Q. ilex - אלון הגלעין

evergreen oak that has generally arboreal, it is very long-lived, often reaching the 1000 years of age. Up to 25 m high with a diameter of the trunk that can exceed one meter, has globular and dense foliage of dark green color throughout, consisting of large branches that branch from the trunk soon. The bark at first smooth and gray with age becomes divided into polygonal scales, small and fairly regular, dark, almost blackish. The twigs are gray year for widespread tomentose, later lose pubescence, becomes shiny and of a greenish color, but being an oak growing "polycyclic", ie issuing new shoots several times in a season, there are always new shoots gray-green tomentosi that stand out against the background of dark-green foliage. 's leaves are persistent and last on average 2-3 years, are leathery with a short petiole tomentose, with stipules brown short duration; are dark green and shiny on the upper page but gray Clotted for a strong pubescence in the lower page.The plant is equipped with a marked heterophyllia and accordingly the leaf lamina may have on the same plant, different sizes and shapes; from elliptical to lanceolate, rounded in some forms, varying in length from 3-7 cm and width 1 to 3.5 cm, based cuneata or rounded, the margin can be integer, or coarsely toothed or even with toothing deep and mucronata . page shows less from 7 to 11 lateral ribs prominent and a pilosity very similar to Sughera, which is formed by hairs similar cuticular waxes and smooth with stomata covered by the hairs of round form. As in Sughera, also the Leccio has un'eterofillia youth and also in young branches of mature trees, the leaves are oval, margin concolorous with numerous teeth mucronati spinescenti but also, on the upper side there are sparse hairs scattered and the bottom is light green and almost hairless. The flowers are grouped in male pendulous catkins and cylindrical (5-7 cm) tomentosi, with a six-lobed perianth and stamens 6-8, are brought to the base of the branch of the year, the female flowers also have a six-lobed perianth and 3-4 stigmas, gathered in 6-7 flowers. 's anthesis occurs in April to June, but sometimes you can have a revival in the fall. 's acorns mature in the year in autumn, are taken in groups of 2-5 on peduncles 10-15 (40) mm in size very variable in color, ripe, dark brown with darker streaks evident, the hilar scar is small and the apical mucro has a very obvious, the dome has distinct scales tipped free, but not divergent, which covers 1/3 or half of the acorn sometimes more up to cover almost the entire acorn. The seed is ready to germination, the seedling is completely white for the dense pubescence that covers it, the leaves are toothed and thorny then become glabrescenti.The wood is reddish and duramen discolore with sapwood lighter, porosity is widespread, such that the rings of annual growth are not as obvious as obvious are the medullary rays, it is a very hard wood and difficult to aging and preparation, it was once used for pieces of farm wagons and other equipment where there was the need for high resistance to wear and stress. Having a wood subject to board because "nervous" and to split , never had industrial interest, but his point of election is the production of coal (torch). E 'an excellent fuel. The root system is typically type taproot, but also produces strong lateral roots that are also pollonanti. The taproot can penetrate several meters in rocky terrain, making the species very resistant to arid environments and the meteorological events, but makes it very delicate in any transplants that suffer particularly. chorological Type: Steno-Medit. - Species with limited distribution area to the Mediterranean coast (area Olive). Anthesis: April ÷ June Distribution in Italy: the Holm identifies whether the Mediterranean climate and the alliance that characterizes most of all, is the Quercion ilicis associations which in Italy are from the coasts of the north to Madonnie where it reaches Beech: Orno-Quercetum ilicis that the formation of transition, to the north on the Adriatic coast and further inland moving south in the hills and low mountains, with the formations mesophilic caducifolie . Viburnum-Quercetum ilicis = Quercetum ilicis galloprovinciale that is at the center of its range and perhaps its climax stage. Teucrio Sicilian-Quercetum ilicis representing the Sicilian mountain holm oak. regions where it is most abundant are the main islands and regions Tyrrhenian and Ionic on the Adriatic coast is discontinuous and sporadic in mixed formations, while in Puglia, Abruzzo and Marche you can find extensive formations. Gods isolated nuclei wrecks periods warmer than today's, are located at the Great Lakes, the Euganean Hills and Ferrara. Friuli VG In addition to the Trieste coast that enjoys a special exhibition in formations related to Ostryo-Quercetum ilicis, with a strong Illyrian which can be found on the Dalmatian coast, there are no investments in coastal formations in the lagoon of Grado and Marano Lagoon, near Lignano Riviera Lignano pine forest and the mouth of the Tagliamento and anthropogenic, at least in part, are formations of transition between Quercetalia ilicis , Quercetalia pubescentis and Pinetalia , with mostly black pine of Austria, but also maritime pine, Pine home, Aleppo pine and also the Pine bruzio. The northernmost point is located in the Holm in Italy in a natural way, is on the first walls exposed to the plains, the Carnic Alps, nearly vertical walls facing south , where for several millennia playing, but does not expand, unable to resist, because the exposure of the walls allows a clear day in winter, a minimum heating and sell protection against cold from the north. walls are surrounded by groups related to homo-and .Ostrieti mainly in the herbaceous layer of relict oak woods, you can not identify an association of the sub-Mediterranean recognized, but the formations adjacent to Scorzoneretalia and Berberidion . The oak is suitable for many types of substrate, avoiding only the land clay-compact and those with stagnant water. Out of its areal elective behaves as a species calcicole thermal, but also if frugal does not like land evolved little or too degraded. Species xeroresistente but more demanding as regards the atmospheric humidity compared to other species ofLauretum placing especially in its subarea cold . Compared to the cork is much more resistant to cold and shading, but the cork has greater resistance to water scarcity due to the high stomatal resistance. The holm prefer some shade protection, juvenile and also bears a certain density side. Where climatic conditions stational are closest to Castanetum is sister to other deciduous hardwoods, such as oak, ash, hornbeam, maples, elm country, Hawthorn and Wild service tree. in Europe is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, France in the Mediterranean and south-west, beyond the Italian peninsula, is found in all the islands in the central-western Mediterranean, the Balkan coasts is so associated with other broad-leaved deciduous trees, holm oaks associated with other sclerophyllous, is also located on the island of Crete and in Anatolia along the Black Sea coast to the south is missing in Egypt and is indigenous in doubt in Libya, is clearly very frequently in Algeria and Morocco from both the Atlantic and the Atlas Mountains sister with Cedar up to 2000 meters level, but also associated with Juniperus thurifera , up to 2700 m above sea level. Habitat: Bosci arid and Mediterranean.Systematic Notes: Interesting is the result of his heteromorphy which resulted in a proliferation of taxa described sottospecifici (175) (Short , 1959) that grow more or less common throughout the area. In Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al., 1990) is described as a species if Quercus rotundifolia Lam. = A Q. Ballota Desf. that grows with the Holm in the Iberian peninsula and France in the Pyrenees. It differs in smaller leaves and widely ovate or sub-round, for the sweet acorns with the scales of the dome shorter and thicker, for the most xerophilous and continentality with a re-flowering autumn that affects 85% of the plants examined by Doucousso and collaborators. many still believe the good kind but lately this taxon is considered subspecies, so the Leccio is divided into two sub-species: Quercus ilex L subsp. ilex and Quercus . ilex L. subsp. rotundifolia (Lam.) T. Morais. Notes, confusion may arise: The considerable variability of the leaves also on the same plant, in the posture that may also be of type bushy dependent on site conditions, have no taxonomic value. It seems, however, that acorns that can be pedunculated or sessile and the dome that can hold the result in whole or in part is a character constant and characteristic of each individual, but also with no taxonomic value. bushy Some examples of form and with little or no pubescence on the underside of leaves can be confused with: Quercus coccifera L. which differs for having the leaves with the corrugated edge and not plan for the teeth and driving licenses. Quercus suber L. which differs from the cortex in adult plants unique, consisting of a thick and furrowed ritidoma suberoso, leaves with rib primary winding mainly in the upper third, the upper surface green glauca, for elliptical stomata and recognized, for female flowers in number of 2-5 to 3 stigmas, for the fruit with reddish scar hilar circled in black mucron with little evident and for the scales of the dome of different sizes, apical ones are divergent and elongated, appressed basal ones. Taxonomy phylogenetic

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אלון הגלעין - אתר Acta Plantarum