TiO₂ nanowires

• Preparation of the solution : TBT (Titanium (IV) Butoxide, 97%, 1 mL) is dropwisely added into a HCl solution (H₂O (25 mL), HCl (35%, 25 mL)) in a Teflon beaker under vigorous stirring.

• Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate is cleaned in an ultrasonic bath using isopropanol, acetone, and ethanol and placed vertically in a Teflon liner.

• The solution is transferred to the Teflon liner which is put in a stainless steel autoclave, then the autoclave is sealed tight. Subsequently, the autoclave is put into an oven maintained at 150 - 200 °C and kept for a few hours (3 ~ 6 hrs).

• After the autoclave is cooled down to room temperature, the FTO substrates is rinsed with deionized water and dried in air.