rule to bring games to an eventual halt and somewhat keep lifegain in check).
The format has its own official banned list.[54] Commander is usually a multiplayer format, although a special separate banned list exists for "Duel Commander" balanced for 1v1 matches on Magic Online.[55] The format started as Elder Dragon Highlander and originally assumed that the five three-color Elder Dragons from the Legends set such as Nicol Bolas or Chromium were the only generals allowed.[2] It proved one of the most popular variants of Magic.
Wizards of Coast decided to officially support the variant with the creation of the Commander product, preconstructed decks designed for playing the format that include both new cards and reprints.[53] The first set of Commander decks were released in 2011, and decks are continuing to be released as of 2020.[53] Brawl format is a variant format of the Commander developed by WotC staff Gerritt Turner.
This format is targeted at players who want to play commander but with a Standard Cardpool.
Most rules are similar to commander, however, the deck size is 60 and any planeswalkers can also be a commander, life total is 25-30(depends on number of players) and the commander damage rule is not applied.
The format used Standard-legal sets.
It was supported by Magic Online quickly after its introduction.
Various alternative rules can be used to govern the construction of decks.
Some of these variants have become so popular that unsanctioned tournaments have taken place at various Magic tournaments and gaming-oriented conventions such as Gen Con.
The Extended format, formerly known as Type 1.x, was a format created in 1997 that contained more sets than Standard / Type II, but fewer sets than Vintage / Type 1 (unspoiler).
In 1997, it consisted of cards from The Dark and Revised and forward.
By 2002, it changed to consist of the last six-to-eight years of sets, rotating every three years.
In 2008, the format was changed to a flat last seven years regardless, with a rotation each year.[61] In 2010, the format was changed again to consist of only the last four years of blocks and core sets.[62][63] With each autumn set release, one year's worth of sets rotate out of the format.
Any additional sets released between rotations are automatically added to this format's card pool.[64][65] The new system was implemented to reduce the format's card pool, with the intention that this would make the format more understandable and attractive to play.[65] On July 22, 2013, Wizards of the Coast announced that the Extended format would be retired, with the final sanctioned events occurring on October 8, 2013.[66] The Block Constructed format uses only the cards from a single block of Magic sets.[1] Magic sets from Mirage to Khans of Tarkir have come in groups of three sets known as blocks.[67] Block Constructed formats, and blocks themselves, usually take the name of the first set in the block.[1] For example, the Ravnica Block Constructed format consists of Ravnica: City of Guilds, Guildpact, and Dissension.[68] Only cards that were printed in the sets in the appropriate block can be used in Block Constructed formats.
The Lorwyn and Shadowmoor blocks were a minor exception, as they were two mini-blocks of two sets each that were combined to make the Lorwyn-Shadowmoor Block Constructed format.[68] After 2015's Battle for Zendikar, blocks now consist of only two sets.
Despite Wizards of the Coast still sanctioned Block Constructed event, no major events like Grand Prix or Pro Tour used that format since then, and has played the importance of the formats down.
The format itself would be dropped in April 2018, when Block was no longer used in Standard sets.
In Prismatic or 5-Color, players must build very large decks of at least 250 cards and accommodate a minimum number of cards of each color.[69][70] This format was first developed by Kurt Hahn and several other players in the Milwaukee area in 1999–2000.[71] 5-Color was managed by the 5CRC (5-Color Ruling Council), which while not affiliated with Wizards of the Coast or the DCI, organized tournaments, had its own list of banned and restricted cards, and had a world championship held at Gen Con.
It also supported ante cards, an initial component of the rules for Magic that has since been deprecated.
When Magic Online was under development, this format was requested by many users, and it was added as "Prismatic" with slight differences.
An additional "big deck" mulligan was also standard online, allowing players to compensate for hands with too many or too few lands.
However, the 5CRC eventually stopped sanctioning tournaments and changed leadership, and the Magic Online Prismatic format was discontinued due to lack of interest in 2015.[72][73]
MS Europa 2 is a cruise ship operated by Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, a German-based cruise line.
She entered service in May 2013, and is the highest rated cruise ship in the world according to the Berlitz Guide to Cruising & Cruise Ships, replacing her fleetmate, MS Europa, which had held that distinction for more than a decade.
Europa 2 was built at the STX Europe shipyard at St-Nazaire, France.
Her first steel was cut on 5 September 2011, her keel was laid on 1 March 2012 and she was launched on 6 July 2012.
On 29 April 2013, the vessel was handed over to Hapag Lloyd, with Dr Wolfgang Flägel, Managing Director of Hapag-Lloyd Cruises and Laurent Castaing, General Manager of STX France, signing the takeover protocol.[3] She was christened on 10 May 2013, during the 824th Hamburg Port anniversary.[4] Europa 2 is intended to convey an atmosphere more relaxing than that of her more traditional fleet mate, the Europa.[5] She has the greatest space per passenger of any cruise ship,[5] and her décor is contemporary.[6] The art collection aboard Europa 2 is one of the largest at sea, with 890 originals commissioned exclusively for the vessel.
The collection's focus is on contemporary pieces; it includes works by Ólafur Elíasson, David Hockney, Damien Hirst, Adam Fuss and Hans Hartung.[5] Europa 2 has 251 passenger cabins, seven restaurants and six bars, a 15 metre long pool, a gym, a spa and two golf simulators.
[7][8][9][10] Europa 2's 14-night maiden voyage departed from Hamburg, Germany, and stopped at Amsterdam, Antwerp, Honfleur, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bilbao, Leixões and Lisbon.[11] The vessel has since been named the number-one cruise ship in the world by the Berlitz Guide to Cruising & Cruise Ships, replacing her fleetmate, MS Europa, which had held that distinction for more than a decade.[5]
How do you know if you are able to build your own pool deck and what should you look for in a contractor who has experience in building above ground pool decks?
There is a wide variety of choices and materials when it comes to choosing a pool deck, but there are some main important aspects that must be always taken into account.
Above ground pool decks are not easy to construct, so don�t believe people who say otherwise.
Some people hesitate to spend for professional pool deck construction, and s...Above ground pool decks are not easy to construct, so don�t believe people who say otherwise.
Some people hesitate to spend for professional pool deck construction, and so they do the task themselves only to come up with poorly done pool deck.
This is not to discourage you to build your own pool decks.
If you have the right materials and the right skill for the job, by all means do it.
The main reason you are installing a deck around your above ground pool is for safety.
Pool decks are important if you have kids who may go in and out of your swimming pool.
However, poorly built decks may pose safety risks too.
Check out the building codes when constructing pool decks.
Construction guidelines can vary among states.
If you are not familiar with the local guidelines, ask a professional pool builder.
There are specifications for gates, fences, guardrails, and steps.
Permits may be required when building pool decks.
Even this seemingly minor construction work requires permission of the local government.
In building pool decks, it�s important to take note of safety.
Make sure you use the right materials in construction and you go through the prescribed construction procedure.
A plan should be drafted first.
The framework should be well set up.
The ladder should be well attached to the deck, and the deck itself should attach firmly to the pool.
Proper construction of a pool deck ensures its strength so that it does not shake when you step and walk on it.
Properly constructed pool deck should be able to support the weight of several people�that includes you and your family.
There are different types of materials for making pool decks.
Popular materials for pool deck construction are wood, concrete, bricks, and ceramic tiles.
Wood and concrete are good for people who want to build decks at a low price for their backyard swimming pools.
Stone decks are more expensive to build.
The material your house is made of must be considered.
The type of the pool also comes into the picture when you are deciding on the materials for construction of your pool deck.
Keep in mind that the design of above ground pool decks differs from that of in-ground pool decks.
In-ground pool decks are usually made of concrete or tiles.
Wood is better opted for most above ground pools.
The surrounding area should also be taken into consideration.
The irony is that above ground pool decks are meant to be permanent, while the pool itself is not necessarily permanent.
Anyway, since a pool deck is permanent, it should be installed over a ground where there are no growing shrubs and trees.
Otherwise, the area should be cleared.
Moreover, space available dictates how large your deck can be.
It limits the dimensions of your deck.
You don�t want an overlarge deck in a small yard.
The color of the pool deck may also be considered.
For instance, if you are using wood, light colored wood may give your deck a casual look, while the dark colored wood throws a classier look.
Are you interested in putting up a swimming pool? You must plan for its safety.
The best protection is a pool net.
It creates a physical barrier over the entire pool.
It can easily be removed if you want to use the pool.
Don�t wait for an accident to buy a pool net.
Read this article for pool net tips.
The number of tarot decks that are available in varieties so numerous as to run into thousands of kinds.
Most psychics cut their teeth on a deck of tarot cards and usually start with the Ryder Waite deck.
It has been said if you understand this deck you can read almost any other decks.
The art of maintaining a swimming pool lies in the fact as to how well you maintain the integrity of the pool surface.
The pool surface is one of the most integral parts of the pool and it is very important for you to ensure that the proper structure of the pool is maintained and the long life of the swimming pool is ensured.
All the pool supplies are available at discounted rate.
These include pool heaters, pool toys, solar cover, pool chemicals, pool covers and etc.The shops offer the pool equipments at discounted rate on the seasonal basis but there number of online shops who offer the pool supplies at discounted rate all over the year.
The online shops give the full description of the products if someone wants to buy.
They impress their clients with the informative descriptions.
Many shops allow their clients to order online and purchase later from the shop.Pool supplies are available in the second hand condition and they have the large second hand market too.
People often use to sell their supplies like pumps, filters and etc after using for a short time.
These supplies are quite inexpensive from the online shops.
The quality no doubt is same but these are used that�s why they are available in very cheap price.There are many countries who are involved in the direct sales.
They offer such a large discount like of 50% during the season.
Each and every product of the pool is given at discounted rate when the summers start.
Beside this, many online shops offer free shipping after buying their specific products and spend which is to be demanded.It is my advice to buy the second hand pool supplies from your friends or neighbors at discounted rate.
It will be quite beneficial for you to buy.
In addition to the reasonable price, there is available every information on the internet about the every single pool supplies you want to buy.
These pool supplies are available in different sizes ranging from the small kid to the adults.
You should try these supplies in your home and I am damn sure that you will have fun.
So you've got your pool table, your pool balls, and your pool cues.
Now you need to start thinking about a pool cue rack.
But what do you look for?!? Do you know how to find the one that meets your personal requirements?
Having a place that the entire family can enjoy is a great thing.
That place where you can grill, sit around the table, and watch the kids play.
Just about everyone wants a deck somewhere in their...
Decks are more than just an add on to a home.
When you customize the design of them, you create a space that's easier to work with and better fitting for all of your needs.
When you own a piece of real estate with a swimming pool, you can enjoy refreshing breaks from the sunshine and have fun with your family.
If you experience common pool problems don't worry, they are ...
Find out the truth about the top Vintage Skateboard Decks and see if they are what you're looking for.
Disover more about the Vintage Skateboard Decks trend today.
While the kids may spend hours swimming in the backyard without breaking a sweat, your job is to keep your pool clean and safe for guests and family.
Your garage or pool house should be filled with pool equipment supplies that will keep your investment in a pool yielding dividends of enjoyment for years.
The primary element of your pool maintenance kit is pool pump supplies that will keep water filtered around the clock.Your pool equipment supply search/ pool pump supplies search is incomplete if you do not look for products that will make pool maintenance easier.
A pool filter timer allow pool owners to conserve energy setting the pump to work certain hours of the day, eliminating energy waste when the pool is not in use.
Once your pool is covered for the night, a strong rainstorm may pass through and fill your pool cover with water.
You can use a pool cover pump to drain dirty rain water from your cover before opening the pool for business.Newcomers to pool equipment supplies may be shocked at the number of different pool covers on the market.
Solar covers are inexpensive products that trap heat into plastic bubbles, distributing that heat gradually to keep the pool warm year-round.
Leaf nets are placed on top of traditional or solar covers to collect leaves, sticks and other debris in the autumn.
Every family should own a safety cover for the backyard pool to ensure the safety of visitors and guests.
A safety cover is a heavy-duty cover that anchors to the edges of the pool, protecting accident-prone guests from falling into the deep end of the pool.After the pool cover is removed in the morning, pool owners have to ensure that the water has been purified before the first cannonballs and dives.
A pool owner should have an automatic cleaner and a chlorine generator in his pool equipment supplies to keep water clean at all times.
An automatic cleaner will sweep the bottom of the pool and remove debris that may have gotten under the cover.
Instead of trying to find the right balance between chlorine and water, a chlorine generator can be used to dole out small amounts of chlorine to avoid burnt eyes and skin discomfort.Your pool is not complete without a set of stairs to allow easy entrance into the water.
Budget-conscious families may opt for plastic ladders and above-ground stairs that can be stored in the garage when the pool isn't in use.
Other pool owners will opt for in-pool stairs and decks that span above the water to make access easier for their guests.
Pool equipment suppliers will have all of these stairs in stock because many families opt for multiple entry options.
A pool service could help you keep your pool clean and fresh at all times.
The company could provide suggestions to help you maintain your pool year-round.
One thing every pool owner has found out is that not all pool repair kits are the same.
There are different swimming pool repair kits that contain different materials and are meant for different areas of the pool.
When you have a pool, you want to choose the correct repair kit for the pool itself and the cover.
You can find these repair kits at a very reasonable price so that you can keep one on hand in the event you have a need to fix something.
That way you have it when you need it, which is important to stop the damage from spreading.Choose the Right OneWhen you are looking for pool repair kits, you should look for one that has everything you would need for any repair you might encounter when you own a pool.
Make sure that the repair kit is not missing anything that might happen to a pool.
You may have to repair a pool cover, pool liner or even the pool equipment.
It is always cheaper to repair something that it is to replace it.
When you have the right lit, you can fix something before it gets any worst.
This is important when you have a pool.
Repairing the Pool CoverIf you have a pool cover, you need to keep pool repairs kits on hand.
As soon as you notice a problem with the pool cover, you need to repair it.
If you let the problem go, it could get worst and then you are going to spend more money replacing the cover than you would if you would have spent the money for the swimming pool repair kits.
You need to be prepared when you own a pool.
Affordable Prices The pool repair kits are more affordable than calling a professional to repair your pool or the cover.
It is also cheaper than having to replace any parts of your pool.
If you have a n above ground pool or an in ground pool, you should have the right swimming pool repair kits.
By having the kits available when you need it, you can save time looking for a repair kit when you need it right away.
You will see a savings on repairs if you have your own repair kit.
This can save you time and money.
If you wait to repair the problem because you do not have a lit, you could see more damage.
If you have a pool and you want to keep it in good condition, you need pool repair kits included with your pool supplies.
If you do not have one, you risk the chance of more damage being done while you try to find a repair kit.
It is cheaper to have a kit when you need one than to wait until you find the right one.
Make sure that you have the repair kits handy when you need them.
This can save you more money than you think.
You will make the repair quicker and prevent further damage to the pool.
Though options like inlaid tile, stone and mosaics make for costly changes to concrete pool decks, there are a variety of affordable options for resurfacing the concrete to breathe new life into a pool area.
If the concrete of your pool decking is damaged, you will want to repair it before making enhancements.
Before restoring the surface of your pool deck, it is essential to make sure the concrete is even with no sunken areas.
Also, the cracks are minimal.
If the damage is minimal or mainly aesthetic, you can evade the cost of entirely replacing the concrete.
Rather, clean the entire surface with a pressure washer.
Thereafter, use patching materials to fill in damaged areas, sand and smooth these patches once they dry.
Later on add the resurfacing layer to the newly smoothed surface.
You can apply the different decorative concrete techniques to a clean, dried concrete pool deck once they have cured.
If you have just resurfaced your pool deck, it will already be smooth and clean and prepped well for the finishes.
If it is in a proper condition already, power wash the entire surface before adding a decorative finish.
Some finishes will also require you to grind or sand the concrete or use special acid washes right before adding color, texture or pattern.
By using an acid wash, texture layer and your choice of size and shape of pattern molds, you can pick from a variety of visually appealing patterns and stamp the surface of your pool deck.
Following the stamping process, you must colour and seal the surface.
This technique is often used to match the look of natural stone.
Even though it is possible to have curved designs scored into concrete, scoring is typically used to produce patterns composed of straight lines.
This technique is excellent for imitating tile and creating border patterns.
As a design option, scoring concrete is an inexpensive way to revitalize a pool deck.
It is an affordable option that requires just a few supplies from a home improvement store.
You must keep in mind that you can't achieve a colour any lighter than the existing color of the concrete.
But, other than that, there are hundreds of shades to choose from.
For a more sophisticated stain, one that emulates slate, stucco, etc., you must contact a professional.
Sealants are different from the stains.
They serve the purpose of guaranteeing the longevity and durability of the concrete.
Surface sealants particular to pool decks offer a slip-resistant texture.
They are composed of UV resistant material, which not only protects your concrete deck but also cools the surface slightly.
Thus, providing comfort to bare feet in the summertime heat.
This is the least appealingly finishing option for your pool deck.
But it is instrumental in ensuring the longevity of the design choices you make and the surface of your concrete deck should be resealed every few years.
You may seek the help of well - known professional Concrete Flooring Contractor for high - quality and effective Concrete Pool Deck Coatings or Epoxy Garage Floor Repair in Gilbert.
If you ever had water leak detection in your swimming pool, then you already know how difficult, time-consuming and expensive it can be to solve the problem.
In these summer days, a pool is used constantly.
If you notice a leak, it has to be fixed.
You shouldn't use it while in this situation or even drain the pool because the situation can get worse.
Seek an assistance of professional leak detection company.
Many pool owners believe a leak would be obvious.
However, most leaks are not obvious, until they are of major concern.
Meanwhile, damages worth thousands of dollars are made and you can see it from your higher water bill.
Additional damage may be done to the other elements, on your own and your neighbour's property and other surrounding objects.
The most obvious sign of pool leaking is the lower water level.
The first step in leak testing any swimming pool is to figure out if it is actually leaking.
Many owners often believe that somewhere there is an active leak.
But it can be just an evaporating.
There are lots of factors effecting this situation, such as your geographical location, water and climate temperature, direct sunlight and crosswinds.
It should be kept in mind that a pool should only lose about 1/8 inch of water each day to evaporation.
The simplest solution is to add water to it because it cannot be fixed just by using a solar blanket cover.
If your pool is leaking more than evaporation then the next step is to check the piping system.
Leaking may occur due to a leaking hose or defective impeller.
If you have a wet floor or other pump problems, immediate repairs may be necessary to keep the pump system working efficiently and save money on equipment replacement.
The last step is to comprehensively inspect the pool for damage.
This should be done by pool technician who has more experience over the owner.
When a pool leaks it will cause damage that may be visible; such as pool decks that are sinking or have cracks, rust around the skimmer, cracks in the pool floors, broken fittings etc.
Any signs of these should be noted and promptly fixed.
Look for excessive water around the pool on the grass or landscape area.
A leak in the underground will allow water to escape into the soil and will change the water colour and visibility.
Leaking may not stop at your property; it may find its way to your neighbour's yard and lead to additional costs for which you are responsible.
If you are planning to revamp the look of your bungalow's backyard, then instead of renovating it by adding furniture such as coffee table and chair, plenty of flower pots or other garden decors such as fountains or birdbaths, it will be great if you create a swimming pool.
You might think that it will make a huge hole in your pocket.
But believe me, it won't.
And even if you have to spend quite a handsome amount in a pool then trust me, the investment is going to be worth it.
A swimming pool is not just going to enhance the look of the outdoor of your house, but it will increase its value as well.
Therefore, just relax and create a pool in the outdoor area of your house.
When creating a swimming pool, there's one big mistake that most of the homeowners make.
And that is, they forget to think about the pool coping.
So, when you are planning to create a pool region in the outdoor region of your house, do choose perfect pool coping Melbourne.
Here are some tiles that you might use to create pool coping or decks, and make the outdoor area look mesmerising.
Take a look at the some of the tiling products that are perfect for creating pool coping.
Travertine tiles If you want to purchase tiles that are not only beautiful, but also slip-free, then opt for travertine tiles.
These are really gorgeous and perfect for creating luxury pool coping.
In fact, this material is also quite popular for being really hard-wearing, as well as for its quick absorbing quality.
Therefore, I bet you won't be disappointed if you purchase this type of tiling products for coping.
Flagstone tiles Another very popular type of coping tiles, which is frequently considered is the Flagstone tiles.
These come in rich earth-toned textures and colours, and are completely ideal for making swimming pool coping.
Wondering why is it ideal? Well, it is idea because it has a non-slippery surface, can resist heat and moisture and can be easily placed in high-traffic areas too.
Therefore, you can always opt for these tiles.
Slate Tiles This is a type of flagstone tile which is commonly used to create the deck around swimming pools.
If you want to purchase tiles that are not just beautiful but are durable and easy to install, then undoubtedly purchase slate tiles.
They come in a variety of colours ranging from dark blacks and browns to blue-gray, and even purples.
So, do purchase these tiles if you want to make the pool area look stunning.
Granite tiles If you want a really hard stone or material to create stone decking or pool coping, then always purchase Granite floors or tiles.
These are one of the toughest natural stones found in the market.
And because of its robustness and easy availability, most of the homeowners choose it over the other materials used to cap the pool shell wall.
These were the four types of tiles that you can purchase to create pool coping in the outdoor area of your house or bungalow.
So, what are you waiting for? Rush to a reputed landscape suppliers in Melbourne, and purchase any of these tiles.
Swimming pool is one of the luxury things that you may place in your home.
If you have the budget and a perfect place to put in, for sure you will also have a pool in your place.
Definitely, a pool can add lots of benefits to you.
You will not need to rent a resort or hotel just to have a day or days of swimming since you can do it on your home.
It adds beauty on your garden and imposes status in society.
It can be a place where you can bond with your family and friends.
It can be a place to exercise and most importantly, it can help you to release stress and be relaxed.But behind the fun and enjoyment it can bring you, there is also danger in swimming pool.
It is a vast of water thus there is a chance to be drown if you are not careful.
Head injuries and other types are possible if you accidentally slip from the wet floor.
And these accidents may result to worse or worst scenario.
To avoid all of these, you should take precautions on your pool facility and on yourself too.Fences shall be placed around the pool to avoid the kids to run on the pool without any guardians on eye.
Lock doors are also mandatory by law in some countries wherein the doors can only be opened by people in specified height requirement or authority.Aside from this, a swimming pool must have better slip resistant decks to avoid slipping off when swimmers rise from the pool.
Make sure that the walkways from the pool have rough surfaces and not dangerous or slippery when wet.
Drain and drain covers must be safe and well-inspected according to the law enforced in particular country.Good supervision and knowledge and CPR training is another key to make sure your family will be safe in swimming activity.
It is important that one of the family member know emergency intervention in case accident occurs.Above all, you must take care of your own safety most of the time.
Don't over drunk yourself when you have plan to spent time swimming.
Vast of water in swimming pool can really be deceiving.
When you are under the influence of alcohol you have no full control on your body thus swimming is highly not recommended for you.
In case you don't know how to swim, keep yourself on narrow parts of the pool to be safer.
Hello,The house I am in escrow for has unpermitted decks all around the property, the decks are really old, not maintained so they will have to be demolished.Besides doing demo by myself, are there any other cost savings options to get the demo done? Perhaps someone who maybe able to use some of the reclaimed wood?Thanks in advance for your response.
Hey all,Would anyone know where I could find sample templates for investing decks that I would use to pitch and possibly raise money? I am setting up to purchase a multi family unit and I want to be able to present to the 3 people I reach to a formal deck that would explain the project.
But want to see if people on here have templates on things that would be helpful for me to add.Thanks for reading!Chudi
I have an older house that I recently rehabbed. We put replaced the old wood decking with new. I am trying to decide if I should stain the deck or if I should paint the deck? I am leaning towards painting it thinking that it might last longer between touch ups. Most of the deck is covered with the exception of the steps and the landing. I just want to do whatever is less maintenance. Also, if anyone has any particular products that work well or application advice, I would appreciate the input.Many thanks!
Hey all,I am planning on raising money from friends and very close family for an apartment building, but I want to come across as professional.
I believe creating a sample deal investing deck would put in me in the right position to do that. Does anyone have an example of a sample real estate investing deck I could take a look at?Thanks in advance,Chudi
Hey everyone, I have a question concerning adding value to a home that I will be selling soon.
This house was bought for its appraised value which was significantly below the asking price.
We bought this house to live in and fix up while transitioning homes.
My main question is how much value will a deck add to the appraised valuation is it a good return on investment.
Also how much does landscaping come I to play in terms of appraised value? Thanks in advance to everyone that will comment!
Hey everyone! I'm looking to purchase my first property and am currently looking at a turnkey house with a large deck outdoors (12x24x5 ft).
From my initial research, it looks like today's rate for new decks is $35/sqft, which puts a deck replacement on this property between $9k-$12k.
This appears to be a huge CapEx cost on top of the other major mechanical components of the house.
The deck is in good shape now, but I worry about it eating into my profits long term.
Does anyone have suggestions on how I might maintain a deck on a rental? Should I avoid them all together?Thanks for your input!
After a long career in the software industry, during which I also successfully rehabbed and resold several residential projects as well as an entire small (6000 sq ft) commercial building and a Best-of-Denver award-winning restaurant, I am focused now entirely on real estate in the greater Denver area and Morrison in particular.At present I have four projects underway at once, which is a little too much for my capital and experience levels.
I am looking for one or more partners for these and future projects.
I had a tenant request a certificate of Rent for their own taxes.
I haven't been able to find anything about that, any guidance would be appreciated.
Maybe it’s the 8 bags of shock I’ve been exposed to over the last two days that’s “inspired” me to right this post, but either way, I know I’m not the only one with the looming feeling investors might face this time of year.
“Should I buy a house that has a pool?” Create an account today to get BiggerPocket's best blog articles delivered to your inboxIn places like Arizona, we might look at things a little differently, (ie, any relief from the scorching desert is a plus!) If you’re in the midwest, having a pool might mean different costs and value.
But, let’s look at the pros and cons of purchasing a rental or flip that has a pool.
I’ve seen my share of distressed properties, and I guess after awhile, I feel like a Ghostbuster walking through freshly-minted foreclosures.
(“I ain’t afraid of no ghosts!!”) This comes with the exception of pools, though.
A dark green pool may be hiding years of neglect, bad siding, algae, and who knows what else.
It can be difficult to estimate what pool repairs may be needed, and if you have say, 20 minutes to do a full inspection of the house, the "ifs" of a range of $50-$5,000 can swing your margins in the red quickly.
If the home is a short sale, the pool may be sitting for months longer and cost more than you initially estimated, as well.
If you have longer to get an inspection, and a pool person is able to give you an estimate on getting the pool back in working condition, then the initial costs may be worth the investment.
However, there’s further things to consider.
Much of this might be negated if you're flipping the property.
Similar to a fireplace in a warm-weather state building in more value (go figure!), a pool may add extra attraction to your property as well.
It's advisable not to ever add the pool yourself, since dollar for dollar you will never re-coop even your costs.
However, if there are matching houses and one has a pool, the one with the extra amenity may help you procure a buyer that much faster, therefore decreasing your holding time and/or increasing your sales price.
I know many investors out there wouldn’t touch a pool with a 6′ pole (or a skimmer, I suppose!), but others find it to be a draw as a rental or a flip.
What do you think? Is it worth the risk and added cost or do you stay far away from homes with a liquid headache in the backyard? Photo:propertysnaps
How To Pick A Swimming Pool Cover? End of the swimming period? Now you need to cover your swimming pool with a swimming pool cover as well as state a very farewell to the swimming times.
Yet the greatest issue that accompanies you after completion of the swimming period is just how to preserve the swimming pool.
The straight solution is 'utilize pool covers to maintain your swimming pool in excellent conditions.
For, pool covers shield the swimming pool as well as shield it from undesirable particles and also water.
So, selecting one suitable swimming pool cover comes to be a should for you.
Additionally, you require swimming pool covers to block the swimming pool while you are away from house to ensure that the children may not try swimming alone.
Let's take a peep right into how can you patronize ease for swimming pool covers.
There are various kinds of swimming pool covers in the marketplace place today.
To start with plainly construct your demands before you browse for a pool cover.
The typical pool covers are the vinyl covers that are laid on the swimming pool as well as fixed with the assistance of sand bags or a few other heavy objects on the edges of the swimming pool.
They are temporary swimming pool covers which can be removed quickly as they are light-weight.
Though, safety covers are one of one of the most trusted covers when it pertains to a season long covering for your swimming pool.
They resemble an obstacle to the swimming pool.
These covers prevent your kids from getting on the pool.
Generally the momentary swimming pool covers leave a little gap between the deck as well as the cover.
It obtains easy for the children to slip via that void as well as dive inside.
If you acquire safeguard covers from the market for you pool, it would certainly allow you to have a full sight of the water inside the swimming pool.
It would make you delight in the atmosphere that pool has actually created in your yard.
The net of pool cover is a strong metal net that is carefully woven right into a swimming pool cover.
Moreover, the cover can be removed with in 10 minutes.
The automated covers leave with the sides of the pool and also obtain rolled inside the box on their own.
You simply need to push a button to do all this.
You can additionally use nontransparent pool covers too.
Yet among the major problems dealt with while making use of an opaque swimming pool cover is standing water.
The water does not go inside the swimming pool however it obtains collected on the pool cover.
So, you can utilize special swimming pool covers with pumping system with it.
For, the pump would successfully get rid of the water from your swimming pool cover.
So make your selection after thinking about all the various swimming pool covers in the marketplace.
As a pool proprietor, you can additionally engage a pool designer for your swimming pool cover.
He will outline the demands of your pool according to the décor of your house.
So you would certainly acquire the required protection for your swimming pool and also a rather backyard consisting of swimming pool in your home.
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