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Secure Your Pool With Swimming Pool Covers, Reap Benefits Swimming pool covers are ending up being increasingly prominent amongst industrial pool owners in addition to residence swimming pool proprietors.
This applies for both indoor as well as outside pool.
Swimming pool covers deal a great deal of advantages for any pool proprietor, some of which even converts to tangible and also measurable values.
Without a doubt, a pool cover is one must-have swimming pool item that any kind of swimming pool owner must have.
There have been many reported sinking events of youngsters as well as also family pets as a result of unthinking pool.
Having a swimming pool cover over your unattended swimming pool is extremely effective to prevent accidents like these from taking place.
The pool cover is a veritable safety gadget.
It acts as a straight fence on your swimming pool, sealing it off from accidental gain access to by your kids, your pets, as well as uninvited visitors.
Though there is still no alternative from appropriate guidance, a pool cover might somehow do this in your place when you are not about.
Swimming pool covers can save your life, and the life of the people you respect.
Apart from investing in safety and security, getting a swimming pool cover for your pool, in fact, conserves you cash.
Just how? A swimming pool cover can conserve you as much as 70% on running costs by lowering your swimming pool's demand for additional heating tools, make-up water, water therapy chemicals, as well as cleansing as well as upkeep expenses.
Over time, your swimming pool cover will pay for itself.
According to studies, swimming pools not secured by a swimming pool cover can shed as much as 30% of their warm daily and also more than 10,000 liters of water, including chemicals made use of to deal with the water, all due to the all-natural procedure of evaporation.
Dissipation, amongst several other elements, is mostly responsible for the warm loss in pool water.
It takes a remarkable quantity of energy to vaporize water, ultimately taking a lot of heat out of your pool water too.
With using a pool cover, warm loss is minimized by obstructing evaporation and securing the warmth in.
Normally, there will certainly be a significant reduction in your pool home heating expenses as your water thermostat may cut the heat supply from the central heating boiler during using the swimming pool cover.
Additionally, securing even more of the warm in with your pool cover in some way expands your swimming period.
Your swimming pool stays cozy and also inviting for a a lot longer amount of time.
A pool cover over your pool additionally significantly minimizes the amount of power called for to ventilate the swimming pool space for interior pools.
There will be little need for air flow and exhaust fans, enabling you to conserve more on air-heating expense.
You are not only saved from large energy expenses, by obstructing dissipation, you additionally reduce make-up water by as much as 50%, and also chemicals for treating water by as much as 60%.
Loss of volatile chemicals like chlorine due to evaporation is additionally substantially decreased.
Researches show that about 5,000 gallons of water is preserved, in addition to chemicals made use of to treat it yearly if swimming pool owners will certainly simply use pool covers.
For interior swimming pools, fewer destructive hygiene chemicals launched into the air because of subdued evaporation results to lowered moisture damage and also acidic deterioration on your building structure.
This additionally consists of fixtures such as steel joints, windows and door structures, audio speakers, as well as others.
Pool covers likewise cut your cleansing time and lower swimming pool devices maintenance price.
Swimming pool covers keep off fallen leaves, debris and dust out of your pool water.
Leaving your pool water crystal clear for the longest time.
A swimming pool cover can likewise protect swimming pools from extreme wintertime components.
With a pool cover over your swimming pool, the heat of the swimming pool water is kept well inside and also with the swimming pool cover also keeping the dust out, your pool equipment lasts much longer because it actually functions less.
Exterior and interior swimming pool owners will benefit from a pool cover.
Mostly, it can conserve lives as a security gadget.
And also the monetary rewards as well as benefits are just an added incentive.
Swimming pool proprietors no longer require to fret on how to optimize their pool use and maintain it at its ace problem.
The secret is merely to use a swimming pool cover that finest fits your pool and also your swimming needs.
Jen Lewin is an interactive artist with a studio based in New York City who specializes in large scale installations in public spaces, usually combining elements such as light, sound and complex engineering.[1][2][3] Her interactive light installation The Pool debuted in 2008 and has been exhibited across the globe, in cities such as Singapore, Sydney, Denver, Montréal and Prague, and in events such as South By Southwest and Burning Man.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Lewin has written publications about CAD-related topics.[12][13] Her work has appeared on National Geographic.[14] Lewin grew up in Maui and obtained her BA in Architecture and Computer Aided Design from the University of Colorado Boulder, later obtaining her M.P.S.
degree in Interactive Design from Tisch School of the Arts.[3][15][16] Lewin married Kimbal Musk, brother of Elon Musk.
They had three children together.
They were later divorced.[17] Her most known work, The Pool, featured on Wired,[18] consists of over 200 LED-lit platforms that change colours ...according to pressure and speed changes elicited by viewers' interactions with the system.[3][15][16] Termed an "interactive light sculpture", where human interaction is necessary for its display, this installation has toured several countries.[19] Specializing in works that involve technology and human interaction, she often includes musical elements into her creations.
For instance, other projects or hers include laser harps, where people elicit music via interrupting the laser arrangements.[3][20][21][22] According to the Boulder Weekly, Google commissioned Lewin to "create an Android app for tracking feedback between her innovations and the groups of people interacting with them".[23] Lewin, along with her Pool installation, was featured by the BBC News in May 2013.[24] Jen Lewin was co-founder of The Kitchen restaurants in Boulder, along with Hugo Matheson and then husband, Kimbal Musk.[25][26][27] She designed its three original locations.[28] Lewin is also the original designer behind the Learning Gardens [1] created for Kimbal Musk and his foundation The Kitchen Community, now called Big Green.
Lewin also co-founded The Studio Boulder with business partner William Goodrich.[29] In 2015 Lewin purchased a 4-story condo in New York's East Village for 7 million dollars.[30][31] 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
Leandro Erlich (born 1973 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an internationally exhibited Argentine conceptual artist.
In 2001 he represented his nation at the Venice Biennial and was included in the main section of the biennial once again in 2005.[1] The artist's work was also included in the 2000 Whitney Biennial and the 2001 Istanbul Biennial.[2] In 2008 Erlich created a swimming pool installation which was on display at MoMA PS1 in the Long Island City section of Queens, New York City.[3] In summer 2013, Erlich exhibited Dalston House, an optical illusion at the Dalston Mill site in Dalston, East London with a huge mirror suspended at 45° (from the horizontal) over a life-size model of the façade of a Victorian terraced townhouse placed horizontally on the ground, giving the appearance of visitors climbing or hanging off the side of the building.[4] One of Erlich's most popular works is his immersive architectural environment called Swimming Pool, which has been exhibited at MoMA PS1 in Queens, New York City, New York and is now on permanent display as part of the collection at the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art in Kanazawa, Japan .[5][6]
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer ethylene.
It is sometimes called "alkathene" or "polythene" when used for HDPE pipes.[1] With a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of plastic bottles, corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes and plastic lumber.
HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as its resin identification code.
In 2007, the global HDPE market reached a volume of more than 30 million tons.[2] HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio.[4] The density of HDPE can range from 930 to 970 kg/m3.[5] Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength than LDPE.
The difference in strength exceeds the difference in density, giving HDPE a higher specific strength.[6] It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher temperatures (120 °C/248 °F for short periods).
High-density polyethylene, unlike polypropylene, cannot withstand normally required autoclaving conditions.
The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst (e.g., Ziegler–Natta catalysts) and reaction conditions.
HDPE is resistant to many different solvents.
The physical properties of HDPE can vary depending on the molding process that is used to manufacture a specific sample; to some degree a determining factor are the international standardized testing methods employed to identify these properties for a specific process.
For example, in Rotational Molding, to identify the environmental stress crack resistance of a sample, the Notched Constant Tensile Load Test (NCTL) is put to use.[7] Owing to these desirable properties, pipes constructed out of HDPE are ideally applicable for potable water,[8] and waste water (storm and sewage).[9] HDPE fibers can be spun into rope Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric Housewrap Plastic mailing envelopes Flexible HDPE pipes Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in Mexico The monobloc chair Stools for outdoor use Bottle crates Toys and playground equipment Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils.
Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate HDPE water bottles Milk jug HDPE jerrycans resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels Roller on HDPE Construction Entrance Mat HDPE has a wide variety of applications; for applications that fall within the properties of other polymers, the choice to use HDPE is usually economic: HDPE is also used for cell liners in subtitle D sanitary landfills, wherein large sheets of HDPE are either extrusion welded or wedge welded to form a homogeneous chemical-resistant barrier, with the intention of preventing the pollution of soil and groundwater by the liquid constituents of solid waste.
HDPE is preferred by the pyrotechnics trade for mortars over steel or PVC tubes, being more durable and safer: HDPE tends to rip or tear in a malfunction instead of shattering and becoming shrapnel like the other materials.
Milk bottles, jugs, and other hollow goods manufactured through blow molding are the most important application area for HDPE, accounting for one-third of worldwide production, or more than 8 million tonnes.
Above all, China, where beverage bottles made from HDPE were first imported in 2005, is a growing market for rigid HDPE packaging, as a result of its improving standard of living.
In India and other highly populated, emerging nations, infrastructure expansion includes the deployment of pipes and cable insulation made from HDPE.[2] The material has benefited from discussions about possible health and environmental problems caused by PVC and polycarbonate associated bisphenol A (BPA), as well as its advantages over glass, metal, and cardboard.
Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano (born March 12, 1945) is an Italian-American former underboss of the Gambino crime family.
He is known as the man who helped bring down John Gotti, the family's boss, by agreeing to testify against him and other mobsters in a deal in which he confessed to involvement in 19 murders.[1] Originally a mobster for the Colombo crime family, and later for the Brooklyn faction of the Gambino family, Gravano was part of the group that conspired to murder Gambino boss Paul Castellano in 1985.
Gravano played a key role in planning and executing Castellano's murder, along with Gotti, Angelo Ruggiero, Frank DeCicco, and Joseph Armone.
Soon after Castellano's death, Gotti elevated Gravano to underboss, a position Gravano held at the time he became a government witness.
At the time, Gravano was the highest-ranking member of the Five Families to break his blood oath and cooperate with the government.
As a result of his testimonies, Gotti and Frank Locascio were sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine, on June 23, 1992.
On September 26, 1994, a federal judge sentenced Gravano to five years in prison.
However, since Gravano had already served four years, the sentence amounted to less than one year.
He was released early and entered the U.S.
federal Witness Protection Program in Arizona, but left the program in 1995.
In 1997, Gravano was consulted several times for the biographical book about his life, Underboss by author Peter Maas.
In February 2000, Gravano and nearly 40 other ring members—including his ex-wife Debra, daughter Karen and son Gerard—were arrested on federal and state drug charges.
In 2002, Gravano was sentenced in New York to twenty years in prison.
A month later, he was also sentenced in Arizona to nineteen years in prison to run concurrently.
He was initially scheduled to be released in March 2019, however, was released early on September 18, 2017.
Salvatore Gravano was born on March 12, 1945, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York to Giorlando "Gerry" and Caterina "Kay" Gravano.[2] He was the youngest of three children, having two sisters.
Both of Gravano's parents hailed from Sicily; his mother was brought to the U.S.
as a child, while his father had been on the crew of a freighter when he jumped ship in Canada and entered the U.S.
illegally.[2] Gravano's father ran a small dress factory and maintained a good standard of living for the family.[2] Early on, one of Gravano's relatives remarked that he looked like his uncle Sammy.
From that point on, everyone called Gravano "Sammy" instead of "Salvatore" or "Sal."[2] At age 13, Gravano joined the Rampers, a prominent street gang in Bensonhurst.
He had found that some people that had stolen his bicycle and went to fight the thieves.
Made men who were watching from a cafe saw him take on a few people at once, and they gave Gravano back his bike.
As he was leaving, one of the made men remarked on how little Sammy fought "like a bull", hence his nickname "The Bull".[3] Gravano had dyslexia, was bullied, and did poorly in school.[4] Teachers classified him as being "a slow learner", was held back from grade advancement on two occasions, and also punched school officials on two occasions.[4] Gravano was sent to a school for "incorrigibles"; however, just before he reached the age of 16, the school refused to keep him any longer.[4] Gravano's father tried to redirect and discipline his son, including forcing him to attend Mass, but had little success.[5] In 1964, Gravano was drafted into the United States Army and served in Fort Jackson, South Carolina.
While an enlisted man, Gravano mainly worked as a mess hall cook.
He rose to the rank of corporal and was granted an honorable discharge after two years.[4] In 1971, Gravano married Debra Scibetta; they had two children.[6] His daughter Karen Gravano appeared on the VH1 reality series, Mob Wives beginning in 2011,[4] and released a book in 2013 titled Mob Daughter: The Mafia, Sammy "The Bull" Gravano, and Me!.
Later in his mob career, Gravano was ordered to help arrange the murder of his brother-in-law, Nicholas Scibetta.[7] Gravano is also the brother-in-law of Gambino caporegime Edward Garafola and Mario Garafola.[8] Gravano was a childhood friend of Colombo crime family associate, Gerard Pappa.[8] The Mafia had a longstanding presence in Bensonhurst via the Profaci family, which evolved into the Colombo family.
Despite his father's attempts to dissuade him, Gravano, like many of his Ramper colleagues, drifted into the Cosa Nostra.
He first became associated with the Cosa Nostra in 1968 through Anthony Spero, whose uncle Shorty was an associate of the Colombo family under future boss, Carmine "The Snake" Persico.[3] Gravano was initially involved in crimes such as larceny, hijacking, and armed robbery.[9] He quickly moved into racketeering, loansharking, and running a lucrative poker game in the back room of an after-hours club, of which he was part owner.[3] Gravano became a particular favorite of family boss Joe Colombo, who used Gravano to picket the FBI Manhattan headquarters as part of his Italian-American Civil Rights League initiative.[8][4] Gravano's rise was so precipitous that it was generally understood that he would be among the first to become made when the Cosa Nostra's membership books were reopened (they had been closed since 1957).[8][4] In 1970, Gravano committed his first murder—that of Joseph Colucci, a fellow Spero associate with whose wife Tommy Spero was having an affair.[4] Gravano described the experience thus: As that Beatles song played, I became a killer.
Joe Colucci was going to die.
I was going to kill him because he was plotting to kill me.
I felt the rage inside me.
...
Everything went in slow motion.
I could almost feel the bullet leaving the gun and entering his skull.
It was strange.
I didn't hear the first shot.
I didn't see any blood.
His head didn't seem to move.
...
I felt like I was a million miles away, like this was all a dream.[8] The Colucci murder won respect and approval from Persico for Gravano.[4] Gravano later became a mentor to Colucci's son, Jack Colucci, who became involved in the construction industry as a Gambino associate.
In the early 1970s, Colombo soldier Ralph Spero, brother of Shorty, became envious of Gravano's success, fearing that he would become a made man before his son, Tommy.[3] This rivalry culminated with the death of Ralph Ronga, another Colombo family associate in Ralph Spero's crew.
After Ronga's death, a rumor had spread that Gravano had attempted to pick up Ronga's widow Sybil Davies at a bar, though Gravano maintained that Davies was the one hitting on him.
Ralph Spero used this rumor in an attempt to gain support to have Gravano killed, or as an excuse to kill Gravano himself.
While Shorty Spero believed Gravano rather than Ralph,[8] he and the Colombo hierarchy decided that to avoid conflict, it was best for Gravano to leave the Colombo family and join the Gambino crime family.[4] Now with the Gambinos, Gravano became an associate of capo Salvatore "Toddo" Aurello.
Aurello quickly took a liking to Gravano and became his mob mentor.[4] Around this time, Gravano took a construction job (he later claimed to have considered leaving the criminal life).[8] A former associate, however, falsely claimed to the New York District Attorney's Office that Gravano and another associate were responsible for a double murder from 1969.[4] After Gravano was indicted, he desperately needed money to pay his legal bills.
He quit his construction job and went on a self-described "robbing rampage" for a year and a half.[8] One week into the trial, the prosecution moved to dismiss the charges.
Gravano later said of this legal problem: That pinch (arrest) changed my whole life.
I never, ever stopped a second from there on in.
I was like a madman.
Never stopped stealing.
Never stopped robbing.
I was obsessed.[8]Gravano's robbery spree impressed Aurello, who proposed him for membership in the Gambino family soon after the membership books were reopened.
In 1976, Gravano was formally initiated into the Gambino family as a made man.[10][11] In 1978, boss Paul Castellano allegedly ordered the murder of Gambino associate Nicholas Scibetta.
A cocaine and alcohol user, Scibetta participated in several public fights and insulted the daughter of George DeCicco.
Since Scibetta was Gravano's brother-in-law, Castellano asked Frank DeCicco to first notify Gravano of the impending hit.
When advised of Scibetta's fate, a furious Gravano said he would kill Castellano first.
However, Gravano was eventually calmed by DeCicco and accepted Scibetta's death as the punishment earned by his behavior.[12] Another part of the motive for the murder was that Scibetta was suspected of being gay.[6] Gravano later said, "I chose against Nicky.
I took an oath that Cosa Nostra came before everything."[12] Scibetta was dismembered and his body was never found other than an arm.[6] Gravano later opened an afterhours club in Bensonhurst.
The bar was the scene of a violent altercation one night, involving a rowdy biker gang intent on ransacking the establishment.[8] A melee ensued, in which Gravano broke his ankle and the bikers were chased off.
Gravano then went to Castellano and received permission to murder the leader of the gang.
Along with Milito, Gravano hunted down the leader, wounding him and killing another member of the gang.[4] Castellano was flabbergasted when he learned the crutch-ridden Gravano personally took part in the hit.[4] Like his predecessor Carlo Gambino, Castellano favored emphasizing more sophisticated schemes involving construction, trucking, and garbage disposal over traditional street-level activities such as loansharking, gambling, and hijackings.[4] Castellano had a particular interest in the construction business.[8] Gravano began to change his boss' cowboy image of him when he entered into the plumbing and drywall business with his brother-in-law, Edward Garafola.[4] Gravano's construction and other business interests soon earned him a reputation as a "good earner" within the Gambino organization and made him a multi-millionaire, enabling him to build a large estate for his family in rural Ocean County, New Jersey.[8] Flush with cash, Gravano also invested in trotting horses to race at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
Gravano also became the operator of a popular discotheque, The Plaza Suite, in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn.[4] Gravano reportedly made $4,000 a week from the Plaza Suite alone.[4] Gravano also used the club as his construction racket headquarters.[4] Gravano further ingratiated himself to Castellano when he interceded in a civil war that had erupted within the Philadelphia crime family.
In March 1980, longtime Philadelphia boss, Angelo Bruno, was assassinated by his consigliere, Antonio Caponigro, without authorization from The Commission.
The Commission summoned Caponigro to New York, where it sentenced him to death for his transgression.
After Caponigro was tortured and killed, Philip Testa was installed as the new Philadelphia boss and Nicky Scarfo as consigliere.
The Commission subsequently placed contracts on Caponigro's co-conspirators, including John "Johnny Keys" Simone, who also happened to be Bruno's cousin.
The Simone contract was given to Gravano.[8] After befriending Simone through a series of meetings, Gravano, with the assistance of Milito and D'Angelo, abducted Simone from Yardley Golf Club in Yardley, Pennsylvania, (part of suburban Trenton, New Jersey) and drove him to a wooded area on Staten Island.[8] Gravano then granted Simone's requests to die with his shoes off, in fulfillment of a promise he had made to his wife, and at the hands of a made man.
After Gravano removed Simone's shoes, Milito shot Simone in the back of the head, killing him.[8] Gravano later expressed admiration for Simone as a so-called "man's man", remarking favorably on the calmness with which he accepted his fate.[8] Despite the fact that Gravano earned praise from Castellano for the killing, he revealed that this was a hit he will never be proud of.[4] By the early 1980s, the Plaza Suite was a thriving establishment.[13] Patrons often had to wait an hour to get in and the club featured high-profile live acts such as singers Chubby Checker and the Four Tops.[13] In 1982, Frank Fiala, a wealthy businessman and drug trafficker, paid Gravano $40,000 to rent the Plaza Suite for a birthday party he was throwing himself.
Two days after the party, Gravano accepted a $1,000,000 offer from Fiala to buy the establishment, which Gravano had only valued at $200,000.[4] The deal was structured to include $100,000 cash as a down payment, $650,000 in gold bullion under the table, and a $250,000 payment at the real estate closing.[8] Before the transaction was completed, Fiala began acting like he already owned the club.
Upon leaving the Plaza Suite, Gravano called Garafola and set up an ambush outside the club, involving Garafola, Milito, D'Angelo, Nicholas Mormando, and Michael DeBatt in the plan.[8] Later that night, Gravano confronted Fiala on the street as he exited the Plaza Suite among a group of people, asking, "Hey, Frank, how you doing?"[13] As Fiala turned around, surprised to see Gravano, Milito came up behind him and shot him in the head.[8] Milito stood over the body and fired a shot into each of Fiala's eyes as Fiala's entourage and the crowd of people on the street dispersed, screaming.[8] Gravano then walked up to Fiala's corpse and urinated on his mouth.[8] Gravano was never charged for the crime; he had made a $5,000 payoff to the lead New York Police Department homicide detective Louis Eppolito to ensure that the investigation yielded no leads.[13] Although Gravano evaded criminal charges, he incurred Castellano's wrath over the unsanctioned killing.
Gravano attempted to lie low for nearly three weeks afterwards, during which time he called his crew together and made the decision to kill Castellano if necessary.[4] Gravano and Milito were then summoned to a meeting with Castellano at a Manhattan restaurant.
Castellano had been given the details of what Fiala had done, but he was still livid that Gravano had not come to him for permission to kill Fiala first.
Gravano, however, was spared execution when he convinced Castellano that the reason he had kept him in the dark was to protect the boss in case something went wrong with the hit.[4] Fiala's murder posed one final problem for Gravano in the form of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
The high publicity generated by the incident triggered an IRS investigation into Gravano and Fiala's deal for the sale of the Plaza Suite and Gravano was subsequently charged with tax evasion.
Gravano was represented by Gerald Shargel and acquitted at trial.[4] D'Angelo was later killed by a Colombo family associate celebrating his having been proposed for membership.
The killer was then murdered, himself, on orders from the Colombo family.[4] In the aftermath of the Fiala murder, Gravano continued to focus on his construction business, branching out into the lucrative concrete paving industry.
New York City's cement industry was controlled by four of the Five Families, which made millions of dollars by manipulating bids and steering contracts.[4] Gravano said in 1998, "I literally controlled Manhattan, literally.
You want concrete poured in Manhattan? That was me.
Tishman, Donald Trump, all these guys—they couldn't build a building without me."[14] Gravano eventually became embroiled in a dispute with business partner Louie DiBono, a member of another Gambino crew.[8] A sit-down with Castellano was held, at which an irate Gravano accused DiBono of withholding $200,000 in payments for subcontracts and threatened to kill DiBono.[8] Gambino underboss Neil Dellacroce intervened on Gravano's behalf and Castellano told the two men to end their business partnership, though Gravano's standing with the boss slipped as a result of the incident.
Dellacroce, however, was rising star John Gotti's mentor, and when word got back to him that Dellacroce had supported Gravano, Gotti was impressed.[4] During this time, the FBI had intensified its efforts against the Gambino family and in August 1983, three members of Gotti's crew – Angelo Ruggiero, John Carneglia, and Gene Gotti – were indicted for heroin trafficking.
Castellano was against anyone in the family dealing narcotics.
Castellano planned to kill Gene Gotti and Ruggiero if he believed they were drug traffickers.
Castellano asked Ruggiero for a copy of the government surveillance tapes that had Ruggiero's conversations.
To save Gene Gotti and Ruggiero, Dellacroce stalled the demand.
Eventually, one of the reasons for Gotti's killing Castellano was to save his brother and Ruggiero.
The FBI had bugged Ruggiero's house and telephone, and Castellano decided he needed copies of the tapes to justify his impending move to Dellacroce and the family's other capos.[4][15] When Castellano was indicted for both his connection to Roy DeMeo's stolen car ring and as part of the Mafia Commission Trial, he learned his own house had been bugged on the basis of evidence from the Ruggiero tapes and he became livid.[4] In June 1985, he again demanded that Dellacroce get him the tapes.[15] Both Dellacroce and Gotti tried to convince Ruggiero to comply if Castellano explained beforehand how he intended to use the tapes, but Ruggiero refused, fearing he would endanger good friends.[15] Three months later, Gravano was approached by Robert DiBernardo, a fellow Gambino member acting as an intermediary for Gotti.
DiBernardo informed him that Gotti and Ruggiero wanted to meet with him in Queens.[4] Gravano arrived to find only Ruggiero was present.
Ruggiero informed Gravano that he and Gotti were planning to murder Castellano and asked for Gravano's support.[4] Gravano was initially noncommittal, wanting to confer first with Frank DeCicco.
In conversation with DeCicco, both men voiced concern that Castellano would designate his nephew, Thomas Gambino, acting boss and his driver, Thomas Bilotti, underboss in the event he was convicted and sent to prison.[8] Neither man appealed to Gravano or DeCicco as leadership material, and they ultimately decided to support the hit on Castellano.[8] Gravano's second choice to become boss after Castellano's murder was Frank DeCicco, but DeCicco felt John Gotti's ego was too big to take a subservient role.[8] DeCicco argued that Gotti's boldness, intelligence, and charisma made him well-suited to be "a good boss" and he convinced Gravano to give Gotti a chance.[8] DeCicco and Gravano, however, also made a secret pact to kill Gotti and take over the family as boss and underboss, respectively, if they were unhappy with Gotti's leadership after one year.[8] The conspirators' first order of business was meeting with other Gambino members, most of whom were disaffected under Castellano, and gaining their support for the hit.[3] They also recruited longtime capo Joseph "Piney" Armone into the conspiracy.
Armone's support was critical; he was a respected old-timer in the family, and it was believed he could help win over Castellano supporters to the new regime.[16] The next step was smoothing over the planned hit with the other families.
It has long been a hard and fast rule in the Mafia that killing a boss is forbidden without the support of a majority of the Commission.
Indeed, Gotti's planned hit would have been the first off-the-record hit on a boss since Frank Costello was nearly killed in 1957.
Knowing it would be too risky to approach the other four bosses directly, the conspirators got the support of several important mobsters of their generation in the Lucchese, Colombo and Bonanno families.[16] Gotti and Ruggiero then sought and obtained the approval of key figures from the Colombos and Bonannos, while DeCicco secured the backing of top mobsters aligned with the Luccheses.[8] They did not even consider approaching the Genoveses; Castellano had especially close ties with Genovese boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante, and approaching any major Genovese figure, even one of their generation, could have been a tipoff.
Gotti could thus claim he had the support of "off-the-record contacts" from three out of five families.[16] With Neil Dellacroce's death on December 2, 1985, the final constraint on a move by Gotti or Castellano against the other was removed.
Gotti, enraged that Castellano chose not to attend his mentor's wake, wasted little time in striking.[4] Not suspecting the plot against him, Castellano invited DeCicco to a meeting on December 16, 1985, with fellow capos Thomas Gambino, James Failla, and Danny Marino at Sparks Steak House in Manhattan.
The conspirators considered the restaurant a prime location for the hit because the area would be packed with bustling crowds of holiday shoppers, making it easier for the assassins to blend in and escape.[3] The plans for the assassination were finalized on December 15, and the next afternoon, the conspirators met for a final time on the Lower East Side.
At Gotti's suggestion, the shooters wore long white trench coats and black fur Russian hats, which Gravano considered a "brilliant" idea.[8] Gotti and Gravano arrived at the restaurant shortly before 5 o'clock and, after circling the block, parked their car across the intersection and within view of the entrance.[8] Around 5:30, Gravano spotted Castellano's Lincoln Town Car stopped at a nearby intersection and, via walkie talkie, alerted the team of hitmen stationed outside the restaurant of Castellano's approach.[17] Castellano's driver, Thomas Bilotti, pulled the car up directly in front of the entrance.
As Castellano and Bilotti exited the Lincoln, they were ambushed and killed in a barrage of bullets.[17] As the hat-and-trench-coat-adorned men slipped away into the night, Gotti calmly drove the car past the front of the restaurant to get a look at the scene.[4] Looking down at Bilotti's body from the passenger window, Gravano remarked, "He's gone."[17] After Castellano's death, Gallo–the only surviving member of the hierarchy–convened a three-man committee to temporarily run the family, comprising himself, Gotti and DeCicco.
However, it was an open secret that Gotti was acting boss in all but name, and nearly all of the family's capos knew he had been the one behind the hit.
Gotti was formally acclaimed as the new boss of the Gambino family at a meeting of 20 capos held on January 15, 1986.[18] Gotti, in turn, selected DeCicco as his underboss and elevated Gravano to capo after Toddo Aurello announced his desire to step down.[4] On April 13, 1986, DeCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to Castellano loyalist James Failla.
The bombing was carried out by Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso of the Lucchese family, under orders of Vincent Gigante and Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo, to avenge Castellano and Bilotti by killing their successors; Gotti also planned to visit Failla that day, but canceled, and the bomb was detonated after a soldier who rode with DeCicco was mistaken for the boss.[19][20][21] Bombs had long been banned by the Mafia out of concern that it would put innocent people in harm's way, leading the Gambinos to initially suspect that "zips"—Sicilian mafiosi working in the U.S.—were behind it; zips were well known for using bombs.[22] With DeCicco dead, the Gambinos were left without an underboss.
Gotti chose to fill the vacancy by naming Angelo Ruggiero and Gravano co-underbosses.[4] The first person on Gravano's hit list after Castellano's murder was Nicholas "Nicky Cowboy" Mormando, a former member of his crew.[8] Mormando had become addicted to crack cocaine and was suspected by Gravano of getting friend and fellow crew member Michael DeBatt addicted to the drug.
According to Gravano, Mormando started to act "like a renegade ...
berserk".[8] The final straw came when Mormando announced he no longer wanted to be in the crew and planned to start his own gang.
Gravano decided he "couldn't take a chance" because Mormando "knew too much" and he got permission from Gotti to kill Mormando.[8] Gravano arranged to have Mormando murdered on his way to a meeting at Gravano's Bensonhurst restaurant, Tali's.[8] After assuring Mormando of his safety, Gravano told him to pick up Joseph Paruta on his way.
Paruta got in the backseat of the car and shot Mormando twice in the back of the head.[8] Mormando's corpse was then disposed of in a vacant lot, where it was discovered the next day.[8] Gotti was imprisoned in May 1986 at the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York, while awaiting trial on Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) charges.
He was forced to rely heavily on Gravano, Angelo Ruggiero, and Joseph "Piney" Armone to manage the family's day-to-day affairs while he called the major shots from his jail cell.
In June, Gravano was approached by Ruggiero and, supposedly at Gotti's behest, given orders to murder capo Robert DiBernardo for making negative remarks about Gotti's leadership.[8] Gravano was friendly with DiBernardo and tried to get the murder called off until he had a chance to speak with Gotti after his trial.[8] Ruggiero claimed to have met again with Gotti and told Gravano that the boss wanted DiBernardo killed right away.[8] Gravano arranged a meeting with DiBernardo where Joe Paruta, a member of Gravano's crew, shot DiBernardo twice in the back of the head as the underboss watched.[8] Gravano later learned that Ruggiero was $250,000 in debt to DiBernardo and realized Ruggiero may have fabricated the orders from Gotti or simply lied to Gotti about what DiBernardo was accused of saying in order to erase the debt and improve his own standing in the family.[8] In any event, DiBernardo's death proved profitable for Gravano, as he took over the deceased man's control of Teamsters Local 282.[4] Gotti's trial ultimately ended in a mistrial due to a hung jury and the boss was freed from jail.
Gravano's specific position within the family varied during 1986 and 1987.
He started out as co-underboss with Ruggiero and later was shifted to co-consigliere with Armone.[4] When Joseph N.
Gallo and Armone were convicted on racketeering charges in 1987, Gotti turned to Gravano to help fill the void, promoting him to official consigliere and making Frank Locascio acting underboss.[8] By this time, Gravano was regarded as a "rising force" in the construction industry and often mingled with executives from major construction firms and union officials at his popular Bensonhurst restaurant, Tali's.[8] Gravano's success was not without a downside.
First, his quick rise up the Gambino hierarchy attracted the attention of the FBI, and he was soon placed under surveillance.
Second, he started to sense some jealousy from Gotti over the profitability of his legitimate business interests.[4] Nevertheless, Gravano claimed to be kicking up over $2 million each year to Gotti out of his union activities alone.[4] With Gotti's permission, Gravano set up the murders of Tommy Spero and several other Gambino associates.
Eventually, Gotti would name Gravano his underboss, and move Locascio to consigliere.[23] In 1986, Gotti underwent a racketeering trial.
Jury selection for the racketeering case began again in August 1986,[24] with Gotti standing trial alongside his brother Gene "Willie Boy" Johnson (who, despite being exposed as an informant, refused to turn state's evidence[25]), Leonard DiMaria, Tony Rampino, Nicholas Corozzo and John Carneglia.[26] At this point, the Gambinos were able to compromise the case when George Pape hid his friendship with Boško Radonjić and was empaneled as juror No.
11.[27] Through Radonjić, Pape contacted Gravano and agreed to sell his vote on the jury for $60,000.[28] On March 13, 1987, they acquitted Gotti and his codefendants of all charges.[26] In the face of previous Mafia convictions, particularly the success of the Mafia Commission Trial, Gotti's acquittal was a major upset that further added to his reputation.[29] The American media dubbed Gotti "The Teflon Don" in reference to the failure of any charges to "stick."[30] On December 11, 1990, FBI agents and NYPD detectives raided the Ravenite Social Club, arresting Gravano, Gotti and Locascio.
Gravano pleaded guilty to a superseding racketeering charge, and Gotti charged with five murders (Castellano, Bilotti, DiBernardo, Liborio Milito and Louis Dibono), conspiracy to murder Gaetano Vastola, loansharking, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, bribery and tax evasion.[31][32] Based on tapes from FBI bugs played at pretrial hearings, the Gambino administration was denied bail.
At the same time, attorneys Bruce Cutler and Gerald Shargel were disqualified from defending Gotti and Gravano after prosecutors successfully contended they were "part of the evidence" and thus liable to be called as witnesses.
Prosecutors argued that Cutler and Shargel not only knew about potential criminal activity, but had worked as "in-house counsel" for the Gambino family.[33][34] Gotti subsequently hired Albert Krieger, a Miami attorney who had worked with Joseph Bonanno, to replace Cutler.[35][36] The tapes also created a rift between Gotti and Gravano, showing the Gambino boss describing his newly appointed underboss as too greedy and attempting to frame Gravano as the main force behind the murders of DiBernardo, Milito and Dibono.[37][38] Gotti's attempt at reconciliation failed,[39] leaving Gravano disillusioned with the mob and doubtful on his chances of winning his case without Shargel, his former attorney.[40][41] Gravano ultimately opted to turn state's evidence, formally agreeing to testify on November 13, 1991.[42][43] Gotti and Locascio were tried in the U.S.
District Court for the Eastern District of New York before District Judge I.
Leo Glasser.
Jury selection began in January 1992 with an anonymous jury and, for the first time in a Brooklyn federal case, fully sequestered during the trial due to Gotti's reputation for jury tampering.[44][45] The trial commenced with the prosecution's opening statements on February 12;[46][47] prosecutors Andrew Maloney and John Gleeson began their case by playing tapes showing Gotti discussing Gambino family business, including murders he approved, and confirming the animosity between Gotti and Castellano to establish the former's motive to kill his boss.[48] After calling an eyewitness of the Sparks hit who identified Carneglia as one of the men who shot Bilotti, they then brought Gravano to testify on March 2.[49][50][51] On the stand, Gravano confirmed Gotti's place in the structure of the Gambino family and described in detail the conspiracy to assassinate Castellano, giving a full description of the hit and its aftermath.[52] Gravano confessed to 19 murders, implicating Gotti in four of them.[53] Krieger, and Locascio's attorney, Anthony Cardinale, proved unable to shake Gravano during cross-examination.[54][55] After additional testimony and tapes, the government rested its case on March 24.[56] Among other outbursts, Gotti called Gravano a junkie while his attorneys sought to discuss his past steroid use.[57][58] On June 23, 1992, Glasser sentenced Gotti and Locascio to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine.
Gotti surrendered to federal authorities to serve his prison time on December 14, 1992.[32][59][60] On September 26, 1994, a federal judge sentenced Gravano to five years in prison.
However, since Gravano had already served four years, the sentence amounted to less than one year.[61] Later in 1994, Gravano was released early and entered the U.S.
federal Witness Protection Program.
The government moved him to Tempe, Arizona, where he assumed the name Jimmy Moran and started a swimming pool installation company.[62] However, in 1995, Gravano left Witness Protection and relocated to Scottsdale, Arizona.
A Federal prosecutor later said that Gravano did not like the constraints of the program.[63] Gravano began living very openly, giving interviews to magazines and appearing in a nationally televised interview with television journalist Diane Sawyer.
It was reported that he had undergone plastic surgery to his face.[64] In 1996, his wife Debra divorced him.[65] In 1997, Gravano was consulted several times for the 1997 biographical book about his life, Underboss by author Peter Maas.
In it, Gravano claimed that he became a government witness after Gotti attempted to defame him at their trial.
Gravano finally realized that the Cosa Nostra code of honor was a sham.
At this time, Gravano also hired a publicist, despite the fact Gravano complained often about the publicity-seeking Gotti.
After the publication of Underboss, several families of Gravano's victims filed a $25 million lawsuit against him.
Also in 1997, New York State took legal action to seize Gravano's profits from the book.[66] During an interview Gravano had with the newspaper The Arizona Republic, he claimed federal agents he had met after becoming a government witness had become his personal friends and even visited him in Arizona while on vacation.
Gravano later claimed that he didn't want The Republic to publish the story, but relented after the paper allegedly threatened to reveal that his family was living with him in Phoenix.
The story so incensed his former mob compatriots that they forced the Gambinos to put a murder contract on him.[67] The FBI alleged that Peter Gotti ordered two Gambino soldiers, Thomas "Huck" Carbonaro and Eddie Garafola, to murder Gravano in Arizona in 1999.[68] By the late 1990s, Gravano had re-engaged in criminal activity.
He partnered with a local youth gang known as the "Devil Dogs" after his son, Gerard, became friends with the gang's 23-year-old leader, Michael Papa.
Gravano started a major ecstasy trafficking organization, selling over 30,000 tablets and grossing $500,000 a week.[69] In February 2000, Gravano and nearly 40 other ring members—including his ex-wife Debra, daughter Karen, and Gerard—were arrested on federal and state drug charges.
Gravano was implicated by informants in his own drug ring, as well as by recorded conversations in which he discussed drug profits with Debra and Karen.[10] On May 25, 2001, Gravano pleaded guilty in a New York federal court to drug trafficking charges.[10] On June 29, 2001, Gravano pleaded guilty in Phoenix to the state charges.[62] In 2002, Gravano was diagnosed with Graves' disease,[70] a thyroid disorder that can cause fatigue, weight loss with increased appetite, and hair loss.
On September 7, 2002, after numerous delays, Gravano was sentenced in New York to 20 years in prison.[63] A month later, he was also sentenced in Arizona to 19 years in prison to run concurrently.[71] Gravano served his sentence at ADX Florence, part of it being in solitary confinement.[72] Gerard Gravano received nine years in prison in October 2002.[73] Debra and Karen Gravano also pleaded guilty and received several years on probation.
In November 2003, Sammy and Karen were ordered to pay $805,713.41 as reimbursement for court costs and investigative expenses relating to an earlier drug ring judgment.[71] On February 24, 2003, New Jersey state prosecutors announced Gravano's indictment for ordering the 1980 murder of NYPD detective Peter Calabro by contract killer Richard Kuklinski.[74] Gravano denied any involvement in Calabro's death and rejected a plea deal, under which he would have received no additional jail time if he confessed to the crime and implicated all his accomplices.[75][76] Gravano reportedly told detectives that if he had wanted to kill Calabro, he would have "whacked him myself".[75] Gravano's lawyer claimed that Kuklinski had tried to use the allegation to extort $200,000 from Gravano, which was later confirmed by the FBI.[77] The charges against Gravano were dropped after Kuklinski's death in 2006.[78] In August 2015, Gravano's request to leave prison early was denied for reasons citing his "longstanding reputation for extreme violence".[79] In 2013, National Geographic Channel dramatized Gravano's ecstasy ring in a scene in the Banged Up Abroad episode "Raving Arizona", televised worldwide.[80] The episode told the story of ecstasy dealer "English" Shaun Attwood, who was Gravano's main competitor in the Arizona ecstasy market.[81][82] Gravano was listed as being in the Arizona state prison system at a CO Special Services unit.
He was initially scheduled to be released in March 2019, however, was released early on September 18, 2017.[83][84][85]
A Swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities.
Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships.
In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size Swimming pool.
Many health clubs, fitness centers, and private clubs have pools used mostly for exercise or recreation.
Many towns and cities provide public pools.
Many hotels have pools available for their guests to use at their own leisure.
Educational facilities such as high schools and universities sometimes have pools for physical education classes, recreational activities, leisure, and competitive athletics such as swimming teams.
Hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or hydrotherapy.
They are common in hotels and health clubs, and can also be found in many private homes.
Special Swimming pools are also used for diving, specialized water sports, and physical therapy, as well as for the training of lifeguards and astronauts.
Swimming pools may be heated or unheated.
The "Great Bath" at the site of Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Pakistan was most likely the first Swimming pool, dug during the 3rd millennium BC.
This pool is 12 by 7 metres (39 by 23 feet), is lined with bricks, and was covered with a tar-based sealant.[1] Ancient Greeks and Romans built artificial pools for athletic training in the palaestras, for nautical games and for military exercises.
Roman emperors had private Swimming pools in which fish were also kept, hence one of the Latin words for a pool was piscina.
The first heated Swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas in his gardens on the Esquiline Hill of Rome, likely sometime between 38 and 8 BC.
[2] Gaius Maecenas was a wealthy imperial advisor to Augustus and considered one of the first patrons of arts.[3] Ancient Sinhalese built pairs of pools called "Kuttam Pokuna" in the kingdom of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in the 4th century BC.
They were decorated with flights of steps, punkalas or pots of abundance, and scroll design.[4] Swimming pools became popular in Britain in the mid-19th century.
As early as 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards existed in London, England.[5] The Maidstone Swimming Club in Maidstone, Kent is believed to be the oldest surviving swimming club in Britain.
It was formed in 1844, in response to concerns over drownings in the River Medway, especially since would-be rescuers would often drown because they themselves could not swim to safety.
The club used to swim in the River Medway, and would hold races, diving competitions and water polo matches.
The South East Gazette July 1844 reported an aquatic breakfast party: coffee and biscuits were served on a floating raft in the river.
The coffee was kept hot over a fire; club members had to tread water and drink coffee at the same time.
The last swimmers managed to overturn the raft, to the amusement of 150 spectators.[6] The Amateur Swimming Association was founded in 1869 in England,[citation needed] and the Oxford Swimming Club in 1909.[7] The presence of indoor baths in the cobbled area of Merton Street might have persuaded the less hardy of the aquatic brigade to join.
So, bathers gradually became swimmers, and bathing pools became Swimming pools.[citation needed].
In 1939, Oxford created its first major public indoor pool at Temple Cowley.
The modern Olympic Games started in 1896 and included swimming races, after which the popularity of Swimming pools began to spread.
In the US, the Racquet Club of Philadelphia clubhouse (1907) boasts one of the world's first modern above-ground Swimming pools.
The first Swimming pool to go to sea on an ocean liner was installed on the White Star Line's Adriatic in 1906.[8] The oldest known public Swimming pool in America, Underwood Pool, is located in Belmont, Massachusetts.[9] Interest in competitive swimming grew following World War I.
Standards improved and training became essential.
Home Swimming pools became popular in the United States after World War II and the publicity given to swimming sports by Hollywood films such as Esther Williams' Million Dollar Mermaid made a home pool a desirable status symbol.
More than 50 years later, the home or residential Swimming pool is a common sight.
Some small nations enjoy a thriving Swimming pool industry (e.g., New Zealand pop.
4,116,900 [Source NZ Census 7 March 2006] – holds the record in pools per capita with 65,000 home Swimming pools and 125,000 spa pools).[citation needed] A two-storey, white concrete Swimming pool building composed of horizontal cubic volumes built in 1959 at the Royal Roads Military College is on the Registry of Historic Places of Canada.[10] According to the Guinness World Records, the largest Swimming pool in the world is San Alfonso del Mar Seawater pool in Algarrobo, Chile.
It is 1,013 m (3,323 ft) long and has an area of 8 ha (20 acres).
At its deepest, it is 3.5 m (11 ft) deep.[11] It was completed in December 2006.[12] The largest indoor wave pool in North America is at the West Edmonton Mall and the largest indoor pool is at the Neutral Buoyancy Lab in the Sonny Carter Training Facility at NASA JSC in Houston.[13][14] In 2014, the Y-40 Swimming pool at the Hotel Terme Millepini in Padua, Italy became the deepest indoor pool at 42.15 m (138.3 ft), certified by the Guinness Book of World Records[15] The recreational diving center Nemo 33 near Brussels, Belgium previously held the record (34.5 m (113 ft)) from May 2004 until the Y-40 was completed in June 2014.[16] The Fleishhacker Pool in San Francisco was the largest heated outdoor Swimming pool in the United States.
Opened on 23 April 1925, it measured 1,000 by 150 ft (300 by 50 m) and was so large that the lifeguards required kayaks for patrol.
It was closed in 1971 due to low patronage.[17] In Europe, the largest Swimming pool opened in 1934 in Elbląg (Poland), providing a water area of 33,500 square metres (361,000 sq ft).[18] One of the largest Swimming pools ever built was reputedly created in Moscow after the Palace of Soviets remained uncompleted.
The foundations of the palace were converted into the Moskva Pool open-air Swimming pool after the process of de-Stalinisation.[19] However, after the fall of communism, Christ the Saviour Cathedral was re-built on the site between 1995 and 2000; the cathedral had originally been located there.[citation needed] The highest Swimming pool is believed to be in Yangbajain (Tibet, China).
This resort is located at 4200 m AMSL and has two indoor Swimming pools and one outdoor Swimming pool, all filled with water from hot springs.[20] Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools are often measured in feet and yards.
In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but older pools measured in yards still exist.
In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards (SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long course).
US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition.
There are also many pools 33⅓ m long, so that 3 lengths = 100 m.
This pool dimension is commonly used to accommodate water polo.[citation needed] USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools.
However, the international standard is metres, and world records are only recognized when swum in 50 m pools (or 25 m for short course) but 25-yard pools are very common in the US.
In general, the shorter the pool, the faster the time for the same distance, since the swimmer gains speed from pushing off the wall after each turn at the end of the pool.
Width: Most European pools are between 10 m and 50 m wide.[citation needed] Depth: The depth of a Swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool, and whether it is open to the public or strictly for private use.
If it is a private casual, relaxing pool, it may go from 1.0 to 2.0 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) deep.
If it is a public pool designed for diving, it may slope from 3.0 to 5.5 m (10 to 18 ft) in the deep end.
A children's play pool may be from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 ft) deep.
Most public pools have differing depths to accommodate different swimmer requirements.
In many jurisdictions, it is a requirement to show the water depth with clearly marked depths affixed to the pool walls.[citation needed] Pools can be either indoors or outdoors.
They can be of any size and shape, and inground or above ground.
Most pools are permanent fixtures, while others are temporary, collapsible structures.
Private pools are usually smaller than public pools, on average 3.7 m × 7.3 m (12 ft × 24 ft) to 6.1 m × 12.2 m (20 ft × 40 ft) whereas public pools usually start at 24 m (80 ft).[citation needed] Home pools can be permanently built-in, or be assembled above ground and disassembled after summer.
Privately owned outdoor pools in backyards or gardens started to proliferate in the 1950s in regions with warm summer climates, particularly in the United States with desegregation.[21] Construction methods for private pools vary greatly.
The main types of in-ground pools are gunite shotcrete, concrete, vinyl-lined, and one-piece fiberglass shells.
Many countries now have strict pool fencing requirements for private Swimming pools, which require pool areas to be isolated so that unauthorized children younger than six years cannot enter.
Many countries require a similar level of protection for the children residing in or visiting the house, although many pool owners prefer the visual aspect of the pool in close proximity to their living areas, and will not provide this level of protection.
There is no consensus between states or countries on the requirements to fence private Swimming pools, and in many places they are not required at all, particularly in rural settings.[22] Inexpensive temporary polyvinyl chloride pools can be bought in supermarkets and taken down after summer.
They are used mostly outdoors in yards, are typically shallow, and often their sides are inflated with air to stay rigid.
When finished, the water and air can be let out and this type of pool can be folded up for convenient storage.
They are regarded in the Swimming pool industry as "splasher" pools intended for cooling off and amusing toddlers and children, not for swimming, hence the alternate name of "kiddie" pools.[citation needed] Toys are available for children and other people to play with in pool water.
They are often blown up with air so they are soft but still reasonably rugged, and can float in water.
Public pools are often part of a larger leisure centre or recreational complex.
These centres often have more than one pool, such as an indoor heated pool, an outdoor (chlorinated, saltwater or ozonated) pool which may be heated or unheated, a shallower children's pool, and a paddling pool for toddlers and infants.
There may also be a sauna and one or more hot tubs or spa pools ("jacuzzis").
Many upscale hotels and holiday resorts have a Swimming pool for use by their guests.
If a pool is in a separate building, the building may be called a natatorium.
The building may sometimes also have facilities for related activities, such as a diving tank.
Larger pools sometimes have a diving board affixed at one edge above the water.
Many public Swimming pools are rectangles 25 m or 50 m long, but they can be any size and shape.
There are also elaborate pools with artificial waterfalls, fountains, splash pads, wave machines, varying depths of water, bridges, and island bars.
Some swimming facilities have lockers for clothing and other belongings.
The lockers can require a coin to be inserted in a slot, either as deposit or payment.
There are usually showers - sometimes mandatory - before and/or after swimming.
There are often also lifeguards to ensure the safety of users.
Wading or paddling pools are shallow bodies of water intended for use by small children, usually in parks.
Concrete wading pools come in many shapes, traditionally rectangle, square or circle.
Some are filled and drained daily due to lack of a filter system.
Staff chlorinate the water to ensure health and safety standards.[citation needed] The Fédération Internationale de la Natation (FINA, International Swimming Federation) sets standards for competition pools: 25 or 50 m (82 or 164 ft) long and at least 1.35 m (4.4 ft) deep.
Competition pools are generally indoors and heated to enable their use all year round, and to more easily comply with the regulations regarding temperature, lighting, and automatic officiating equipment.
An Olympic-size Swimming pool (first used at the 1924 Olympics) is a pool that meets FINA's additional standards for the Olympic Games and for world championship events.
It must be 50 by 25 m (164 by 82 ft) wide, divided into eight lanes of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) each, plus two areas of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) at each side of the pool.
Depth must be at least 2 m (6.6 ft).[23] The water must be kept at 25–28 °C (77–82 °F) and the lighting level at greater than 1500 lux.
There are also regulations for color of lane rope, positioning of backstroke flags (5 metres from each wall), and so on.[23] Pools claimed to be "Olympic pools" do not always meet these regulations, as FINA cannot police use of the term.
Touchpads are mounted on both walls for long course meets and each end for short course.
A pool may be referred to as fast or slow, depending on its physical layout.[24] Some design considerations allow the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster: namely, proper pool depth, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic and illumination designs.
In the last two decades, a new style of pool has gained popularity.
These consist of a small vessel (usually about 2.5 × 5 m) in which the swimmer swims in place, either against the push of an artificially generated water current or against the pull of restraining devices.
These pools have several names, such as swim spas, swimming machines, or swim systems.
They are all examples of different modes of resistance swimming.
Hot tubs and spa pools are common heated pools used for relaxation and sometimes for therapy.
Commercial spas are common in the Swimming pool area or sauna area of a health club or fitness centre, in men's clubs, women's clubs, motels and exclusive five-star hotel suites.
Spa clubs may have very large pools, some segmented into increasing temperatures.
In Japan, men's clubs with many spas of different size and temperature are common.
Commercial spas are generally made of concrete, with a mosaic tiled interior.
More recently with the innovation of the pre-form composite method where mosaic tiles are bonded to the shell this enables commercial spas to be completely factory manufactured to specification and delivered in one piece.
Hot tubs are typically made somewhat like a wine barrel with straight sides, from wood such as Californian redwood held in place by metal hoops.
Immersion of the head is not recommended in spas or hot tubs due to a potential risk of underwater entrapment from the pump suction forces.
However, commercial installations in many countries must comply with various safety standards which reduce this risk considerably.
Home spas are a worldwide retail item in western countries since the 1980s, and are sold in dedicated spa stores, pool shops, department stores, the Internet, and catalog sales books.
They are almost always made from heat-extruded acrylic sheet Perspex, often colored in marble look-alike patterns.
They rarely exceed 6 m2 (65 sq ft) and are typically 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, restricted by the availability of the raw sheet sizes (typically manufactured in Japan).
There is often a mid-depth seating or lounging system, and contoured lounger style reclining seats are common.
Upmarket spas include various jet nozzles (massage, pulsating, etc.), a drinks tray, lights, LCD flat-screen TV sets and other features that make the pool a recreation center.
Due to their family-oriented nature, home spas are normally operated from 36 to 39 °C (97 to 102 °F).
Many pools are incorporated in a redwood or simulated wood surround, and are termed "portable" as they may be placed on a patio rather than sunken into a permanent location.
Some portable spas are shallow and narrow enough to fit sideways through a standard door and be used inside a room.
Low power electric immersion heaters are common with home spas.
Whirlpool tubs first became popular in America during the 1960s and 1970s.
A spa is also called a "jacuzzi" in USA since the word became a generic after plumbing component manufacturer Jacuzzi introduced the "spa whirlpool" in 1968.
Air bubbles may be introduced into the nozzles via an air-bleed venturi pump that combines cooler air with the incoming heated water to cool the pool if the temperature rises uncomfortably high.
Some spas have a constant stream of bubbles fed via the seating area of the pool, or a footwell area.
This is more common as a temperature control device where the heated water comes from a natural (uncontrolled heat) geothermal source, rather than artificially heated.
Water temperature is usually very warm to hot — 38 to 42 °C (100 to 108 °F), so bathers usually stay in for only 20 to 30 minutes.
Bromine or mineral sanitizers are often recommended as sanitizers for spas because chlorine dissipates at a high temperature thereby heightening its strong chemical smell.
Ozone is an effective bactericide and is commonly included in the circulation system with cartridge filtration, but not with sand media filtration due to clogging problems with turbid body fats.
In the early 20th century, especially in Australia, ocean pools were built, typically on headlands by enclosing part of the rock shelf, with water circulated through the pools by flooding from tidal tanks or by regular flooding over the side of the pools at high tide.
This continued a pre-European tradition of bathing in rockpools with many of the current sites being expanded from sites used by Aboriginal Australians or early European settlers.
Bathing in these pools provided security against both rough surf and sea life.
There were often separate pools for women and men, or the pool was open to the sexes at different times with a break for bathers to climb in without fear of observation by the other sex.[25] These were the forerunners of modern "Olympic" pools.
A variation was the later development of sea- or harbour-side pools that circulated sea water using pumps.
A pool of this type was the training ground for Australian Olympian Dawn Fraser.
There are currently about 100 ocean baths in New South Wales, which can range from small pools roughly 25 metres long and "Olympic Sized" (50m) to the very large, such as the 50 × 100 m baths in Newcastle.
While most are free, a number charge fees, such as the Bondi Icebergs Club pool at Bondi Beach.
Despite the development of chlorinated and heated pools, ocean baths remain a popular form of recreation in New South Wales.
A semi-natural ocean pool exists on the central coast of New South Wales; it is called The Bogey Hole.
An infinity edge pool (also named negative edge or vanishing edge pool) is a Swimming pool which produces a visual effect of water extending to the horizon, vanishing, or extending to "infinity".
Often, the water appears to fall into an ocean, lake, bay, or other similar body of water.
The illusion is most effective whenever there is a significant change in elevation, though having a natural body of water on the horizon is not a limiting factor.[citation needed] Natural pools were developed in central and western Europe in the early and mid-1980s by designers and landscape architects with environmental concerns.
They have recently been growing in popularity as an alternative to traditional Swimming pools.[26] Natural pools are constructed bodies of water in which no chemicals or devices that disinfect or sterilize water are used, and all the cleaning of the pool is achieved purely with the motion of the water through biological filters and plants rooted hydroponically in the system.
In essence, natural pools seek to recreate swimming holes and swimmable lakes, the environment where people feel safe swimming in a non-polluted, healthy, and ecologically balanced body of water.
Water in natural pools has many desirable characteristics.
For example, red eyes, dried-out skin and hair, and bleached bathing suits associated with overly chlorinated water are naturally absent in natural pools.[citation needed] Natural pools, by requiring a water garden to be a part of the system, offer different aesthetic options and can support amphibious wildlife such as snails, frogs, and salamanders, and even small fish if desired.
A zero-entry Swimming pool, also called a beach entry Swimming pool, has an edge or entry that gradually slopes from the deck into the water, becoming deeper with each step, in the manner of a natural beach.
As there are no stairs or ladders to navigate, this type of entry assists older people, young children and people with accessibility problems (e.g., people with a physical disability) where gradual entry is useful.
Indoor pools are located inside, under a roof and insulated by at least three walls.
Built for the purpose of year-round swimming or training, they are found in all climate types.
Since the pool room is insulated, it is less likely the heat will escape; making it less expensive to heat than an outdoor pool where the heat will escape.[27] Architecturally, the indoor pool may look like the rest of the house, but in terms of engineering, variables such as heating and ventilation are required to ensure comfortable humidity levels.
In addition to drainage and automatic pool covers, there are a number of ways to remove humidity in the air that is present with any wet indoor environment.
Efficient dehumidification in the indoor pool environment prevents structural damage, lowers energy costs in addition to improving the room's climate to make it a comfortable swimming environment.
Swimming pools are also used for events such as synchronized swimming, water polo, canoe polo and underwater sports such as underwater hockey, underwater rugby, finswimming and sport diving as well as for teaching diving, lifesaving and scuba diving techniques.
They have also been used for specialist tasks such as teaching water-ditching survival techniques for aircraft and submarine crews and astronaut training.
Round-cornered, irregular Swimming pools, such as the Nude Bowl, were drained of water and used for vertical skateboarding.
Levels of bacteria and viruses in Swimming pool water must be kept low to prevent the spread of diseases and pathogens.
Bacteria, algae and insect larvae can enter the pool if water is not properly sanitized.
Pumps, mechanical sand filters, and disinfectants are often used to sanitise the water.
Chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine (usually as a hypochlorite salt, such as calcium hypochlorite) and bromine, are commonly used to kill pathogens.
If not properly maintained, chemical sanitation can produce high levels of disinfection byproducts.
Sanitized Swimming pool water can theoretically appear green if a certain amount of iron salts or copper chloride are present in the water.[28] Acesulfame potassium has been used to estimate how much urine is discharged by swimmers into a pool.[29] In a Canadian study it was estimated that swimmers had released 75 litres of urine into a large pool that had about 830,000 litres of water and was a third of the size of an olympic pool.
Hot tubs were found to have higher readings of the marker.
While urine itself is sterile, its degradation products may lead to asthma.[29] Swimming pool heating costs can be significantly reduced by using a pool cover.
Use of a pool cover also can help reduce the amount of chemicals (chlorine, etc.) required by the pool.
Outdoor pools gain heat from the sun, absorbing 75–85% of the solar energy striking the pool surface.
Though a cover decreases the total amount of solar heat absorbed by the pool, the cover eliminates heat loss due to evaporation and reduces heat loss at night through its insulating properties.
Most Swimming pool heat loss is through evaporation.[30] The heating effectiveness of a cover depends on type.
A transparent bubble cover is the most effective, as it allows the largest amount of solar flux into the pool itself.
Thermal bubble covers are lightweight UV-stabilized floating covers designed to minimize heat loss on heated Swimming pools.
Typically they are only fitted in spring and fall (autumn) when the temperature difference between pool water and air temperature is greatest.
When used consistently they can raise average pool temperatures of an outdoor pool by around 18 °Fahrenheit (11 °Celsius) when combined with a well sized solar pool heating system, or about 11° Fahrenheit (6 °Celsius) without a solar heater but with full sun exposure.[31] Bubble covers are typically applied and removed by being rolled up on a device fitted to one side of the pool (see illustration).
Covers fall apart after four or five years due to sun exposure, overheating in the sun while off the pool, and chlorine attacking the plastic.
Bubble covers should be removed during super chlorination.
A vinyl cover absorbs more sunlight directly, allowing temperature to rise faster, but ultimately prevents the pool from reaching as high a temperature as a clear cover.[32] Vinyl covers consist of a heavier material and have a longer life expectancy than bubble covers.
Insulated vinyl covers are also available with a thin layer of flexible insulation sandwiched between two layers of vinyl.[32] These covers are mandatory[citation needed] to be fitted to all pools in areas of Australia that have experienced drought since 2006.
This is an effort to conserve water, as much water evaporates and transpires.
An alternative to a continuous sheet of pool covering is multiple floating disks which are deployed and removed disk by disk.
They cover most of the surface of the pool and offer evaporation reduction similar to continuous covers.
Various types are available, for example opaque (for UV resistance and possible reduced algal growth), transparent (for esthetics), heavy and solid (for wind resistance), light and inflatable (for ease of handling).
Liquid covers are also an option.
They use a microscopically thin layer of liquid (such as cetyl alcohol) that sits on the water surface and reduces evaporation, which is one of the major sources of heat loss as well as water loss.
Unlike other covers, the pool can be used while the liquid cover is in place, and the nontoxic material is safe for people as well as pumping / filtering systems.
The liquid must be replenished regularly (monthly or more), and may not be effective in windy areas (since the wind will disperse the thin layer).
These covers are typically attached all winter, by hooked bungee cords or hooked springs connected to the pool deck, and are usually made in a variety of materials including coated or laminated vinyl or polypropylene mesh.
They are custom designed to stop leaf debris from entering the pool but more importantly they also provide safety for animals and small children when designed and installed properly.
The custom safety cover was invented in 1957 by Fred Meyer Jr.
of Meyco Pool Covers when he found a dead animal in his pool.
Today covers are made to meet ASTM safety barrier standards and have kept animals, people and even large vehicles out of the pool.
They are not popular in warmer climates, due to the five to ten minutes it takes to fit/remove them, making them inconvenient for repeated application and removal.
A pool cover can be either manually, semi-automatically, or automatically operated.
Manual covers can be folded and stored in an off site location.
Pool cover reels can also be used to help manually roll up the pool cover.
The reel, usually on wheels, can be rolled in or out of place.
Semi-automatic covers use a motor-driven reel system.
They use electrical power to roll and unroll the cover, but usually require someone to pull on the cover when unrolling, or guide the cover onto the reel when rolling up the cover.
Semi-automatic covers can be built into the pool deck surrounding the pool, or can use reels on carts.
Automatic covers have permanently mounted reels that automatically cover and uncover the pool at the push of a button.
They are the most expensive option, but are also the most convenient.
These reels can be run from either an external motor requiring a pit to be dug beside the pool or using an internal motor that spins the reel.
Some pool covers fit into tracks along the sides of the pool.
This prevents anything or anybody from getting into the pool.
They even support the weight of several people.
They can be run manually, semi-automatically, or automatically.
Safety covers may be required by inspectors for public pools.[32] In areas which reach freezing temperature, it is important to close a pool properly.
This varies greatly between in-ground and above-ground pools.
By taking steps to properly secure the pool, it lessens the likelihood that the superstructure will be damaged or compromised by freezing water.[33] In preparation for freezing temperatures, an in-ground Swimming pool's pipes must be emptied.
An above-ground pool should also be closed, so that ice does not drag down the pool wall, collapsing its structure.
The plumbing is sealed with air, typically with rubber plugs, to prevent cracking from freezing water.
The pool is typically covered to prevent leaves and other debris from falling in.
The cover is attached to the pool typically using a stretch cord, similar to a bungee cord and hooks fitted into the pool surround.
The skimmer is closed off or a floating device is placed into it to prevent it from completely freezing and cracking.
Floating objects such as life rings or basketballs can be placed in the pool to avoid its freezing under the cover.
Sand or DE filters must be backwashed, with the main drain plug removed and all water drained out.
Drain plugs on the pool filter are removed after the filter has been cleaned.
The pool pump motor is taken under cover.
Winter chemicals are added to keep the pool clean.
The innovation of a composite construction of fibreglass, with an epoxy coating and porcelain ceramic tiles has led to the Pre-form, Composite-type with significant advantages over older methods; however, it also has increased sensitivity to metal staining.
In climates where there is no risk of freezing, closing down the pool for winter is not so important.
Typically, the thermal cover is removed and stored.
Winter sunlight can create an algae mess when a cover that has been left on all winter is removed.
The pool is correctly pH-balanced and super-chlorinated.
One part algaecide for every 50,000 parts of pool water should be added, and topped up each month.
The pool should be filtered for one to two hours daily to keep the automated chlorination system active.[citation needed] Pools pose a risk of drowning, which may be significant for swimmers who are inexperienced, suffer from seizures, or are susceptible to a heart or respiratory condition.
Lifeguards are employed at most pools to execute water rescues and administer first aid as needed in order to reduce this risk.
Diving in shallow areas of a pool may also lead to significant head and neck injuries; diving, especially head-first diving, should be done in the deepest point of the pool, minimally 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in), but desirably 3.7 m (12 ft), deeper if the distance between the water and the board is great.
Pools also present a risk of death due to drowning, particularly in young children.
In regions where residential pools are common, drowning is a major cause of childhood death.
As a precaution, many jurisdictions require that residential pools be enclosed with fencing to restrict unauthorized access.
Many products exist, such as removable baby fences.
The evidence for floating alarms and window/door alarms to reduce the risk of drowning is poor.[34] Some pools are equipped with computer-aided drowning prevention or other forms of electronic safety and security systems.
Suspended ceilings in indoor Swimming pools are safety-relevant components.
The selection of materials under tension should be done with care.
Especially the selection of unsuitable stainless steels can cause problems with stress corrosion cracking.[35] In public Swimming pools, dress code may be stricter than on public beaches, and in indoor pools stricter than outdoor pools.
For example, in countries where women can be topless on the beach, this is often not allowed in a Swimming pool, and a swimsuit must be worn.
For men, wearing ordinary shorts and a tee shirt to go in the water at a beach may be considered acceptable, but pools usually require real swim suits or other dedicated water wear.
Swimming with regular clothes on is not only unhygienic,[citation needed] but can potentially weigh a swimmer down should he or she need to be rescued.
In France and some other European countries, board shorts are usually not allowed for hygienic reasons.
In Nordic countries and in particular Iceland, rules about clothing and hygiene are especially strict.[36] When diving from a high board, swim suits are sometimes worn doubled up (one brief inside another) in case the outer suit tears on impact with the water.
Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT; formerly Business Desktop Deployment[2]) is a computer program that permits network deployment of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office.[1] MDT can help build an automated installation source for deploying Windows operating systems from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 onwards, from either a single machine or a central server distribution tool, such as Windows Deployment Services (WDS) or System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM).[3]Device drivers, Windows updates and software can be included with the build.[1][3] All the software intended for installation (Operating System, drivers, updates and applications) are added to a pool of available software and packaged into deployment packages.[4] The Operating System and drivers to be included with this package are selected, and the administrator password, owner information, and product key are specified.[3][4][5] Microsoft Deployment Toolkit generates a custom Windows PE (Preinstallation Environment) image that allows client machines to install the assembled deployment packages over the network from the MDT server.[4][5] This Windows PE disk image can be burned to and booted from a CD, or booted with Windows Deployment Services.
When selecting the package to deploy, software that has been included in the pool may also be selected for installation.[3] The Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT) supports three types of deployments:[3] Zero Touch Installation (ZTI), Lite Touch Installation (LTI), and User Driven Installation (UDI).
ZTI is a fully automated deployment scheme in which installation requires no user interaction whatsoever.[5] UDI deployments require full manual intervention to respond to every installation prompt, such as machine name, password or language setting.[6] ZTI and UDI deployments both require a Microsoft System Center infrastructure.[3] ZTI deployments require a persistent network connection to the distribution point.[5] LTI deployments require limited user interaction.
An LTI deployment needs very little infrastructure, so it can be installed from a network share, or media using either a USB flash drive or an optical disc.[4] How to Install ADK and MDT on Windows Server 2016?
Cardiff International Pool is an Olympic-sized swimming pool built as a public-private funded project; with a partnership between Cardiff Council (land owner), OLLC which is a partnership between Orion Land & Leisure and Explore Investments (developers) and Parkwood Leisure (operator).[1][2][3] Parkwood won the contract to manage the facility for 10 years, with a projected turnover of £2.5m each year.[4] Construction of the GB£32 million facility commenced in April 2006 and includes two pools; an Olympic size 50 m (160 ft) 10-lane competition swimming pool with seating for 1,000 spectators and a 25 m (82 ft) 4-lane indoor waterpark with flume rides, a beach area with water slides, a lazy river and jacuzzi.
The centre also has a fitness suite and studios, conference rooms and a café.[1][3] The opening of the pool ended 10 years without an Olympic size pool in Wales since the closure and demolition in 1998 of the Empire Pool (which had been built for the Cardiff-hosted 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games) to make way for the Millennium Stadium.[5] The pool was also built to support the London 2012 Olympics as a training facility.
Several other sporting venues in the city of Cardiff were used for Olympics, such as the Millennium Stadium for football events.
The construction of the pool was the subject of a legal dispute.
[6] According to Today News, "There’s no evidence the new coronavirus can be spread to people through the water in pools, hot tubs, spas or water play areas, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."[7] Coordinates: 51°26′59″N 3°10′52″W / 51.449755°N 3.181078°W / 51.449755; -3.181078
In its modern form, a Gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences.
Similar walls and gates have separated quarters of some cities for centuries.
Gated communities usually consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities.
For smaller communities, these amenities may include only a park or other common area.
For larger communities, it may be possible for residents to stay within the community for most daily activities.
Gated communities are a type of common interest development, but are distinct from intentional communities.
Given that gated communities are spatially a type of enclave, Setha M.
Low, an anthropologist, has argued that they have a negative effect on the net social capital of the broader community outside the Gated community.[1] Some gated communities, usually called guard-gated communities, are staffed by private security guards and are often home to high-value properties, and/or are set up as retirement villages.
Some gated communities are secure enough to resemble fortresses and are intended as such.[citation needed] Besides the services of gatekeepers, many gated communities provide other amenities.
These may depend on a number of factors including geographical location, demographic composition, community structure, and community fees collected.
When there are subassociations that belong to master associations, the master association may provide many of the amenities.
In general, the larger the association the more amenities that can be provided.
Amenities also depend on the type of housing.
For example, single-family-home communities may not have a common-area swimming pool, since individual home-owners have the ability to construct their own private pools.
A condominium, on the other hand, may offer a community pool, since the individual units do not have the option of a private pool installation.
Typical amenities offered can include one or more: In Brazil, the most widespread form of Gated community is called "condomínio fechado" (closed housing estate) and is the object of desire of the upper classes.
Such a place is a small town with its own infrastructure (reserve power supply, sanitation, and security guards).
The purpose of such a community is to protect its residents from exterior violence.
The same philosophy is seen on closed buildings and most shopping centres (many of them can only be accessed from inside the parking lot or the garage).
In Pakistan, gated communities are located in big as well as small cities and are considered the standard of high quality living.
Defence Housing Authority[2] and Bahria Town[3] are major private Gated community developers and administrators and one of the largest in the world.
The assets of Bahria Town itself are worth $30 billion.[4] Most gated communities in Pakistan[5] have public parks, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, gymnasiums, and country clubs.[6] In Argentina, they are called "barrios privados" (literal translation "private neighborhoods") or just "countries" and are often seen as a symbol of wealth.
However, gated communities enjoy dubious social prestige (many members of the middle and upper middle class regard Gated community dwellers as nouveaux riches or snobs[7]).
While most gated communities have only houses, some bigger ones, such as Nordelta,[8] have their own hospital, school, shopping mall, and more.
In post-segregation South Africa, gated communities have mushroomed in response to high levels of violent crime.
They are commonly referred to as "complexes" but also broadly classified as "security villages" (large-scale privately developed areas) or "enclosed neighborhoods .[9] Some of the newest neighborhoods being developed are almost entirely composed of security villages, some with malls and few other essential services (such as hospitals).
In part, property developers have adopted this response to counter squatting, which local residents fear due to associated crime, and which often results in a protracted eviction process.
They are popular in southern China, namely the Pearl River Delta Region, the most famous of which is Clifford Estates.
In Saudi Arabia, gated communities have existed since the discovery of oil, mainly to accommodate families from Europe or North America.
After threat levels increased from the late 1990s on against foreigners in general and U.S.
citizens in particular[citation needed], gates became armed, sometimes heavily, and all vehicles are inspected.
Marksmen and Saudi Arabian National Guard armored vehicles appeared in certain times, markedly after recent terrorist attacks in areas near-by, targeting people from European or North American countries.
Gated communities are rare in continental Europe and Japan.
Proponents of gated communities (and to a lesser degree, of cul-de-sac) maintain that the reduction or exclusion of people who would be only passing through, or more generally, of all non-local people, makes any "stranger" much more recognisable in the closed local environment, and thus reduces crime danger.
Since only a very small proportion of all non-local people passing through the area are potential criminals, increased traffic should increase rather than decrease safety by having more people around whose presence could deter criminal behaviour or who could provide assistance during an incident.[10] Another criticism is that gated communities offer a false sense of security.
Some studies indicate that safety in gated communities may be more illusion than reality and that gated communities in suburban areas of the United States have no less crime than similar non-gated neighborhoods.[11] A commentary in The New York Times specifically blames the gated communities for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin as the columnist states that "gated communities churn a vicious cycle by attracting like-minded residents who seek shelter from outsiders and whose physical seclusion then worsens paranoid groupthink against outsiders."[12] In an influential paper, Vanessa Watson includes gated communities within a class of "African urban fantasies": attempts to remake African cities in the vein of Dubai or Singapore.
In Watson's analysis, this kind of urban planning prizes exclusionary and self-contained spaces that limit opportunities for interaction between different classes, while worsening marginalization of the urban poor.[13] A study done by Breetzke, Landman & Cohn (2014) had investigated the effect of gated communities on individual's risk of burglary victimization in South Africa.
Results shown that not only are gated communities not able to reduce burglary, but even facilitate criminal activities.
For both the gated communities and the areas surrounding them, the densities of burglary were found to be four times higher than that of Tshwane.
The crime rates did not decrease in areas that were far away from the gated communities.
Also, the high risk of burglaries was found consistent in both daytime and night-time.
As this research on the effect of gated communities in South Africa reflects a negative correlation between the use of gated communities and crime prevention, the effectiveness of gated communities is in doubt.[14] The closed cities of Russia are different from the gated communities.
A limited number of gated communities have long been established for foreigners in various regions of the world: There are many gated communities in Argentina, especially in Greater Buenos Aires, in the suburb of Pilar, 60 km N of Buenos Aires city, and in other suburban areas, such as Nordelta.[8] Tortugas Country Club was the first Gated community developed in Argentina, dating from the 1930s/1940s, but most date from the 1990s, when liberal reforms were consolidated.
Since Buenos Aires has been traditionally regarded as a socially integrated city, gated communities have been the subject of research by sociologists.
Gated communities are an important way through middle and upper-class people cope with the high levels of violent criminal activity in Greater Buenos Aires.[15] Although gated communities have been rare in Australia, since the 1980s, a few have been built.
The most well-known are those at Hope Island, in particular Sanctuary Cove, on the Gold Coast of Queensland.
Other similar projects are being built in the area.
In Victoria, the first such development is Sanctuary Lakes, in the local government area of Wyndham, about 16 km south west of Melbourne.
In New South Wales, there is Macquarie Links Gated community[16] as well as Southgate Estate Gated community.
Many Australian gated communities are built within private golf courses.
In the ACT, the only example is Uriarra Village, based around community horse paddocks and dwellings jointly managed through strata title.
Brazil also has many gated communities, particularly in the metropolitan regions Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
For example, one of São Paulo's suburbs, Tamboré, has at least 6 such compounds known as Tamboré 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Each consists of generously spaced detached houses with very little to separate front gardens.
One of the first big-scale Gated community projects in São Paulo city region was Barueri's Alphaville, planned and constructed during the 1970s military dictatorship when the big cities of Brazil faced steep increases of car ownership[17] by the middle and higher-classes, rural exodus, poverty,[18] crime, urban sprawl, and downtown decay.
Neighbourhoods with "physical" or explicit gating with security checkpoints and patrols are extremely rare, being absent in even some of Canada's richest neighbourhoods such as Bridle Path, Toronto.
Furthermore, municipal planning laws in many Canadian provinces ban locked gates on public roads as a health issue since they deny emergency vehicles quick access.
A noted exception in Canada is Arbutus Ridge, an age-restricted community constructed between 1988 and 1992 on the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island.
More common in most Canadian neighbourhoods, especially the largest cities, is an implicit or symbolic gating which effectively partitions the private infrastructure and amenities of these communities from their surrounding neighbourhoods.
A classic example of this is the affluent Montreal suburb of Mount Royal, which has a long fence running along its side of L'Acadie Boulevard that for all intents and purposes separates the community from the more working-class neighbourhood of Park Extension.[19] Also, many newer suburban subdivisions employ decorative gates to give the impression of exclusivity and seclusion.[20] In China, some of these compounds, like most other gated communities around the world, target the rich.
Also many foreigners live in gated communities in Beijing.
Often foreign companies choose the locations where their foreign employees will live, and in most cases they pay the rent and associated costs (e.g.
management fees and garden work).
Similar communities exist in Shanghai, another major Chinese city.
Shanghai Links, an exclusive expatriate community enclosing a golf course and the Shanghai American School, is an example.
Other notable gated communities in Shanghai include Seasons Villas, a development by Hutchinson Whampoa, Thomson Golf Villas, and Green Villas.
Other gated communities in China such as those in the Daxing District of Beijing enclose the homes of rural migrants.
These are intended to reduce crime and increase public order and safety, which the Communist Party of China-run People's Daily claims it has, by 73%.
The system is controversial as it segregates migrants and the poor, with some claiming its true purpose is to keep track of migrants, but it is scheduled for implementation in Changping District also.[21] Guayaquil and Quito, Ecuador have many gated communities.
In the coastal city of Guayaquil, they are mostly located in Samborondón and in Quito in the valleys surrounding the city.
They are home mostly for the wealthiest people, but there is a trend, specially in Guayaquil, of houses in gated communities with moderate prices as well.
In Greater Cairo, for example, there is Dreamland, Mountain View Egypt, and in Alexandria, there is el Maamoura.
In India, there are many gated neighborhoods (also called "colonies" in New Delhi) in big cities where most of the upper middle-class and upper-class people live.
New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and the like all have gated communities.
Sometimes these communities are separated not just by wealth but also by ethnicity.
There are colonies in New Delhi based on profession also like Press Enclave, set up by journalists in 1970s'.
Members of a particular ethnicity tend to feel more comfortable living among their own owing to reasons related to common festivals, language, and cuisine.
Examples of this are common in New Delhi where there is a strong Punjabi community.
Many gated neighborhoods are predominantly Punjabi and there have been cases of discrimination against members of other ethnic backgrounds living in those communities.
Likewise, there also exist Bengali, South Indian, Muslim, and Gujarati neighborhoods.
Nowadays many modern gated communities are being developed like the Aamby Valley City and Lavasa City in Maharashtra occupying 100 square kilometers of area.
Now gated communities are being built in Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore by a lot of real estate developers.
As in neighboring countries, the target for these housing societies seem to be upper-middle or upper class citizens.
Caste and religious discrimination is prevalent in the real estate industry.
Several people have been denied homes based on their caste or religion.
Nonetheless, non-residential Indians (foreigners of Indian origin) are very interested in gated housing.[22] In Indonesia, some gated communities are luxurious (with up to 740 square metres (8000 sq ft)), and some are very affordable (with lots ranging from 40 to 120 square metres).
From 2000, most of the new residential area build by private developer are Gated community.
Examples include Bumi Serpong Damai in South Tangerang, Telaga Golf Sawangan and Pesona Khayangan in Depok, and Sentul City in Bogor Regency.
Gated communities in Indonesia still allow outsiders to use some of the facilities inside the community because there is a regulation that the social facilities in the residential development should be handed to the local government to be used by the public.[23] Two examples of Gated community in Italy are Olgiata in Rome and the village of Roccamare, in Castiglione della Pescaia, Tuscany.[24] Gated communities are very common in Lebanon where the population is used to live with same-class people[citation needed], mainly outside the capital Beirut.
Some examples of gated communities are BelHorizon Village[25] in Adma wa Dafneh, and BeitMisk[26] in Aatchaneh.
In Malaysia, these are known as Gated and Guarded Communities and have been seeing a steady increase in popularity.[27] Currently, according to the Town and Country Planning Department, there are four types of gated communities in Malaysia, namely: The Gated community is a concept that emerged in response to the rise of safety and security issues, and offers more advantages in terms of a calm environment and enhanced safety that is ideal for family development.[28] Gated communities in Mexico are a result of the huge income gap existing in the country.
A 2008 study found that the average income in an urban area of Mexico was $26,654, a rate higher than advanced regions like Spain or Greece while the average income in rural areas (sometimes just a short distance away) was only $8,403.[citation needed] This close a proximity of wealth and poverty has created a large security risk for Mexico's middle class.
Gated communities can be found in virtually every medium and large sized city in Mexico with the largest found in major cities, such as Monterrey, Mexico City or Guadalajara.
Luxury or "status" gated communities are very popular with middle to high income residents in Mexico.
Gated luxury communities in Mexico are considerably cheaper than in countries such as the United States while retaining houses of similar size and quality due to the commonness of the communities and the lower cost to build them and are priced lower to attract middle class residents.
Many gated communities in Mexico have fully independent and self-contained infrastructure, such as schools, water and power facilities, security and fire forces, and medical facilities.
Some of the larger gated communities even retain their own school districts and police departments.
The Interlomas area of Mexico City contains hundreds of gated communities and is the largest concentration of gated communities in the world, stretching over 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi).
The surrounding areas of Santa Fe, Bosques-Lomas, Interlomas-Bosque Real, are also made up predominantly of gated communities and span over 30% of Greater Mexico City.
Many smaller gated communities in Mexico are not officially classified as separate gated communities as many municipal rules prohibit closed off roads.
Most of these small neighborhoods cater to lower middle income residents and offer a close perimeter and check points similar to an "authentic" Gated community.
This situation is tolerated and sometimes even promoted by some city governments due to the lack of capacity to provide reliable and trusted security forces.[29] In New Zealand, gated communities have been developed in suburban areas of the main cities since the 1980s and 1990s.[30][31] Pakistan has a very large number of gated communities, most of which target middle class Pakistanis.
The largest being Bahria Town, which is also the largest in Asia and has communities in major cities.
Defence Housing Authority is also a major developer of gated communities.
Others include WAPDA Town, Gulberg, Islamabad and Schon Properties, while Emaar Properties also maintains several gated communities in the country targeting primarily upper class people.
Gated communities in Pakistan are mostly immune from problems of law enforcement and lack of energy faced by the majority of the other housing societies.
In a short time, the property prices in such communities have greatly increased – in 2007 a 20-square-meter house in Bahria Town, Lahore cost around four million rupees ($40,000); a similar property in 2012 costed nine million rupees, while houses are priced around 100-300 million rupees.
Lima, Peru has several gated communities, especially in the wealthy districts of La Molina and Santiago de Surco.
They are home to many prominent Peruvians.[citation needed] The Philippines has a sizable number of gated communities which are known in Philippine English as "subdivisions" or "villages".
Regardless of their names, such communities may either form part of a larger barangay (village), or constitute a single barangay in and of themselves.
Aerobus live complex[32] is the de facto first Gated community in Moscow.
Business center is in this complex but outside the residential area.
Ozero is a cooperative formed around Vladimir Putin's dacha on Lake Komsomolskoe (Finnish: Kiimajärvi), Priozersky District, Leningrad Oblast.
In Saudi Arabia, many expatriate workers are required to live in company-provided housing.
After the 2003 attack on Al Hambra, Jadawel, Siyanco and Vinell by militant Saudi dissidents,[33] the government established tight military security for those compounds with large western populations.
Many western individuals also reside in the many other gated compounds or non-gated villas and apartments in the cities that they work.
Saudi Aramco provides a compound in Dhahran which is one of the largest of its kind within Saudi Arabia.
Gated communities are also popular with many Saudis, which accounts for the limited availability of open villas in these communities and the premium rent paid for that housing.
These compounds can be found in many of Saudi Arabia's cities, including but not limited to Abha, Dhahran, Riyadh, and Taif.[34] Sentosa Cove is the only gated residential community in Singapore.
This is a bunch of private houses specially built for the super-rich in Singapore.
South Africa has an increasing number of gated communities, often where the wealthy and enclosed live in close proximity to the urban poor (yet with little contact between the two).[35] Many housing estates in Thailand take the form of gated communities, targeted to the upper and middle classes.
They may be managed by the development company or by resident committees.
Gated communities are often referred to as mubans in Thailand.[36] Turkey has several gated communities, especially in Istanbul and Ankara.
Called "site" in Turkish, they are mostly located around the edge of the city.
In the United Arab Emirates, gated communities have exploded in popularity, particularly in Dubai, where the 2002 decision to allow foreigners to own freehold properties has resulted in the construction of numerous such communities built along various themes.
Examples include The Lakes, Springs, Meadows, and Arabian Ranches.
In the United Kingdom, gated communities are relatively rare.
In 2004 there were an estimated 1,000 such communities in England (i.e.
not including Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland).
They are usually on a small scale: a gated street of up to 60 or 100 houses, or a single block of up to 500 or 700 flats.
They can be found in London, for example, in the Docklands (such as New Caledonian Wharf, Kings and Queen Wharf and Pan Peninsula) and East London (such as Bow Quarter in Bow, London).[37] Most gated communities in the US are unincorporated:[relevant? – discuss] some, like Indiana's Briar Ridge, may even span more than one incorporated municipality.
However, there are numerous incorporated gated cities in Southern California, namely Bradbury, Canyon Lake, Hidden Hills, Laguna Woods, and Rolling Hills.[38] To meet legal requirements, the city halls and municipal facilities are public, and private corporations own parks and other facilities within the gates.
By 1997, an estimated 20,000 gated communities had been built across the country.[39] Approximately 40% of new homes in California are behind walls.[40] In 1997, estimates of the number of people in gated communities ranged from 4 million in 30,000 communities[41] up to around 8 million, with a 1⁄2 million in California alone.[42] One reason that it is difficult to determine how many gated communities are in the United States is that most are privately developed.[43] There are other incorporated gated communities outside California, including Lake Quivira, Kansas, Sea Ranch Lakes, Florida, Anderson Creek, North Carolina, and North Oaks, Minnesota.
Hot Springs Village, Arkansas is the largest Gated community in the United States with over 26,000 heavily wooded acres.
Hot Springs Village is governed by the Hot Springs Village Property Owners' Association (or POA for short), a private, tax-exempt home owners association.
Bay Harbor, Michigan is the largest Gated community in the Midwestern United States.
The village of Rosemont, Illinois, just outside Chicago, maintains a security checkpoint at the entrance of its main residential section.
Naval Square was the first in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The neighborhood gives a suburban feel to an otherwise urban environment.
In Downtown Miami, Florida, the neighborhood of Brickell Key is a gated island community of high-rise residential towers.
Although anyone can walk onto the island or come via the public bus, only authorized automobiles may enter.
Brickell Key has some of the most expensive apartments in Miami.[citation needed] In 2012, the Gated community The Retreat at Twin Lakes was made famous by the shooting of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman and has been in the national spotlight well into the year 2013 with the acquittal of Zimmerman.
(Alphabetical by series title) (Alphabetical by author's last name)
A Motorpool is a group of motor vehicles whose use is shared on a short-term basis by the personnel of an organization, such as a governmental agency or military installation.
The term can also refer to the place where such vehicles are parked when not in use, and to the staff that manages the vehicles and or maintains them such that they are operable and ready for use when requested.
Motorpool or motor pool may also refer to:
Social Pool is an artwork created in 2014 by the Austrian artist Alfredo Barsuglia.
The work consists of a swimming pool that is five feet deep, five feet wide, and eleven feet long.[1] The pool is in an isolated location in the Mojave Desert in Southern California, United States.[1][2] The pool was open to anyone to use, but users of the pool must contact the West Hollywood art institute, the MAK Center for Art and Architecture, to obtain the GPS coordinates and a key to open the cover.[1] As stipulated by the artist, only one person or a small group may use the pool and the key must then be returned to the MAK Center within 24 hours.[1][2] Users must also take a gallon of water with them to replace any water that has evaporated from the pool.[1] The exact location of the pool was originally intended to remain unknown to the general public, however, aerial photography from Google Maps reveals its location to be in southwestern San Bernardino County at approximately 34°26′58″N 116°43′26″W / 34.4494°N 116.7239°W / 34.4494; -116.7239 (Social Pool).
The pool officially closed on September 30, 2014, though it continued to see use until it was vandalized in April or May 2016.[3] The pool is white in design and unadorned by signs.
The title of the artwork is reflected in the pool's design; the size enables "one or two people to stand or sit on either of its sides" with a bench is incorporated into each side.[2] The institute describes the walls of each segment of the pool as being "...so high that the seated person cannot easily see whoever sits in the adjacent space, despite the fact that they are just next-door."[2] The physical isolation of the pool has been likened to American Land Art installations in deserts including Walter de Maria’s The Lightning Field in New Mexico, Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty, and Nancy Holt’s Sun Tunnels in Utah.[2] The MAK Center describes the pool as "Astutely intertwining the semantic constructs of contemporary art, the pool (the symbol of carefree wealth, even more so in the desert), relaxation and nature, Social Pool is a complex replica of the contradictions and ideology of contemporary society, where remoteness from others and quietude are luxuries for the ever-communicating city-dweller"[2] and a work that "....simultaneously embodies the massive socio-economic changes that have taken place in the last forty years.
It thus understands itself as the product of an economy in which privacy and immateriality have been fully commodified."[2] Barsuglia sees his pool as part of a critical commentary on California's swimming pools, stating that "In a desolate and drought-hit area, a pool is something absurd...Luxury goods are status symbols – things that are expensive but not important to survival."[1] Social Pool closed to the public on September 30, 2014, but is being reopened under the name social-pool 2.0 around 2020
British Army Germany, is the superior institution under which the remaining installations of the British Forces Germany are organized after the completion of the withdrawal of the British Forces from Germany in February 2020.
Apart from the Alpine Training Centre Hubertushaus in Oberstdorf, which is in Bavaria, British Army Germany is entirely based in Northrhine-Westphalia.
The remaining installations and units consist of: The commander of British Army Germany is Colonel Tim Hill.[6]
Solar water heating (SWH) is the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector.
A variety of configurations is available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes.
SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications.[1] A sun-facing collector heats a working fluid that passes into a storage system for later use.
SWH are active (pumped) and passive (convection-driven).
They use water only, or both water and a working fluid.
They are heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors.
They operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters.[2] In large-scale installations, mirrors may concentrate sunlight into a smaller collector.
As of 2017, global solar hot water thermal capacity is 472 GW and the market is dominated by China, the United States and Turkey.[3] Barbados, Austria, Cyprus, Israel and Greece are the leading countries by capacity per capita.[3] Records of solar collectors in the U.S.
date to before 1900,[4] involving a black-painted tank mounted on a roof.
In 1896 Clarence Kemp of Baltimore enclosed a tank in a wooden box, thus creating the first 'batch water heater' as they are known today.
Frank Shuman built the world's first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, using parabolic troughs to power a 45 to 52 kilowatts (60 to 70 horsepower) engine that pumped 23,000 litres (6,000 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.
Flat-plate collectors for Solar water heating were used in Florida and Southern California in the 1920s.
Interest grew in North America after 1960, but especially after the 1973 oil crisis.
Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Israel, Cyprus and Greece are the per capita leaders in the use of Solar water heating systems supporting 30%–40% of homes.[5] Flat plate solar systems were perfected and used on a large scale in Israel.
In the 1950s a fuel shortage led the government to forbid heating water between 10 pm and 6 am.
Levi Yissar built the first prototype Israeli solar water heater and in 1953 he launched the NerYah Company, Israel's first commercial manufacturer of Solar water heating.[6] Solar water heaters were used by 20% of the population by 1967.
Following the energy crisis in the 1970s, in 1980 Israel required the installation of solar water heaters in all new homes (except high towers with insufficient roof area).[7] As a result, Israel became the world leader in the use of solar energy per capita with 85% of households using solar thermal systems (3% of the primary national energy consumption),[8] estimated to save the country 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) of oil a year.[9] In 2005, Spain became the world's first country to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second (after Israel) to require the installation of Solar water heating systems, in 2006.[10] After 1960, systems were marketed in Japan.[4] Australia has a variety of national and state and regulations for solar thermal starting with MRET in 1997.[11][12][13] Solar water heating systems are popular in China, where basic models start at around 1,500 yuan (US$235), around 80% less than in Western countries for a given collector size.
At least 30 million Chinese households have one.
The popularity is due to efficient evacuated tubes that allow the heaters to function even under gray skies and at temperatures well below freezing.[14] The type, complexity and size of a Solar water heating system is mostly determined by: The minimum requirements of the system are typically determined by the amount or temperature of hot water required during winter, when a system's output and incoming water temperature are typically at their lowest.
The maximum output of the system is determined by the need to prevent the water in the system from becoming too hot.
Freeze protection measures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid.
Drainback systems drain the transfer fluid from the system when the pump stops.
Many indirect systems use antifreeze (e.g., propylene glycol) in the heat transfer fluid.
In some direct systems, collectors can be manually drained when freezing is expected.
This approach is common in climates where freezing temperatures do not occur often, but can be less reliable than an automatic system as it relies on an operator.
A third type of freeze protection is freeze-tolerance, where low pressure water pipes made of silicone rubber simply expand on freezing.
One such collector now has European Solar Keymark accreditation.
When no hot water has been used for a day or two, the fluid in the collectors and storage can reach high temperatures in all non-drainback systems.
When the storage tank in a drainback system reaches its desired temperature, the pumps stop, ending the heating process and thus preventing the storage tank from overheating.
Some active systems deliberately cool the water in the storage tank by circulating hot water through the collector at times when there is little sunlight or at night, losing heat.
This is most effective in direct or thermal store plumbing and is virtually ineffective in systems that use evacuated tube collectors, due to their superior insulation.
Any collector type may still overheat.
High pressure, sealed solar thermal systems ultimately rely on the operation of temperature and pressure relief valves.
Low pressure, open vented heaters have simpler, more reliable safety controls, typically an open vent.
Simple designs include a simple glass-topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of sheet metal, attached to copper heat exchanger pipes and dark-colored, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated (near vacuum) glass cylinder.
In industrial cases a parabolic mirror can concentrate sunlight on the tube.
Heat is stored in a hot water storage tank.
The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems to compensate for bad weather[clarification needed] and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collector[clarification needed] is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater.
The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber may be water, but more commonly (at least in active systems) is a separate loop of fluid containing anti-freeze and a corrosion inhibitor delivers heat to the tank through a heat exchanger (commonly a coil of copper heat exchanger tubing within the tank).
Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems because of its high heat conductivity, atmospheric and water corrosion resistance, sealing and joining by soldering and mechanical strength.
Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits (pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks).[15] Another lower-maintenance concept is the 'drain-back'.
No anti-freeze is required; instead, all the piping is sloped to cause water to drain back to the tank.
The tank is not pressurized and operates at atmospheric pressure.
As soon as the pump shuts off, flow reverses and the pipes empty before freezing can occur.
Residential solar thermal installations fall into two groups: passive (sometimes called "compact") and active (sometimes called "pumped") systems.
Both typically include an auxiliary energy source (electric heating element or connection to a gas or fuel oil central heating system) that is activated when the water in the tank falls below a minimum temperature setting, ensuring that hot water is always available.
The combination of Solar water heating and back-up heat from a wood stove chimney[16] can enable a hot water system to work all year round in cooler climates, without the supplemental heat requirement of a Solar water heating system being met with fossil fuels or electricity.
When a Solar water heating and hot-water central heating system are used together, solar heat will either be concentrated in a pre-heating tank that feeds into the tank heated by the central heating, or the solar heat exchanger will replace the lower heating element and the upper element will remain to provide for supplemental heat.
However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower.
Therefore, Solar water heating for washing and bathing is often a better application than central heating because supply and demand are better matched.
In many climates, a solar hot water system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy.
This can include domestic non-electric concentrating solar thermal systems.
In many northern European countries, combined hot water and space heating systems (solar combisystems) are used to provide 15 to 25% of home heating energy.
When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.[17][18] Direct or open loop systems circulate potable water through the collectors.
They are relatively cheap.
Drawbacks include: The advent of freeze-tolerant designs expanded the market for SWH to colder climates.
In freezing conditions, earlier models were damaged when the water turned to ice, rupturing one or more components.
Indirect or closed loop systems use a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the "heat-transfer fluid" (HTF) fluid to the potable water.
The most common HTF is an antifreeze/water mix that typically uses non-toxic propylene glycol.
After heating in the panels, the HTF travels to the heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to the potable water.
Indirect systems offer freeze protection and typically overheat protection.
Passive systems rely on heat-driven convection or heat pipes to circulate the working fluid.
Passive systems cost less and require low or no maintenance, but are less efficient.
Overheating and freezing are major concerns.
Active systems use one or more pumps to circulate water and/or heating fluid.
This permits a much wider range of system configurations.
Pumped systems are more expensive to purchase and to operate.
However, they operate at higher efficiency and can be more easily controlled.
Active systems have controllers with features such as interaction with a backup electric or gas-driven water heater, calculation and logging of the energy saved, safety functions, remote access and informative displays.
An integrated collector storage (ICS or batch heater) system uses a tank that acts as both storage and collector.
Batch heaters are thin rectilinear tanks with a glass side facing the sun at noon.
They are simple and less costly than plate and tube collectors, but they may require bracing if installed on a roof (to support 400–700 lb (180–320 kg) lbs of water), suffer from significant heat loss at night since the side facing the sun is largely uninsulated and are only suitable in moderate climates.
A convection heat storage unit (CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection.
CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors.
The storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly.
The main benefit of CHS systems over ICS systems is that heat loss is largely avoided since the storage tank can be fully insulated.
Since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss does not cause convection, as the cold water stays at the lowest part of the system.
Pressurized antifreeze systems use a mix of antifreeze (almost always low-toxic propylene glycol) and water mix for HTF in order to prevent freeze damage.
Though effective at preventing freeze damage, antifreeze systems have drawbacks: A drainback system is an active indirect system where the HTF (usually pure water) circulates through the collector, driven by a pump.
The collector piping is not pressurized and includes an open drainback reservoir that is contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space.
The HTF remains in the drainback reseervoir unless the pump is operating and returns there (emptying the collector) when the pump is switched off.
The collector system, including piping, must drain via gravity into the drainback tank.
Drainback systems are not subject to freezing or overheating.
The pump operates only when appropriate for heat collection, but not to protect the HTF, increasing efficiency and reducing pumping costs.[19] Plans for Solar water heating systems are available on the Internet.[20] DIY SWH systems are usually cheaper than commercial ones, and they are used both in the developed and developing world.[21] Solar thermal collectors capture and retain heat from the sun and use it to heat a liquid.[23] Two important physical principles govern the technology of solar thermal collectors: Flat plate collectors are an extension of the idea to place a collector in an 'oven'-like box with glass directly facing the Sun.[1] Most flat plate collectors have two horizontal pipes at the top and bottom, called headers, and many smaller vertical pipes connecting them, called risers.
The risers are welded (or similarly connected) to thin absorber fins.
Heat-transfer fluid (water or water/antifreeze mix) is pumped from the hot water storage tank or heat exchanger into the collectors' bottom header, and it travels up the risers, collecting heat from the absorber fins, and then exits the collector out of the top header.
Serpentine flat plate collectors differ slightly from this "harp" design, and instead use a single pipe that travels up and down the collector.
However, since they cannot be properly drained of water, serpentine flat plate collectors cannot be used in drainback systems.
The type of glass used in flat plate collectors is almost always low-iron, tempered glass.
Such glass can withstand significant hail without breaking, which is one of the reasons that flat-plate collectors are considered the most durable collector type.
Unglazed or formed collectors are similar to flat-plate collectors, except they are not thermally insulated nor physically protected by a glass panel.
Consequently, these types of collectors are much less efficient when water temperature exceeds ambient air temperatures.
For pool heating applications, the water to be heated is often colder than the ambient roof temperature, at which point the lack of thermal insulation allows additional heat to be drawn from the surrounding environment.[25] Evacuated tube collectors (ETC) are a way to reduce the heat loss,[1] inherent in flat plates.
Since heat loss due to convection cannot cross a vacuum, it forms an efficient isolation mechanism to keep heat inside the collector pipes.[26] Since two flat glass sheets are generally not strong enough to withstand a vacuum, the vacuum is created between two concentric tubes.
Typically, the water piping in an ETC is therefore surrounded by two concentric tubes of glass separated by a vacuum that admits heat from the sun (to heat the pipe) but that limits heat loss.
The inner tube is coated with a thermal absorber.[27] Vacuum life varies from collector to collector, from 5 years to 15 years.
Flat plate collectors are generally more efficient than ETC in full sunshine conditions.
However, the energy output of flat plate collectors is reduced slightly more than ETCs in cloudy or extremely cold conditions.[1] Most ETCs are made out of annealed glass, which is susceptible to hail, failing given roughly golf ball -sized particles.
ETCs made from "coke glass," which has a green tint, are stronger and less likely to lose their vacuum, but efficiency is slightly reduced due to reduced transparency.
ETCs can gather energy from the sun all day long at low angles due to their tubular shape.[28] One way to power an active system is via a photovoltaic (PV) panel.
To ensure proper pump performance and longevity, the (DC) pump and PV panel must be suitably matched.
Although a PV-powered pump does not operate at night, the controller must ensure that the pump does not operate when the sun is out but the collector water is not hot enough.
PV pumps offer the following advantages: A bubble pump (also known as geyser pump) is suitable for flat panel as well as vacuum tube systems.
In a bubble pump system, the closed HTF circuit is under reduced pressure, which causes the liquid to boil at low temperature as the sun heats it.
The steam bubbles form a geyser, causing an upward flow.
The bubbles are separated from the hot fluid and condensed at the highest point in the circuit, after which the fluid flows downward toward the heat exchanger caused by the difference in fluid levels.[30][31][32] The HTF typically arrives at the heat exchanger at 70 °C and returns to the circulating pump at 50 °C.
Pumping typically starts at about 50 °C and increases as the sun rises until equilibrium is reached.
A differential controller senses temperature differences between water leaving the solar collector and the water in the storage tank near the heat exchanger.
The controller starts the pump when the water in the collector is sufficiently about 8–10 °C warmer than the water in the tank, and stops it when the temperature difference reaches 3–5 °C.
This ensures that stored water always gains heat when the pump operates and prevents the pump from excessive cycling on and off.
(In direct systems the pump can be triggered with a difference around 4 °C because they have no heat exchanger.) The simplest collector is a water-filled metal tank in a sunny place.
The sun heats the tank.
This was how the first systems worked.[4] This setup would be inefficient due to the equilibrium effect: as soon as heating of the tank and water begins, the heat gained is lost to the environment and this continues until the water in the tank reaches ambient temperature.
The challenge is to limit the heat loss.
ICS or batch collectors reduce heat loss by thermally insulating the tank.[1][33] This is achieved by encasing the tank in a glass-topped box that allows heat from the sun to reach the water tank.[34] The other walls of the box are thermally insulated, reducing convection and radiation.[35] The box can also have a reflective surface on the inside.
This reflects heat lost from the tank back towards the tank.
In a simple way one could consider an ICS solar water heater as a water tank that has been enclosed in a type of 'oven' that retains heat from the sun as well as heat of the water in the tank.
Using a box does not eliminate heat loss from the tank to the environment, but it largely reduces this loss.
Standard ICS collectors have a characteristic that strongly limits the efficiency of the collector: a small surface-to-volume ratio.[36] Since the amount of heat that a tank can absorb from the sun is largely dependent on the surface of the tank directly exposed to the sun, it follows that the surface size defines the degree to which the water can be heated by the sun.
Cylindrical objects such as the tank in an ICS collector have an inherently small surface-to-volume ratio.
Collectors attempt to increase this ratio for efficient warming of the water.
Variations on this basic design include collectors that combine smaller water containers and evacuated glass tube technology, a type of ICS system known as an Evacuated Tube Batch (ETB) collector.[1] ETSCs can be more useful than other solar collectors during winter season.
ETCs can be used for heating and cooling purposes in industries like pharmaceutical and drug, paper, leather and textile and also for residential houses, hospitals, nursing home, hotels, swimming pool etc.
An ETC can operate at a range of temperatures from medium to high for solar hot water, swimming pool, air conditioning and solar cooker.
ETCs higher operational temperature range (up to 200 °C (392 °F)) makes them suitable for industrial applications such as steam generation, heat engine and solar drying.
Floating pool covering systems and separate STCs are used for pool heating.
Pool covering systems, whether solid sheets or floating disks, act as insulation and reduce heat loss.
Much heat loss occurs through evaporation, and using a cover slows evaporation.
STCs for nonpotable pool water use are often made of plastic.
Pool water is mildly corrosive due to chlorine.
Water is circulated through the panels using the existing pool filter or supplemental pump.
In mild environments, unglazed plastic collectors are more efficient as a direct system.
In cold or windy environments evacuated tubes or flat plates in an indirect configuration are used in conjunction with a heat exchanger.
This reduces corrosion.
A fairly simple differential temperature controller is used to direct the water to the panels or heat exchanger either by turning a valve or operating the pump.
Once the pool water has reached the required temperature, a diverter valve is used to return water directly to the pool without heating.[37] Many systems are configured as drainback systems where the water drains into the pool when the water pump is switched off.
The collector panels are usually mounted on a nearby roof, or ground-mounted on a tilted rack.
Due to the low temperature difference between the air and the water, the panels are often formed collectors or unglazed flat plate collectors.
A simple rule-of-thumb for the required panel area needed is 50% of the pool's surface area.[37] This is for areas where pools are used in the summer season only.
Adding solar collectors to a conventional outdoor pool, in a cold climate, can typically extend the pool's comfortable usage by months and more if an insulating pool cover is used.[25] When sized at 100% coverage most solar hot water systems are capable of heating a pool anywhere from as little as 4 °C for a wind-exposed pool, to as much as 10 °C for a wind-sheltered pool covered consistently with a solar pool blanket.[38] An active solar energy system analysis program may be used to optimize the solar pool heating system before it is built.
The amount of heat delivered by a Solar water heating system depends primarily on the amount of heat delivered by the sun at a particular place (insolation).
In the tropics insolation can be relatively high, e.g.
7 kWh/m² per day, versus e.g., 3.2 kWh/m² per day in temperate areas.
Even at the same latitude average insolation can vary a great deal from location to location due to differences in local weather patterns and the amount of overcast.
Calculators are available for estimating insolation at a site.[39][40][41] Below is a table that gives a rough indication of the specifications and energy that could be expected from a Solar water heating system involving some 2 m2 of absorber area of the collector, demonstrating two evacuated tube and three flat plate Solar water heating systems.
Certification information or figures calculated from those data are used.
The bottom two rows give estimates for daily energy production (kWh/day) for a tropical and a temperate scenario.
These estimates are for heating water to 50 °C above ambient temperature.
With most Solar water heating systems, the energy output scales linearly with the collector surface area.[42] The figures are fairly similar between the above collectors, yielding some 4 kWh/day in a temperate climate and some 8 kWh/day in a tropical climate when using a collector with a 2 m2 absorber.
In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.
In the tropical scenario the equivalent heating would be by some 33 °C.
Many thermosiphon systems have comparable energy output to equivalent active systems.
The efficiency of evacuated tube collectors is somewhat lower than for flat plate collectors because the absorbers are narrower than the tubes and the tubes have space between them, resulting in a significantly larger percentage of inactive overall collector area.
Some methods of comparison[43] calculate the efficiency of evacuated tube collectors based on the actual absorber area and not on the space occupied as has been done in the above table.
Efficiency is reduced at higher temperatures.
In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be cost effective.[35] In higher latitudes, design requirements for cold weather add to system complexity and cost.
This increases initial costs, but not life-cycle costs.
The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of Solar water heating systems.[44] Offsetting this expense can take years.[45] The payback period is longer in temperate environments.[46] Since solar energy is free, operating costs are small.
At higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower insolation, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems.[46] In some countries government incentives can be significant.
Cost factors (positive and negative) include: Payback times can vary greatly due to regional sun, extra cost due to frost protection needs of collectors, household hot water use etc.
For instance in central and southern Florida the payback period could easily be 7 years or less rather than the 12.6 years indicated on the chart for the U.S.[47] The payback period is shorter given greater insolation.
However, even in temperate areas, Solar water heating is cost effective.
The payback period for photovoltaic systems has historically been much longer.[46] Costs and payback period are shorter if no complementary/backup system is required.[45] thus extending the payback period of such a system.
Australia operates a system of Renewable Energy Credits, based on national renewable energy targets.[51] The Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods Initiative offers subsidies for the purchase of Solar water heating units.[61] The source of electricity in an active SWH system determines the extent to which a system contributes to atmospheric carbon during operation.
Active solar thermal systems that use mains electricity to pump the fluid through the panels are called 'low carbon solar'.
In most systems the pumping reduces the energy savings by about 8% and the carbon savings of the solar by about 20%.[62] However, low power pumps operate with 1-20W.[63][64] Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.
However, PV-powered active solar thermal systems typically use a 5–30 W PV panel and a small, low power diaphragm pump or centrifugal pump to circulate the water.
This reduces the operational carbon and energy footprint.
Alternative non-electrical pumping systems may employ thermal expansion and phase changes of liquids and gases.
Recognised standards can be used to deliver robust and quantitative life cycle assessments (LCA).
LCA considers the financial and environmental costs of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, using, servicing and disposal of the equipment.
Elements include: In terms of energy consumption, some 60% goes into the tank, with 30% towards the collector[65] (thermosiphon flat plate in this case).
In Italy,[66] some 11 giga-joules of electricity are used in producing SWH equipment, with about 35% goes toward the tank, with another 35% towards the collector.
The main energy-related impact is emissions.
The energy used in manufacturing is recovered within the first 2–3 years of use (in southern Europe).
By contrast the energy payback time in the UK is reported as only 2 years.
This figure was for a direct system, retrofitted to an existing water store, PV pumped, freeze tolerant and of 2.8 sqm aperture.
For comparison, a PV installation took around 5 years to reach energy payback, according to the same comparative study.[67] In terms of CO2 emissions, a large fraction of the emissions saved is dependent on the degree to which gas or electricity is used to supplement the sun.
Using the Eco-indicator 99 points system as a yardstick (i.e.
the yearly environmental load of an average European inhabitant) in Greece,[65] a purely gas-driven system may have fewer emissions than a solar system.
This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household.
But because methane (CH4) emissions from the natural gas fuel cycle[68] dwarf the greenhouse impact of CO2, the net greenhouse emissions (CO2e) from gas-driven systems are vastly greater than for solar heaters, especially if supplemental electricity is also from carbon-free generation.[citation needed] A test system in Italy produced about 700 kg of CO2, considering all the components of manufacture, use and disposal.
Maintenance was identified as an emissions-costly activity when the heat transfer fluid (glycol-based) was replaced.
However, the emissions cost was recovered within about two years of use of the equipment.[66] In Australia, life cycle emissions were also recovered.
The tested SWH system had about 20% of the impact of an electrical water heater and half that of a gas water heater.[45] Analysing their lower impact retrofit freeze-tolerant Solar water heating system, Allen et al.
(qv) reported a production CO2 impact of 337 kg, which is around half the environmental impact reported in the Ardente et al.
(qv) study.
All relevant participants of the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target and Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme must comply with the above Acts.[70]
This is a List of 21st-century classical composers, sortable by name, year of birth and year of death.
The list includes composers who have made a significant impact on the world of classical music since 2001, whether through major festivals and promoters of contemporary music, broadcast media or commercial recording on widely distributed labels.
These composers work in the tradition of classical music.
The 21st century is defined by the calendar rather than by any unifying characteristics of musical style or attitude, and is therefore not an era of the same order as the classical or romantic.
However, the century to date can be considered a continuation of the postmodern era that began during the 20th century and differs from the earlier modernist era in matters of attitude more than style.
Spent fuel pools (SFP) are storage pools (or "ponds" - UK usage) for spent fuel from nuclear reactors.
They are typically 40 or more feet (12 m) deep, with the bottom 14 feet (4.3 m) equipped with storage racks designed to hold fuel assemblies removed from reactors.
A reactor's local pool is specially designed for the reactor in which the fuel was used and is situated at the reactor site.
Such pools are used for immediate "cooling" of the fuel rods, which allows short-lived isotopes to decay and thus reduce the ionising radiation emanating from the rods.
The water cools the fuel and provides radiological protection shielding from their radiation.
Pools also exist on sites remote from reactors, for longer term storage such as the Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI), located at the Morris Operation, or as a production buffer for 10 to 20 years before being sent for reprocessing or dry cask storage.
While only about 20 feet (about 6 m) of water is needed to keep radiation levels below acceptable levels, the extra depth provides a safety margin and allows fuel assemblies to be manipulated without special shielding to protect the operators.
About a quarter to a third of the total fuel load of a reactor is removed from the core every 12 to 24 months and replaced with fresh fuel.
Spent fuel rods generate intense heat and dangerous radiation that must be contained.
Fuel is moved from the reactor and manipulated in the pool generally by automated handling systems, although some manual systems are still in use.
The fuel bundles fresh from the core are normally segregated for several months for initial cooling before being sorted into other parts of the pool to wait for final disposal.
Metal racks keep the fuel in controlled positions for physical protection and for ease of tracking and rearrangement.
High-density racks also incorporate boron-10, often as boron carbide (Metamic[1][2], Boraflex[2], Boral[3], Tetrabor and Carborundum[4])[5][6][2] or other neutron-absorbing material to ensure subcriticality.
Water quality is tightly controlled to prevent the fuel or its cladding from degrading.
Current regulations in the United States permit re-arranging of the spent rods so that maximum efficiency of storage can be achieved.[5] The maximum temperature of the spent fuel bundles decreases significantly between two and four years, and less from four to six years.
The fuel pool water is continuously cooled to remove the heat produced by the spent fuel assemblies.
Pumps circulate water from the Spent fuel pool to heat exchangers, then back to the Spent fuel pool.
The water temperature in normal operating conditions is held below 50 °C (120 °F).[7] Radiolysis, the dissociation of molecules by radiation, is of particular concern in wet storage, as water may be split by residual radiation and hydrogen gas may accumulate increasing the risk of explosions.
For this reason the air in the room of the pools, as well as the water, must be continually monitored and treated.
Rather than manage the pool's inventory to minimize the possibility of continued fission activity, China is building a 200 MWt nuclear reactor to run on used fuel from nuclear power stations to generate process heat for district heating and desalination.
Essentially an SFP operated as a deep pool-type reactor; it will operate at atmospheric pressure, which will reduce the engineering requirements for safety.[8] Other research envisions a similar low-power reactor using spent fuel where instead of limiting the production of hydrogen by radiolysis, it is encouraged by the addition of catalysts and ion scavengers to the cooling water.
This hydrogen would then be removed to use as fuel.[9] The neutron absorbing materials in Spent fuel pools have been observed to degrade severely over time, reducing the safety margins of maintaining subcriticality[4][5][10][2][6]; in addition, it has been shown that the in-site measurement technique used to evaluate these neutron absorbers (Boron Areal Density Gauge for Evaluating Racks, or BADGER) has an unknown degree of uncertainty.[6] If there is a prolonged interruption of cooling due to emergency situations, the water in the Spent fuel pools may boil off, possibly resulting in radioactive elements being released into the atmosphere.[11] In the magnitude 9 earthquake that struck the Fukushima nuclear plants in March 2011, three of the Spent fuel pools were in buildings that lost the roof and were seen to be emitting water vapor.
The US NRC wrongly stated that the pool at reactor 4 had boiled dry[12]—this was denied at the time by the Japanese and found to be incorrect in subsequent inspection and data examination.[13] According to nuclear plant safety specialists, the chances of criticality in a Spent fuel pool are very small, usually avoided by the dispersal of the fuel assemblies, inclusion of a neutron absorber in the storage racks and overall by the fact that the spent fuel has too low an enrichment level to self-sustain a fission reaction.
They also state that if the water covering the spent fuel evaporates, there is no element to enable a chain reaction by moderating neutrons.[14][15][16] According to Dr.
Kevin Crowley of the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, "successful terrorist attacks on Spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible.
If an attack leads to a propagating zirconium cladding fire, it could result in the release of large amounts of radioactive material."[17] After the September 11, 2001 attacks the Nuclear Regulatory Commission required American nuclear plants "to protect with high assurance" against specific threats involving certain numbers and capabilities of assailants.
Plants were also required to "enhance the number of security officers" and to improve "access controls to the facilities".[17]
The Sheats–Goldstein Residence is a home designed and built between 1961 and 1963 by American architect John Lautner in the Beverly Crest neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, a short distance from the Beverly Hills border.
The building was conceived from the inside out and built into the sandstone ledge of the hillside; a cave-like dwelling that opens to embrace nature and view.[1] The house is an example of American Organic Architecture that derives its form as an extension of the natural environment and of the individual for whom it was built.
Typical of Lautner's work, the project was approached from an idea and a unique structure was derived that solved the challenges of the site.
The home was originally built for Helen and Paul Sheats and their three children.
Helen, an artist, and Paul, a university professor, had previously commissioned Lautner for the 1948–1949 Sheats Apartments project located in Westwood adjacent to the University of California, Los Angeles.
There were two subsequent owners before a businessman, James Goldstein, purchased the residence in 1972, in a state of some disrepair.
No walls existed in the living room, and a device meant to heat the house often did not work well.[2] Goldstein commissioned John Lautner to work on the transformation of the house; a series of remodelings that would encompass the entire house over a period of more than two decades.
Goldstein worked with Lautner until the architect's death in 1994 on what they called "perfecting" the house.[3] The Sheats–Goldstein Residence is one of the best known examples of John Lautner's work; he designed not only the house, but the interiors, windows, lighting, rugs, furniture, and operable features.
The house is extensively detailed, and the range of the architect's work is visible through the different stages of the re-mastering.
All of the furnishings enhance the house and are completely related so that the aesthetic of the forms is a function of the whole.[citation needed] The original construction of the house is poured-in-place concrete, steel, and wood.
The home was built with five bedrooms, four and a half[clarification needed] baths, and a living room that was originally completely open to the terrace, protected by only a curtain of forced air.
The living room features open space that carries the interior into the outdoors blurring the line between the interior and exterior.
The expansive coffered ceiling living room is pierced by drinking glass skylights in the coffers (750 skylights in all).
The home uses cross ventilation for cooling; there is no air conditioning.
The floors are radiant heated with copper pipes that also warm the pool.
Exterior covered pathways lead to the guest bedrooms and the master bedroom, and outside features include a tennis court and night club.[citation needed] Lautner opened these spaces because of the temperate climate that Southern California offers most of the year.
Pool windows in the master bedroom were also an original feature that allowed Helen Sheats to watch her children as she worked in her studio below the pool.[citation needed] The skyspace, also called Above Horizon, is an art installation located on a steep slope below the residence.
The skyspace was designed by light artist James Turrell.
The project is built in the same construction materials as the home.
James Goldstein originally conceived this art installation as a collaboration between John Lautner and James Turrell.
However, Lautner died before being able to work extensively on the project.
Completed in 2004, the room features two portals, made by a local aerospace engineer, which fold away using carbon fiber composite materials.
The room also contains a built-in concrete lounge to enjoy the thousands of hidden LEDs that flood the room every evening for the sky and light show.[4] In 2016, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) announced that James Goldstein has entrusted the home and its surrounding estate in a promised gift to the institution.
The future endowment includes the home's extensive art collection, original architectural models, and a 1961 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud which resides on the property.
The first collection of its kind for LACMA, the endowment seeks to preserve the legacy of the home and Lautner's work, as well as its significance in Los Angeles architecture history.[5] The home has been featured in movies such as Charlie's Angels, The Big Lebowski, and Bandits, as well on television in Southland.
The home is also prominently featured during the first season of Snowfall on FX.[6] The rapper Doja Cat filmed the music video for her song "Say So" from Hot Pink inside and on the patio of the home.[7]
ClearQuest is an enterprise level workflow automation tool from the Rational Software division of IBM.
Commonly, ClearQuest is configured as a bug tracking system, but it can be configured to act as a CRM tool or to track a complex manufacturing process.
It can also implement these functions together.
IBM provides a number of predefined "schemas" for common tasks such as software defect tracking which can themselves be further customized if required.
Elementary receptacle for a datum which is associated with a single Record Type.
As a minimum, a field comprises a data type and a name and is analogous to a database column.
Supported data types are: A hook is an arbitrary piece of code that can be configured to be executed when a particular event occurs.
There are two main types of hooks; Field Hooks and Action Hooks, and ClearQuest breaks these down further to allow very fine-grained control over when hook code is run.
Hooks can be used for a variety of tasks such as pre-populating fields, validating fields, recording data and even creating new record types.
On Unix and Linux, hook code must be written in Perl, whereas on Windows it can be written in either Perl or VBScript.
Definition of an individual entity.
A Record Type encapsulates one or more Fields and is analogous to a database table.
Record Types can be either "Stateless" or "State-based" with the latter being able to transition between a defined set of states.
For example, a "Defect" Record Type used to record software bugs may move between states such as "New", "open", "Assigned", "Fixed", "Rejected", "Reopened", "Deferred" and "closed".
Note that states do not have to follow a linear progression and very complex transitions are possible.
A Schema in ClearQuest terminology encapsulates a single workflow including information on states, actions, data structures and hooks.
Schemas are versioned in ClearQuest and all versions are stored in a Schema Repository.
A database containing one or more Schemas.
The schemas are actually stored as SQL within the tables of the Schema Repository database itself.
A database used by administrators to test changes to a production system without impacting the live system.
Each Test Database is associated with a version of a Schema.
A database containing the data entered and queried by users.
Each User Database is associated with a version of a Schema.
ClearQuest is a client-server application although note that technically there is no ClearQuest "backend".
Rather, the ClearQuest clients utilize an existing database server.
Traditionally, ClearQuest has comprised a fat client and a number of databases existing on a backend RDBMS server to store all captured data.
ClearQuest supports various backend databases including Oracle, SQL Server and IBM DB2.
More recently, IBM has introduced a web interface to ClearQuest called "CQWeb" which utilizes an application server to generate the web-based interface.
The client then becomes simply a supported web browser, which alleviates the heavy requirements of the full client version.
The web version offers all the functionality of the full version except for the ability to create reports.
As of version 7, ClearQuest ships with an Eclipse-based client which provides almost the same features as the original Win32 Windows ClearQuest client.
Charts and complex queries must still be constructed on the Windows client, even if they can be used on the other clients.
Apart from the standard ClearQuest user client, a design tool called ClearQuest Designer is also provided.
This allows administrators to configure every aspect of not only the client interface but also the way in which data from specific widgets in the client are captured in the backend database.
The ClearQuest Designer is currently only available for Microsoft Windows.
All clients talk to the backend databases via ODBC.
Clients are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, AIX, HP-UX and Solaris operating systems.
A standard ClearQuest installation contains a minimum of three databases: Contains a complete description of the process(es) being modelled "Main" database containing the data entered and queried by users.
This must be tagged as a "production database" to ClearQuest.
Database tagged as a "test database" and can be thought of as being logically paired with a production User database; commonly, the User and Test databases will be associated with the same Schema, but with different versions of that schema.
If the production User Database is associated with version "x" of a particular Schema and the administrators are working on new functionality which they intend to roll out to the production User Database, the Test Database may be associated with Schema version "x+1" (or higher).
Full customization of the client interface and even the manner in which actual data is stored are possible using the ClearQuest Designer which provides a drag-and-drop interface for laying out the client data input Forms.
The designer allows administrators to create and modify Record Types, Fields, Lists, hook code and scripts in a simple fashion.
Making changes in the ClearQuest Designer modifies a particular version of a Schema (or creates a new version).
Once an administrator is satisfied with their changes, they are able to test them without impacting the live production system by deploying the new Schema version to a Test Database associated with the Schema in question.
Once testing is complete, the new Schema version can be applied to the production User Database such that all users will have access to the new schema.
Note that the ClearQuest Designer performs a number of checks on the changes made by the administrator to ensure that the constraints have not been violated.
This minimizes the chance that erroneous changes will be "rolled-out" to general ClearQuest users.
ClearQuest 7.1 introduces the ability within the designer to "diff" two arbitrary versions of a particular schema to allow the administrator to see easily what changes have been made.
ClearQuest places heavy emphasis on reports, allowing users and administrators to define their own reports and charts (called Personal Queries) or shared reports and charts (called Public Queries).
The ClearQuest client provides a simple interface to allow even new users to create useful reports with the minimum of effort.
Additionally, since ClearQuest stores all its data in an RDBMS, the client can be used to create arbitrarily complex SQL queries which can again be made available to other users.
Aside from the ClearQuest Designer, ClearQuest also provides a full API to allow programmatic access to ClearQuest.
Like the hook code, this API is via Perl on Unix and Linux and either Perl or VBScript on Windows.
Rather than providing a Perl module for an existing Perl installation, IBM includes their own version of Perl with ClearQuest (called "cqperl", now deprecated in favour of "ratlperl") to allow administrative access to the "CQPerlExt" module.
Additionally, a number of command-line tools are provided to aid administrators, such as "pdsql" which is an ODBC SQL client allowing various actions to be taken on the backend database along with the execution of arbitrary SQL code.
Another important example is "cqload" which provides a number of facilities including the ability to import and export schema versions.
ClearQuest is designed to be used with other Rational Software testing tools, such as IBM Rational Performance Tester, IBM Rational Functional Tester and IBM Rational Manual Tester.
ClearQuest also provides a robust environment for software quality assurance.
Using the Rational ClearQuest Bridge in IBM Rational Team Concert, you can work with your ClearQuest records in an agile development environment.
The tool can also be linked to Microsoft Project to create ordered steps for resources assigned to specific goals.
ClearQuest also integrates well with IBM Rational ClearCase/UCM revision control system.
This allows to correlate source code sets or activities with ClearQuest records (i.e.
bugs), simplifying some aspects of bug tracking and source code management.
IBM sells a supplementary product called ClearQuest MultiSite to allow ClearQuest databases to be synchronized, for example between two or more company offices potentially located in different countries.
ClearQuest can be configured to perform user authentication utilizing LDAP.
ClearQuest uses FlexLM for licensing; each user who logs into ClearQuest must be able to obtain a FlexLM license from the available pool, or they will be denied access to ClearQuest.
Note that no licenses are consumed by programs and scripts utilizing the ClearQuest API.
The rationale behind this decision being that programs run by administrators against their installation must not fail due to insufficient licenses.
A drain is the primary vessel or conduit for unwanted water or waste liquids to be flumed away, either to a more useful area, funnelled into a receptacle, or run into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed.
Drain design and installation parameters are engineered to ensure drain functionality for its intended purpose, allowing for variances in volume, matter to be conveyed and maintenance requirements.
Drain installation takes into account principles related to gravity, vacuum, grade, human exposure safety to biological agents and resistance to functional failure.
Also incorporated in drain design are requirements for drain maintenance and repair of a blocked drain.
In some systems the drain is for discharge of waste fluids, such as the drain in a sink in which the water is drained when it is no longer needed.
In the United Kingdom, plumbers refer to waste water as 'bad water'.
This is under the premise that the water they are moving from one area to another via the use of a drain is not needed and can be removed from the area, like a 'bad apple' being removed from a fruit bowl.
In other systems, such as fountains or swimming pools where waste fluid is recirculated, the drain is the input to the recirculating pumping machine.
In the last case, there is an obvious safety issue, because many people do not expect to encounter more than the head of water above the drain when touching a drain.
For example, in a recent case, a lifeguard went to the bottom of a pool to retrieve something and his hand got stuck because of the extra pressure from the pump.
When there is a recirculating pump, the risk of suction consists of the head of water, plus the suction of the pump (up to a maximum of 1 atmosphere).
Fatalities have occurred around drains as a result of this "suction entrapment." In these situations, a portion of the body, hair, or clothing may become stuck against the drain and may become impossible to release, resulting in drowning.
Properly designed drains in swimming pools and spas mitigate this effect by either adding multiple drains, or increasing the surface area of the drain opening, with the use of many holes or safety covers.
Since drain suction increases rapidly when a portion of the drain opening is blocked, having two drains or a larger drain inlet allows alternate suction paths for the pump.
Swimming pool safety devices are available to automatically turn off an operating pump if a rapid increase in suction is detected (as could happen during a suction entrapment incident).
In 1994, Cristin Fitzpatrick drowned in a Variety Village swimming pool when her hair became entangled in a water funnel.[1] While fear of the drain may be counterproductive, children should be taught not to intentionally touch or attempt to block components of a swimming pool recirculation system.
As a matter of safety, there should be multiple drains in pools and public fountains, to help reduce dangers of pipe entubement and flume debunkment.
In some locales, multiple drains are legally mandated on all public swimming pools, and this is becoming increasingly common in new construction residential pools.
Since children often play in public fountains, the use of multiple drains is a mandatory safety feature regardless of whether or not the architect or planner intends that the fountain be used as an aquatic play feature.
This is to ensure minimal risk of plumbing entrapment, but vandals can sometimes break into drains in the night time and remove the covers (commonly known as drain mugging).
This can make drains very dangerous.
Drains can often become blocked, especially in areas of high human activity such as showers and sinks, and can require a licensed plumber to rectify.
[2].
In some cases the use of a drain cleaner is sufficient in removing the blockage.
Blocked drains, if left long enough, can be a high safety concern as the presence of Mold and bacteria increases.
On December 17, 2007 the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool And Spa Safety Act (P&SS Act) was passed into law in the United States by George W.
Bush.
Effective on December 19, 2008, this law seeks to bring an end to suction entrapment related injuries and deaths by incorporating consumer protection regulation to pool and spa drains.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers publishes the following Standards:
Shotcrete, gunite (/ˈɡʌnaɪt/), or sprayed concrete is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique, first used in 1914.[1]:7 It is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions.
In pool construction, however, Shotcrete refers to wet mix and gunite to dry mix.
In this context, these terms are not interchangeable.
Shotcrete is placed and compacted/consolidated at the same time, due to the force with which it is ejected from the nozzle.
It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.
Shotcrete, then known as gunite, was invented in 1907 by American taxidermist Carl Akeley to repair the crumbling façade of the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago (the old Palace of Fine Arts from the World's Columbian Exposition).[2] He used the method of blowing dry material out of a hose with compressed air, injecting water at the nozzle as it was released.
In 1911, he was granted a patent for his inventions, the "cement gun", the equipment used, and "gunite", the material that was produced.
There is no evidence that Akeley ever used sprayable concrete in his taxidermy work, as is sometimes suggested.
F.
Trubee Davison covered this and other Akeley inventions in a special issue of Natural History magazine.[3] The dry-mix process was used until the wet-mix process was devised in the 1950s.
In the 1960s, an alternative method for gunning dry material with a rotary gun appeared, using a continuously fed open hopper.
The nozzle is controlled by hand on small jobs, such as a modest swimming pool.
On larger work it is attached to mechanical arms and operated by hand-held remote control.
The dry mix method involves placing the dry ingredients into a hopper and then conveying them pneumatically through a hose to the nozzle.
The nozzleman controls the addition of water at the nozzle.
The water and the dry mixture is not completely mixed, but is completed as the mixture hits the receiving surface.
This requires a skilled nozzleman, especially in the case of thick or heavily reinforced sections.
Advantages of the dry mix process are that the water content can be adjusted instantaneously by the nozzleman, allowing more effective placement in overhead and vertical applications without using accelerators.
The dry mix process is useful in repair applications when it is necessary to stop frequently, as the dry material is easily discharged from the hose.
Wet-mix Shotcrete involves pumping of a previously prepared concrete, typically ready-mixed concrete, to the nozzle.
Compressed air is introduced at the nozzle to impel the mixture onto the receiving surface.
The wet-process procedure generally produces less rebound, waste (when material falls to the floor), and dust compared to the dry-mix process.
The greatest advantage of the wet-mix process is all the ingredients are mixed with the water and additives required, and also larger volumes can be placed in less time than the dry process concrete .
Shotcrete machines are available which control the complete process and make it very fast and easy.
Manual and mechanical methods are used for the wet spraying process but wet sprayed concrete is traditionally applied by machine.
The high spray outputs and large cross-sections require the work to be mechanised.
Concrete spraying systems with duplex pumps are mainly used for working with wet mixes.
Unlike conventional concrete pumps, these systems have to meet the additional requirement of delivering a concrete flow that is as constant as possible, and therefore continuous, to guarantee homogeneous spray application'.[1](6.1.2 Machines) Gunite was originally a trademarked name that specifically referred to the dry-mix pneumatic cement application process.
In the dry-mix process, the dry sand and cement mixture is blown through a hose using compressed air, with water being injected at the nozzle to hydrate the mixture, immediately before it is discharged onto the receiving surface.
Gunite was the original term coined by Akeley, trademarked in 1909 and patented in North Carolina.
The concrete mixture is by pneumatic pressure from a gun, hence "gun"-ite.
The term "Gunite" became the registered trademark of Allentown Equipment, the oldest manufacturer of gunite equipment.
Other manufacturers were thus compelled to use other terminology to describe the process such as Shotcrete, pneumatic concrete, guncrete, etc.
Shotcrete is an all-inclusive term for spraying concrete or mortar with either a dry or wet mix process.
However, Shotcrete may also sometimes be used (incorrectly) to distinguish wet-mix from the dry-mix method.
The term Shotcrete was first defined by the American Railway Engineers Association (AREA) in the early 1930s.[4] By 1951, Shotcrete had become the official generic name of the sprayed concrete process—whether it utilizes the wet or dry process.[4] Shotcrete is commonly used to line tunnel walls, in mines, subways, and automobile tunnels.
Fire-resistant Shotcrete developed in Norway is used on the Marmaray tunnel in Istanbul.[5] Shotcrete is used to reinforce both temporary and permanent excavations.
It may be employed, in concert with lagging and other forms of earth anchor, to stabilize an excavation for an underground parking structure or hi-rise during construction.
This provides a large waterproof enclosure in which a structure can be erected.
Once the structure is completed the area between its foundation and the Shotcrete is backfilled and compacted.
Shotcrete is also a viable means and method for placing structural concrete.[citation needed] Shotcrete is very useful in hard rock mining.
Development of decline pathway to go underground is critical for movement of heavy machinery, miners, and material.
Shotcrete helps make these paths safe from any ground fall.[6] In-ground swimming pools can use either the wet or dry application method.
Shotcrete-wet is ideal for covering large areas quickly, whereas Shotcrete-dry (Gunite) is more useful for frequent start-and-stop operations.
Neither is superior for this application, and the technique should be selected based on individual project needs.
Costs vary depending on project needs.
[7] Shotcrete swimming pools are typically more durable and longer lasting than poured concrete.
Poured concrete can have a compressive strength of 2,500-3,000 psi, whereas Shotcrete exceeds 4,000 psi.
Additionally, the use of Shotcrete allows for customization in shape, depth, and styles that are not typically available in traditional pool kits.[8]
Horrible Histories is a children's live-action historical and musical sketch-comedy TV series based on the book series of the same name written by Terry Deary.
The show ran for five series of thirteen episodes each (plus seven full-length one-off specials), between 2009 and 2013.
Series producer was Caroline Norris.
Series 1 was directed by Chloe Thomas and Steve Connelly, with all future series directed by Connelly and Dominic Brigstocke.
Writers are listed as per credits of each episode.
Original music was—except where noted—written by Richie Webb (music) and Dave Cohen (lyrics), with instrumentals by Webb.
The songs were not given formal titles; where possible their creators' names for them have been used.[1] The starring troop over all five series consisted of Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond and Sarah Hadland, some combination of whom appear, with very rare exceptions, in every live-action sketch; their voices can also be heard in the animated sketches.
Supporting cast was headed by Alice Lowe, Lawry Lewin and Dominique Moore.
Notable guest stars are indicated in the episode in which they appear, or in the case of recurring roles, on first appearance.
Several sketches incorporate parodies of other UK pop-culture media and/or personalities; these parody inspirations are likewise indicated on first appearance.
In 2015, the series returned with a new cast in a revised format.
Episodes centred around the life of one prominent historical figure played by an established comedy actor.
It was in 2016 that a seventh series began with just three specials before the full series in 2017.
The three specials marked anniversaries through the year: 400 years since Shakespeare died, the BBCs 'Love to Read' campaign and 350 years since the Great Fire of London.
There was a slight change in cast where the main stars Jalaal Hartley, Tom Stourton and Jessica Ransom continued with new members.
This was the first series where none of the main original cast were present.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "The 4 Georges: Born 2 Rule" (boyband parody).
Lyrics by Dave Cohen with additional lyrics by Laurence Rickard and Caroline Norris.
Performed by Ben Willbond, Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby and Jim Howick.
Song: Terrible Tudors: "The Wives of Henry VIII: Divorced Beheaded & Died".
Lyrics by Terry Deary.
Performed by Ben Willbond.
Song: Awful Egyptians: "Making a Mummy".
Performed by Jim Howick.
Song: Terrible Tudors: "Terrible Tudors" (Madness pastiche).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas and Ben Willbond.
Song: No song is included in this episode (for the only time in series history).
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "A Gorgeous Georgian Lady".
Lyrics by Terry Deary (adapted from his book Gorgeous Georgians).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas.
Song: Measly Middle Ages: "I'm a Knight" (Monty Python pastiche).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Steve Punt and Jim Howick.
Song: Savage Stone Age: "Caveman Love" (1950's doo-wop parody).
Performed by Susie Donkin and Sarah Hadland, with Jim Howick, Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton.
SongTerrible Teachers: "It's Not True!".
Performed by Mathew Baynton and Martha Howe-Douglas.
SongMeasly Middle Ages: "The Plague Song" (musical theatre parody).
Lyrics by Terry Deary.
Performed by Ben Willbond and Katy Wix with Mathew Baynton and Sarah Hadland.
SongVile Victorians: "British Things".
Performed by Sarah Hadland and Mathew Baynton.
SongGroovy Greeks: "We are Greek" (Flanders & Swann pastiche).
Performed by Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick.
(Two parts.) SongVile Victorians: "Burke & Hare".
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Vicious Vikings: "Literally (The Viking Song)" (1980's glam metal power ballad parody).
Lyrics by Mathew Baynton and Laurence Rickard.
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Slimy Stuarts: "Charles II: King of Bling" (rap music parody, feat.
My Name Is by Eminem).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Martha Howe-Douglas, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond, Laurence Rickard and Lawry Lewin.
Song: Groovy Greeks: "Spartan High School Musical" (parody of Disney's High School Musical).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Woeful Second World War: "We're the WWII Girls" (girl group parody, mainly Promise by Girls Aloud).
Performed by Alice Lowe, Katy Wix and Martha Howe-Douglas.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "George IV: Couldn't Stand My Wife" (pop ballad parody).
Lyrics by Laurence Rickard.
Performed by Jim Howick with Lawry Lewin.
Song: Putrid Pirates: "Blackbeard's Song" (Gilbert & Sullivan parody).
Performed by Jim Howick with Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Victorian Inventions" (music hall pastiche).
Performed by Ben Willbond and Alice Lowe.
Song: Awful Egyptians: "Learn Your Hieroglyphics" (parody of ABC by the Jackson 5).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with children's chorus.
Song: Awesome USA: "Real Live Cowboys" (bluegrass parody).
Performed by Ben Willbond, Laurence Rickard and Nathaniel Martello-White.
Song: Cut-Throat Celts: "Boudicca" (alternative rock parody).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas with Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Smashing Saxons: "Funky Monks" ("The Monks' Song") (parody of Play That Funky Music by Wild Cherry, incorporating Gregorian-style chanting).
Performed by Ben Willbond, Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick with Terry Deary and Alice Lowe.
Song: Incredible Incas: "Do the Pachacuti" (parody of novelty dance songs).
Lyrics by Laurence Rickard.
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Martha Howe-Douglas, Alice Lowe and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "Dick Turpin, Highwayman" (parody of Stand and Deliver by Adam and the Ants).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick, Simon Farnaby, Laurence Rickard, Ben Wilbond and Martha Howe-Douglas.
Song: Ruthless Rulers: "The Monarchs' Song (The English Kings and Queens)" (Chas & Dave parody).
Performed by Simon Farnaby, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard, Mathew Baynton, Ben Wilbond and Martha Howe-Douglas.
Song: Measly Middle Ages: "William Wallace, Scottish Rebel" (hard rock parody).
Performed by Ben Willbond with Simon Farnaby, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Work, Terrible Work!" (parody of Food, Glorious Food from the musical Oliver!).
Performed by Ben Willbond, Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton with children's chorus.
Song: Awful Egyptians: "Ra Ra Cleopatra" (Lady Gaga parody, feat.
Bad Romance).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas with Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton.
Song: Measly Middle Ages: "The Truth About Richard III" (pop ballad parody).
Performed by Jim Howick.
Song: Rotten Romans: "The Evil Emperors' Song" (parody of Bad by Michael Jackson).
Performed by Simon Farnaby, Mathew Baynton, Ben Willbond and Jim Howick.
Song: Potty Pioneers: "The Suffragettes' Song" (synthpop parody).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas and Alice Lowe with Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Angry Aztecs: "Discaztec (Ain't Staying Alive)" (disco parody, feat.
Stayin' Alive by the Bee Gees).
Performed by Laurence Rickard, Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick.
Song: Savage Stone Age: "The Ages of Stone" (bebop parody).
Performed by Mathew Baynton.
Song: Slimy Stuarts: "The English Civil War Song" (parody of Cool from West Side Story).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Lawry Lewin and Ben Willbond with Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Cut-Throat Celts: "Celtic Boast Battle" (hip-hop parody, loosely parodying "Jump Around" by House of Pain incorporating beatboxing).
Performed by Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick with Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Woeful Second World War: "The Few (RAF Pilots)" (Take That parody).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond, Simon Farnaby and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Charles Darwin: Natural Selection" (parody of Changes by David Bowie).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick.
Song: Groovy Greeks: "The Thinkers" (parody of (Theme From) The Monkees, incorporating elements of The Beatles and Monty Python).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Jim Howick, Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard.
Song: Awesome USA: "It's a New World (Pilgrim Fathers)" (parody of "Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z feat.
Alicia Keys).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Martha Howe-Douglas, Ben Willbond, Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Mary Seacole" (parody of "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" by Beyoncé).
Performed by Dominique Moore.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Victoria & Albert: A Love Ballad" (parody of 1980's easy-listening romantic duets).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas and Jim Howick.
Song: Shocking Scotland: "We've got The Blue-Blooded Blues" (parody of "Sleeping on the Sidewalk" by Queen).
Performed by Ben Willbond, Mathew Baynton and Martha Howe-Douglas.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "The Luddites!" (parody of early punk rock, feat.
the Sex Pistols and The Clash).
Performed by Jim Howick, Mathew Baynton, Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Radical Renaissance: "The Borgia Family" (parody of Addams Family Theme).
Performed by Jim Howick, Mathew Baynton, Martha Howe-Douglas, and Ben Willbond.
Song: Terrible Tudors: "Mary the First" (parody of Wuthering Heights by Kate Bush).
Performed by Sarah Hadland.
Song: Terrible Tudors: "William Shakespeare & the Quills" (big band parody).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Ben Willbond, Jim Howick, Martha Howe-Douglas, Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "(We're the) Georgian Navy" (parody of Vindaloo by Fat Les, incorporating John Barnes's rap from World in Motion).
Written by Greg Jenner and Giles Pilbrow.
Performed by Jim Howick, Mathew Baynton, Ben Willbond, Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Troublesome 20th Century: "Rosa Parks: I Sat on a Bus" (Motown parody, feat.
Aretha Franklin).
Performed by Dominique Moore with Gospel Singers Incognito.
Song: Vicious Vikings: "Vikings and Garfunkel" (Simon & Garfunkel parody).
Performed by Jim Howick and Mathew Baynton.
Song: Vile Victorians: "Charles Dickens" (The Smiths parody, feat.
"This Charming Man" and "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now").
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and special guest Al Murray.
Song: Rotten Romans: "Crassus: Minted" (parody of Bonkers by Dizzee Rascal).
Performed by Simon Farnaby.
Song: Fabulous French: "Joan of Arc" (parody of Price Tag by Jessie J feat.
B.o.B).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas with Mathew Baynton.
Song: Groovy Greeks: "Alexander the Great" (stadium rock parody).
Performed by Ben Willbond with Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton .
Song: Measly Middle Ages: "Owain Glyndŵr: First Prince of Wales" (Tom Jones parody, feat.
Delilah and Kiss).
Performed by Jim Howick with Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby and Ben Willbond.
Song: Potty Pioneers: "Transportation" (parody of "Greased Lightnin'" from Grease).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond.
Song: Terrible Tudors: "Henry VII: The Original Tu-Tu-Tudor" (The Sweet parody).
Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby.
Song: Measly Middle Ages: "Matilda(s) and Stephen ...
and Henry" (parody of the songs of ABBA).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas, Laurence Rickard, Alice Lowe and Jim Howick.
Song: Gorgeous Georgians: "Australia" (parody of Kylie Minogue, feat.
I Should Be So Lucky and Can't Get You Out of My Head).
Performed by Martha Howe-Douglas with Simon Farnaby and Ben Willbond.
Song: Potty Pioneers: "We're History (The Finale)" (charity single parody, with the format for Dumb Ways to Die).
Performed by Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond, Sarah Hadland, Lawry Lewin, Dominique Moore, Alice Lowe and Giles Terera.
Savage Songs: Chronological compilation of standout music videos from the fifth series as chosen by the producers.
One song is omitted to make room for the longer finale song.
Songs: In lieu of the usual single music video, the often less-than-inspiring origins of classic carols from various historical eras are explored with the help of a traditional group of carollers, including Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby, Jim Howick, Martha Howe-Douglas, Alice Lowe and Ben Willbond.
Measly Middle Ages: "(Not-So) Silent Night" ("Silent Night" parody).Smashing Saxons: "Bad Duke Wenceslas" ("Good King Wenceslas" parody).Slimy Stuarts: "We Wish You a Merry Christmas" ("We Wish You a Merry Christmas" parody)Vile Victorians: "O Christmas Tree" ("O Christmas Tree" parody) Sketches:Measly Middle Ages: Henry II's unique jester, Roland the Farter, and his tradition of breaking wind on Christmas Day.
Carol song.
Scary Stories: "The Night Before Childermass" (a poem).
HHTV News: William the Conqueror's Christmas Crowning Riot.Smashing Saxons: A group of peasants are delighted to receive useful gifts of various types of animal dung (from S01E08).
Carol song.Terrible Tudors: Mr.
Tudor advertises his Exceedingly Nice Mince Pies (parody of Mr.
Kipling).
Meat, meat and more meat are on the menu on "Historical Masterchef".
Elizabeth I's Christmas present is an innovation fit for a Queen - a teeny clock on a strap (re-used in S03E05).Slimy Stuarts: Oliver Cromwell has his visiting relatives arrested for wishing him a Merry Christmas (from S02E02).
Carol song.
Charles II delivers a characteristic Royal Christmas Message for 1666.Vile Victorians: A prison Christmas.
Carol song.
Odd Christmas cards.Frightful First World War: HHTV Sport: Opposing sides play a friendly game of football during the Christmas truce of 1914.
Music from Horrible Histories was the theme of the 2011 free BBC children's Prom, held at the Royal Albert Hall.
The concert was hosted by Rattus Rattus the puppet rat and featured the starring cast of the TV show performing a selection of songs from the first three series, interspersed with classical pieces from the same historical eras performed by the Aurora Orchestra.
On hand to assist were the Choir from the Music Centre and the Kids Company Choir.
The subsequent hourlong BBC television special features all the songs but one (an extended reprise of "The Plague Song"), excerpts from the classical pieces and original linking sketches set in-and-around the concert hall.
Program: Overture: Mike Peabody reports from outside the Hall.
Arrival of Queen Victoria, Charles II, and Rattus Rattus.
Excerpt from Strauss's Also sprach Zarathustra.
"Horrible Histories Theme Tune", performed by the combined choirs.
HHTV News: Bob Hale's Orchestra Report.
Excerpt from John Cage's 4'33"."Born 2 Rule".
George III and George IV uneasily share a dressing room.
Excerpt from Liszt's Danse Macabre.Queen Victoria takes her seat.
"The Truth About Richard III".William Shakespeare comments from backstage.
Excerpt from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet.
Rattus Rattus checks in from a box seat.Queen Victoria is offered a selection of odd historical snacks.
"The Wives of Henry VIII: Divorced Beheaded Died".Charles II interrupts a mock-execution set to Berlioz's March to the Scaffold.
"Charles II: King of Bling".George III and George IV look over the rest of the program in their dressing room.
Excerpt from Handel's Royal Fireworks Music.
Rattus Rattus checks in.
Interval: Mike Peabody meets an Early Man who's late arriving for the concert.
Shouty Man promotes the "brand-new" Royal Albert Hall.
Queen Victoria, Charles II, George III, and George IV queue impatiently for the royal toilets, behind Henry VIII and his Groom of the Stool.
In honour of the 2012 London Olympic Games, the show presents a compilation of sport-themed sketches both old and new, with linking segments featuring Giles Terera's HHTV Sport presenter and Rattus Rattus.
Includes a reprise of the Olympic song, "Flame (It's Gonna Burn Forever)".
To celebrate Halloween, Death, host of "Stupid Deaths", uses spooky songs and sketches from past Horrible Histories episodes to illustrate a list of his "Top 12 Scary Things", interspersed with new linking segments from his mum's chintz-intensive home in the suburbs.
It's Valentine's Day, Horrible Histories-style...
meaning the course of true love is about guaranteed not to run smoothly.
Rattus Rattus presents a mix of old and new sketches and songs on the theme, in-between preparations for his own (hopefully) romantic dinner with new love Ratalie (continued in sequel "Ridiculous Romantics", S07E03, 2017).
Song: Famous lovers from throughout history assemble to confess their caddishness in "Love Rats" (parody of "The Love Cats" by The Cure).
Performed by Ben Willbond, Jim Howick, Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, and Mathew Baynton.
On the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the original Great War, Bob Hale and Rattus Rattus host a chronological look at some of the more strange, sad, and outright Horrible aspects of the conflict.
see List of Horrible Histories (2015 TV series) episodes
The French and Canadian animated television series Totally Spies! follows the adventures of three Beverly Hills teenage girls—Sam, Clover, and Alex—who work as secret agents on missions to save the world, involving real locations and some fictional ones.
The series comprises six seasons divided into 156 episodes.[1] Framing each episode is a side story in which the girls deal with high school life and its situations.
Most of the episodes are self-contained.[2] In season 3, also titled Totally Spies! Undercover, the three girls share a villa, and at the end of that season, they are promoted to super spies in the organization and are referred to as such for season 4.
Season 5 follows the girls' adventures as they continue onto university.
Totally Spies! premiered on November 3, 2001, on ABC Family (now Freeform).
It later premiered in Europe on channels such as Germany's ProSieben, France's TF1 and the United Kingdom's Channel 4 during the spring of 2002.[3] The show was moved to Cartoon Network on July 7th, 2003 where it enjoyed much success,[4] and continued airing for a total of five seasons until 2009.[5] It spawned a feature film Totally Spies! The Movie and a spin-off series The Amazing Spiez!.
In 2013, the show was revived for a sixth season, premiering at an event at the Palace of Versailles.
Twenty-six episodes were broadcast on French television and networks across Europe starting in September 4, 2013.[5] In Canada, the sixth season premiered on September 7, 2014 on Teletoon, and on September 6 on sister station Télétoon.[6] The show has been broadcast worldwide on various networks, including TF1 in France, Teletoon in Canada, Cartoon Network in the US and Latin America, Rede Globo in Brazil, Disney Channel and Nickelodeon in Asia, Africa, and Europe (formerly Fox Kids and Jetix).The head writers for the show were Robert and Michelle Lamoreaux who were based in Los Angeles, and who had worked on Nickelodeon shows.[7] The theme song for the first two seasons is "Here We Go" by Moonbaby (Miranda Cooper and Brian Higgins), but with lyrics changed slightly to fit the show.
Seasons 3–5 use the same song but as instrumentals.
During the closing credits of seasons 3–4, one of the girls, or occasionally Jerry or Mandy, talks directly to the camera about random topics which sometimes are tied to the episode theme.
The sixth season uses a different theme song.
The girls are sent to investigate the kidnappings of various military personnel and scientists by a mysterious knight.
When they end up in the middle of another kidnapping, they follow the criminal through a strange portal, transporting them back to medieval England in the year 1136, 865 years ago.
The knight reveals himself as a Malibu teen who overthrow the benevolent king by using his modern technology, and takes Clover as his queen.
It is up to Sam and Alex to stop him before the timeline is forever changed.
In the subplot, the girls compete against Mandy for the best costume at the annual Halloween dance.
The spies are called in when the two highest-grossing actors in Hollywood are kidnapped in broad daylight.
While undercover to protect the 3rd-highest-grossing celebrity, the culprit somehow manages to sneak away with an old camera as the girls' only clue.
That night, Alex goes undercover as the 4th-highest-grossing actress, she is kidnapped and Sam and Clover are instantly frozen.
Jerry unfreezes them and reveals the kidnapper is a wannabe movie director named Marco Lumière and follows Alex's com-powder to a remote island.
On the island, Lumière reveals his plot to create his own movie masterpiece using the kidnapped actors and actresses by putting them through deadly traps and "special effects", all of them real.
Sam, Clover and Alex, however quickly save the stars and capture Lumière with his own trick.
Although the mission is successful, Lumière unfreezes and escapes into the ocean.
The next morning, Alex does not show up at school, with Sam and Clover receiving a message from Alex who has been kidnapped by Lumière and is now held hostage.
In the subplot, Sam was voted "Most Popular Student" in the yearbook, and becomes a school celebrity.
Animals at the Beijing Zoo start developing human intelligence and anthropomorphic features while humans regress into a state of animalistic retardation.
The Spies ponder over how to thwart the scheme hatched by a mad scientist named Dr.
Fox who has been mixing human and animal DNA.
Clover falls prey to his undertaking, becoming part beagle.
In the subplot, Clover must choose between joining David on a study date or attending the W.O.OH.P.
company picnic.
As they are at the fair, the spies are given three bracelets from an awful woman.
Unfortunately, the woman who gives away the bracelets is none other than Helga Von Guggen, wearing an awful disguise.
Worse still, the spies never recognized her, and she managed to lure them into her trap.
As soon as they put the bracelets on their wrists, the spies suddenly pass out.
When they wake up at long last, they forget everything about being spies at WOOHP, believing they are ordinary girls.
Jerry goes into a fashion store, only to be captured by L.A.M.O.S., and trapped in their submarine.
He hears about their evil plan, and tries to warn the girls.
At school, they hear what Jerry has to say to them.
Unfortunately, they do not believe in him, and they put the communicator in the trash can.
After capturing a villain called the Inventor, the girls return to find that their mothers have returned.
Learning that their daughters have been spies, the mothers order their daughters to quit.
Meanwhile, Mandy and her crony friends are infected by a chemical called SUDS (dropped from Alex's backpack and spilled into Mandy's hot tub) to become spy hunters or "spy-'ssassins", attacking the girls in their regular lives.
The girls later try to spy on Mandy, finding the SUDS vial, but they are caught by their moms again, and are prohibited from seeing each other.
It is clear now that the spy-'ssassins have posed as the girls' mothers into abducting their own daughters above all.
The girls send Jerry a letter for help, then head to Mandy's chalet at the Sugarflake resort, where they rescue their moms from a runaway gondola lift.
Later, they fight with the spy-'ssassins, but Jerry's arrival causes an avalanche.
All three's mothers are safe, however, but the girls have gone missing.
Season 5 was broadcast on TF1 in France, on Teletoon in Canada and otherwise internationally in 2007–2008, then later broadcast on Cartoon Network in the United States in 2010.
When Jerry's mother accidentally ingests a concentrated dose of pure evil, she becomes evil.
Going under the alias, "Mr.
X", she tricks Jerry into selling WOOHP and replacing them with robots.
The Spies are stupefied at the sudden turn of events, and when a crime spree begins at the mall, the robots barely react.
The girls call Jerry to see what's going on, but he gets kidnapped by the robots.
They follow the robots to Mrs.
Lewis' house to find Jerry, their three fellow spies-Britney, Dean, Blaine- and even Mandy trapped there.
The sixth season of Totally Spies! was announced by French television network TF1 in an online article back in 2011[14] and premiered in September 2013 in France.[5][6] It was the only season to be produced and broadcast in 16:9 high-definition.
The girls investigate strange occurrences worldwide in which landmarks such as Mount Rushmore reshaped with cat faces and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is carpeted like a cat tower.
The girls have a claw found at the scene analyzed, and it is made of a combination of cat and human DNA.
Meanwhile, Alex finds herself turning into a catgirl.
In the subplot, Clover tries to hide the fact that she is majoring in fashion design from her mother Stella, who thinks she is a premed.
Sam, Clover, and Alex, along with the rest of Professor Plunkett's Fashion Design class, win a trip to Versailles Palace, where they will be guests at a fashion show, showcasing the outfits of Queen Marie Antoinette herself.
When they get on the flight and their plane is nearly forced into the ocean as a result of Mandy's very heavy luggage, they have no choice but to get into spy mode, regardless of being told by Jerry they would not have to be doing any spying.
Once they are in Versailles, things become hectic just as quickly.
After the palace representative, Mr.
Auguste, tells them to make themselves at home in their posh surroundings, Jerry breaks his promise and sends the girls to check out a break-in at the nearby Palais du Luxembourg.
The super spies find a clue—what appears to be a missing key—as they return to Versailles and find the place under assault by a mysterious attacker.
Sam, Clover, and Alex realize that something very strange is going on after the attacks in the Palace of Versailles.
Not only were they attacked by a very weird creature whose footprints are extremely odd, but they also soon discover that several students from their trip have also gone missing.
After Jerry informs the girls that the missing key they discovered earlier is linked to Versailles itself, the spies flee from a palace statue that has come to life, as they are reunited with the rest of their class in a dungeon beneath the palace itself.
Eventually they learn that Mr.
Auguste used the stolen key to bring the statues at Versailles to life, so that he himself can become king.
They must save themselves, their classmates, and the palace before it is too late.
This article covers the different types of pool fencing that is commonly available and also briefly discusses pool fence installation and maintenance.The most common materials used for swimming pool fences here in Australia and throughout the world are aluminium, glass and timber.
If you remember the 1962 cult classic television show, "The Beverly Hillbillies" you probably remember how the Clampette clan struck it rich when oil was discovered on their land and they moved to the...
When temperatures start to rise, families start to think about pool installation for their backyards.
With the help of the right professionals, it is possible to create an oasis in any area, no matter what the size.
After a person has pool table installation done at his or her house, everyone will want to visit.
Here are some tips to get started.
Trying to think of what to get your husband that will trump last year�s anniversary gift? Consider a pool table installation for your home!
A pool table installation company provides care and peace of mind when moving or repairing a pool table.
They take the work out of maintaining and moving such a valuable item.
Are you trying to decide between an above ground an inground pool installation? We have some information that you might find useful! Read more...
It�s the American dream.
A pool of your very own.
But the reality of pool ownership is that it can be quite a bit of work.
Luckily, there are companies who can take care of pool maintenance for you at...
Are you interested in putting up a swimming pool? You must plan for its safety.
The best protection is a pool net.
It creates a physical barrier over the entire pool.
It can easily be removed if you want to use the pool.
Don�t wait for an accident to buy a pool net.
Read this article for pool net tips.
Are you trying to decide between an above ground or an inground pool installation? We have some information that you might find useful! Read more...
The art of maintaining a swimming pool lies in the fact as to how well you maintain the integrity of the pool surface.
The pool surface is one of the most integral parts of the pool and it is very important for you to ensure that the proper structure of the pool is maintained and the long life of the swimming pool is ensured.
All the pool supplies are available at discounted rate.
These include pool heaters, pool toys, solar cover, pool chemicals, pool covers and etc.The shops offer the pool equipments at discounted rate on the seasonal basis but there number of online shops who offer the pool supplies at discounted rate all over the year.
The online shops give the full description of the products if someone wants to buy.
They impress their clients with the informative descriptions.
Many shops allow their clients to order online and purchase later from the shop.Pool supplies are available in the second hand condition and they have the large second hand market too.
People often use to sell their supplies like pumps, filters and etc after using for a short time.
These supplies are quite inexpensive from the online shops.
The quality no doubt is same but these are used that�s why they are available in very cheap price.There are many countries who are involved in the direct sales.
They offer such a large discount like of 50% during the season.
Each and every product of the pool is given at discounted rate when the summers start.
Beside this, many online shops offer free shipping after buying their specific products and spend which is to be demanded.It is my advice to buy the second hand pool supplies from your friends or neighbors at discounted rate.
It will be quite beneficial for you to buy.
In addition to the reasonable price, there is available every information on the internet about the every single pool supplies you want to buy.
These pool supplies are available in different sizes ranging from the small kid to the adults.
You should try these supplies in your home and I am damn sure that you will have fun.
So you've got your pool table, your pool balls, and your pool cues.
Now you need to start thinking about a pool cue rack.
But what do you look for?!? Do you know how to find the one that meets your personal requirements?
When you own a piece of real estate with a swimming pool, you can enjoy refreshing breaks from the sunshine and have fun with your family.
If you experience common pool problems don't worry, they are ...
The industry of electrical installation is considered as a significant industry.
Working in this field will allow you to have an access on the huge pool of cash.
The most basic salary rate would be around $750 per week.The rate can exponentially increase contingent upon the company as well as the amount of hours that you will dedicate to your business.
In case you are considering a career in this field, you can take the electrical installation courses that will advance and develop your skills and knowledge.Electrical Installation Courses typically has 8 different courses; the mechanical or electrical engineering, Engineering, electrical installation, inspection and testing, requirements for installation, level 2 of electrical installation, basic program in electrical installation and the general skills involved in electrical installation and engineering.The General skills course usually lasts for one year.
It is designed for students aged 16-18 years old who are searching for a practical approach in learning the electrical installation courses.
The program will teach the students about different engineering skills such as fabrication and mechanical, maintenance and general skills about electrical installation.
Other skills will also be developed in this Electrical Installation Courses including working skills, business language, and math.The Basic Program in Electrical Installation Courses is also a one-year diverse training program that is tailored for the students who are looking for the more traditional approach in learning.
In this course aside from the basic electrical installation skills, you will also be taught some IT skills in order to advance your learning in Electrical Installation.Level2 of Electrical Installation Courses is a more comprehensive training program that usually last for 2 years.
This is the most convenient way if you want to learn how to be an electrician while working.
The time spent in this course is equally distributed on the hands-on training on the workshop and the theories on the classroom.
This will allow you to learn both sides of electrical installation.Requirements for Electrical Installation Courses are intended to provide information about the different regulations and standards that will allow you to become a certified and authorized electrician.
By taking this course, you will have an instant access to the best workshop in the area.
The teachings will also be conducted by an expert that ensures a high-quality program.Inspection and testingElectrical Installation Coursesare intentionally designed to teach you with the theoretical as well as the practical side of the electrical installation when it comes to certification and verification.
This usually involves 3 major aspects which is the inspection, testing, and reporting of the condition.The Level 3 Electrical Installation Courses is a full-time course that will take 2 years to complete.
This offers a more advanced and complicated study on electrical installation which gives you a higher possibility to work for a major company.
However, before you will be able to take this course, there are some mandatory courses that you need to take first.The Engineering on the Electrical Installation Courses prepare you for a more extensive approach and help you to establish a solid foundation in this field.
It combines the theoretical aspect to the practical aspect that will give you an insight about the intricate difficulties in the industry of engineering.Finally, the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering allows you to develop the skills needed to meet the different challenges in the field of technological engineering.
The academic and the practical type of teaching were combined in order to be sufficient to the growing demand in the electronic sector of Electrical Installation Courses.
Jumping in the backyard pool for a quick dip on a hot summer day has really become a favourite Australian pastime.
We all know that the benefits of pool installation usually go beyond the summer months in Brisbane.
Adding a swimming pool to your home can improve the lifestyle of as it promotes wellness, relaxation, entertainment, aesthetics and even social development.
What you need to consider now, however, is just what type of swimming pool is best for your backyard for summer.
You have seen many concrete and fibreglass swimming pools, but it may be that you're not just sure what will suit best to your premises.
Read on this article to find out which style suits you best.
Concrete Pools Concrete might be the most popular type of swimming pool, widely acclaimed for its ability to be designed in any shape or size, but it can also be a little costly affair.
One possible concentration to bear in mind is that there are many homes in Melbourne that are at the high end of the price market.
Opting for a less expensive pool has the potential to devalue your property, while a concrete pool can potentially increase the value of your property.
This kind of pool also does not require much care and maintenance.
Fibreglass Pools Fibreglass pools are not as expensive as their counterparts, and they have their own advantages such as minimal maintenance, feature sitting and steps in their pool designs, and can be installed quickly like in 3-5 weeks only.
However, as they're prefabricated they can be quite restricted in their shape and size.
These pools can also be maximum width, as fibreglass pools are transported to your home readymade and there are size limits when it comes to transport it via roads.
Lap Pools A lap pool is a swimming pool primarily built and used for fitness and health purposes.
These long and narrow pools are what several homeowners' desire for the frequent exercise in the privacy of their own backyard.
As residential pools have become smaller and smaller, these lap pools are more in demand.
Some necessary points to consider Once you have decided whether you're more partial to concrete pools, fibreglass pools or lap pools, you need to consider other important factors like safety fencing, landscaping, hiring a lap pool builder in Brisbane.
Finding the perfect pool builder is one of the most important step.
While many people think it might be easy to get a group of friends together to build a pool, it may not be a smart decision.
Hiring a professional will help you to get the work completed without any kind of a mess.
Swimming is a popular activity in the world.
Most of the people swim every weekend to get relaxed from tension.
Nobody needs to swim in the dirty and grimy swimming water.
So the swimming filter is the most important thing in keeping the water fresh and clean.
If you need to clean the quality then you can use the filter.
There are lots of filters in the market you can choose the right one which suits your needs and budget.
The pool filter has new features that allow you to clean the swimming smoothly.
The filters make sure the swimming is void of dirt, viruses, bacteria, and others.
It can enter the water and keep the entire family secure when they have enjoyment and fun.
If you are facing issues in the filter then you can purchase the best Swimming pool filter and replace it.
Most of the manufacturers are offering quality filter .
You can buy the filter parts according to your machine.
The online supplier provides parts for all brand filters.
The swimming pool filter maintains the water moving and removes the dirt, dust, debris, and other contaminants in the .
It helps assure that the water is clean and fresh.
What to look out when purchasing pool filter parts Are you looking to purchase the pool filter parts? Want to clean the swimming quickly? Well, you are landed in the right place.
Here are some factors to consider while buying the filter parts to your swimming .You can retain the look and beauty of the by keeping necessary things.
Without the filter, swimming affects lot.
Dirt and bacteria can associate in the that causes different problems to people.
You can avoid those things with the help of the perfect filter parts.
You can access the from the different brands at shop today.
Hayward Pool Filter Parts are the most popular choice of swimming owners right now.
Each and every part comes up with excellent features that best to out unwanted particles in the pool.
It is the best kind of equipment to clean the pool.It is regarded as most important part of the swimming pool installation.
You can make sure healthy pool with the use of the proper .
You can filter the pool adequately with the best parts.
Building a swimming pool in the backyard is a time-consuming, expensive, fun filled and exciting project.
However, more than one factor is considered for the successful completion of this magnanimous project.
From hiring the right swimming pool contractors, Los Angeles to choosing the right color, shape and design, everything plays a significant role in constructing the swimming basin of your dreams.
One of the important factors is timely completion of the project.
You would neither want the construction to bypass the enjoyable summer months nor continue waiting to host your first pool side party.
Factors Affecting Pool Construction hours More than one factor influences the swimming pond construction hours.
Keeping these in mind will help you determine and control the time taken for completion of project.
Here's a list of these.
Therefore, the answer to the question - How much time is required for the lagoon to be ready, depends on the aforementioned factors.
OPTIONS FOR POOL INSTALLATION – RENOVATION LOANOUTDOOR LIVING AREA’S ALLOWED WITH INSTALLATION OF AN “IN GROUND” SWIMMING POOL AS WELL AS RELATED EQUIPMENT.HomeStyle; Prior To Completion of the Pool:Prime; Following Completion of the Pool, Pool Escrow:JUMBO Product; Prior To Completion of the Pool:
In the DFW metroplex please recommend a pool installation company that you have had good success with. Thanks for your help and have a great week
Looking to GC a pool and outdoor bar installation for my home.
Looking for the do's/don't the up's and downs.
Any books, articles or referrals to consultants.I'm in South Florida, a friend on mind got a bunch of quotes for a pool and they ranged from $42,000-$50,000.
He subbed out the entire job and did it for $30,000.I'm thinking about doing the same but wanted some resources to help me make the same decision.Thank you in advance,Chad
I have a property that has a pool in Phoenix, AZ.
The property complies with the local regulations (self closing gates with locks leading to the backyard, 6ft walls, self closing patio doors to the backyard, etc.
The tenants have signed off on all of the pool disclosures and have agreed to full responsibility.
The tenants have two teenagers.
If there were small children It would be an absolute to have a surrounding mesh fence.
My question is would installing a mesh fence around the pool provide any additional benefit and/or liability coverage for the property? Thank you,
I only have one rental so I am just getting into this. The tenant has been great so far and paying on time. However, I was just asked if they could put an above ground pool in the backyard. Assuming it is not permanent (not fixed in any way) and understanding it will likely kill the grass, would should there be any other concerns to think of? Potential insurance or liability concerns?
OPTIONS FOR POOL INSTALLATION – RENOVATION LOANOUTDOOR LIVING AREA’S ALLOWED WITH INSTALLATION OF AN “IN GROUND” SWIMMING POOL AS WELL AS RELATED EQUIPMENT.HomeStyle; Prior To Completion of the Pool:Prime; Following Completion of the Pool, Pool Escrow:JUMBO Product; Prior To Completion of the Pool:
I'm adding a pool to a property.
It is a triplex in Palm Springs that we are either going to flip or hold and rent.
My partner and I have been trying to decide whether we should go with plaster or pebble tech.
I know pebble tech is much more durable in the long run (and more expensive), but will we see a ROI when we sell our property? Any input would be much appreciated! Thank you for your time in advance.
I need some advice of window installation.
I have seen my dad do this but I am going to try it for the first time.
The exterior window and entry door installation were all done by a professional company but I decided to do the interior ones myself.
I love DIYing and this is something I haven't tried before.
Since these are interior windows not much people are going to see this.
So if there is any tutorial or videos for this please share them, I would be really grateful for that.
Does anyone have any experience installing elevators? I'm looking to understand the cost/benefits and whether or not it will be worth adding to a project.
Thanks!
Does anybody in the OKC area have someone they can recommend for installing granite countertops in the kitchen? Needing a job done within the next week.
Thanks!
How To Select A Pool Cover? End of the swimming period? Currently you require to cover your pool with a pool cover as well as say a very good-bye to the swimming times.
However the most significant trouble that accompanies you after the end of the swimming season is just how to keep the swimming pool.
The direct answer is 'utilize swimming pool covers to maintain your pool in excellent problems.
For, pool covers shield the pool and shield it from undesirable particles as well as water.
So, picking one suitable pool cover comes to be a need to for you.
Additionally, you need pool covers to block the swimming pool while you are away from residence to make sure that the youngsters may not attempt swimming alone.
Let's take a peep into just how can you shop at convenience for pool covers.
There are different types of swimming pool covers in the marketplace location today.
To start with clearly construct your requirements before you check out for a swimming pool cover.
The normal pool covers are the vinyl covers that are laid on the swimming pool and taken care of with the assistance of sand bags or some other heavy objects on the edges of the swimming pool.
They are short-lived swimming pool covers which can be removed quickly as they are light-weight.
Though, security covers are among one of the most trusted covers when it comes to a season long covering for your pool.
They resemble a barrier to the swimming pool.
These covers prevent your kids from slipping into the swimming pools.
Normally the temporary pool covers leave a little void in between the deck as well as the cover.
It obtains very easy for the children to slip via that void and also jump within.
If you obtain safeguard covers from the marketplace for you merge, it would certainly permit you to have a complete sight of the water inside the pool.
It would certainly make you appreciate the atmosphere that swimming pool has developed in your backyard.
The web of pool cover is a solid metal web that is finely woven into a pool cover.
Moreover, the cover can be removed with in 10 minutes.
The automatic covers run along with the edges of the pool as well as get rolled inside package on their own.
You just need to press a switch to do all this.
You can additionally use nontransparent swimming pool covers as well.
But among the major troubles dealt with while using an opaque pool cover is standing water.
The rain water does not go inside the pool but it obtains gathered on the swimming pool cover.
So, you can utilize unique swimming pool covers with pumping system with it.
For, the pump would efficiently eliminate the water from your pool cover.
So make your selection after thinking about all the different swimming pool covers in the marketplace.
As a pool proprietor, you can additionally engage a pool developer for your pool cover.
He will outline the demands of your swimming pool according to the design of your residence.
So you would certainly obtain the called for defense for your swimming pool and a quite backyard having swimming pool in your home.
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