Table of contents
Table of contents
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Bioinformatics
Design of a low resource screening technology for HIV drug resistance using SHERLOCK
Recent developments in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have reduced human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection from a potent killer to a chronic illness. However, HIV-1 major drug resistance mutations (DRMs) hamper the efficacy of ART. While screening for major DRMs is routine in most areas, low-resource regions cannot search for major DRMs due to poor infrastructure and high testing costs. We propose using Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing (SHERLOCK) in order to diagnose HIV-1 major DRMs point-of-care ...
Chemistry/Biochemistry
When mothers must mourn miscarriages and stillbirths it is devastating. In the United States, around 24,000 children are stillborn each year, a loss that occurs after 20 weeks after concption, and one in five pregnancies result in a miscarriage, which occurs before 20 weeks after conception. With stillbirth and miscarriages having such a high prevalence, many mothers are left without answers as to what caused their loss. Dr. Harvey Kliman, a clinical pathologist, and Bebe Thompson, a postgraduate researcher, conduct research at Yale University in ...
Computer Science
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a tumor cell type capable of self-renewal and differentiation and believed to be responsible for metastasis, therapy resistance, and tumor relapse. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a promising therapy strategy to improve the outcome of cancer patients, and this requires identification of therapeutic targets genes and pathways for CSCs. In the present study, I sought to identify commonly enriched pathways and differentially-expressed genes in ovarian CSCs. Using three publicly available datasets from the Gene Expression ...
Neuroscience
The Effect of Natural Compounds on the mTOR Pathway in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GB), a World Health Organization Grade IV (most lethal) astrocytoma , is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. GB’s lethality is a result of its recurrence after the use of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and its ability to spread quickly through the use of tentacle-like structures. The recurrence is attributed to the presence of untreatable cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor. The “stemness” of GB can be measured through the use of Nestin, a bona fide, or authentic marker of stem cells ...
Neuroscience
The Preventative Effects of Career Type and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with over 45 million people affected worldwide. One in three adults will have the disease by age 85, with no current form of prevention or counteractant. AD is defined as a gradual onset of neurodegeneration in several areas of cognition in the brain. There are two main pathologies of AD: amyloid beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. In a healthy brain, amyloid beta and tau are vital to cell growth and repair. When amyloid-beta and tau proteins become dysfunctional and ...
Medicine/Health
Analyzing the Trajectory of Atopic Diseases through the Lens of Estrogen Levels
Atopy is the genetic tendency to develop multiple allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Atopic diseases are caused by a hypersensitive immune system that overreacts to proteins in an allergen and produces a heightened immune response. These atopic diseases tend to develop at different points in life, with atopic dermatitis being highly prevalent during early childhood, but declining with age, whereas allergic rhinitis often develops during adulthood. In contrast, the incidence of both ...
Medicine/Health
An In-Depth Analysis of Telehealth during the Covid-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, non-essential in-person healthcare, including outpatient arthroplasty visits, transitioned to a telehealth context. With forecasts suggesting that social distancing practices will continue through the remainder of 2021 and beyond, physicians should be prepared to continue using telehealth platforms for the foreseeable future. A cross-sectional study was performed by surveying all patients undergoing telehealth visits with 8 arthroplasty surgeons at one orthopedic specialty hospital. Descriptive statistics ...
Behavioral Science
Effect of Social Media on Adolescent Social Anxiety
Social anxiety is fear of social situations, including interactions with unfamiliar people, and of being judged negatively by others. Social anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders among children and teens, affecting five percent of them. An attributing factor to social anxiety is social media, an important part of adolescents’ lives as it provides another mode of social interactions. However, it can often be used excessively. With social media becoming more popular as the use of online communication increases, there has been a link between social ...
Plant/Animal Biology
Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) is a spontaneous, highly metastatic (spreads quickly throughout the body), and aggressive tumor. It commonly occurs in the eye, oral cavity, nail bed, and foot pad, among other locations, and accounts for roughly 4% of all malignant canine tumors. Historically, surgery and radiation therapy have served as the conventional means of achieving localized tumor control. On the other hand, chemotherapy has served as the conventional means of achieving systemic tumor control, or tumor control throughout the entire ...
Medicine/Health
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a terminal cancer of bone marrow plasma cells whose pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Similar genetic mutations are shared between MM and its requisite, pre-malignant phase monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), suggesting that other factors are required for disease progression. There are two types of mice that are susceptible to the engraftment of malignant plasma cells. KaLwRij, a spontaneous mutant of the control mouse C57BL/6J, has a high rate of the mouse equivalent ...
Behavioral Science
Electronic trigger (e-trigger) tools are designed to keep track of events or results over time in an organized manner. In particular, these tools all revolve around triggering responses from medical data and records (Murphy 2019). Recent increases in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus across the United States have highlighted a need to treat these patients and find an effective way to ensure that all diabetic individuals are attending their follow-up appointments. We developed an algorithm to identify patients that are high-risk for diabetes complications ...
Medicine/Health
Vaginal and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are tumors that are difficult to treat in advanced/recurrent/metastatic settings. When advanced, the prognosis is poor, and the treatment of advanced SCC has not seen improvement in survival rate in the past 20 years. They represent 5% of all malignant tumors in the female genital tract and behave in unpredictable, aggressive manners. Vulvar cancer is most often treated with surgery and radiation, with post-operational chemotherapy if necessary. However, these treatments are often not entirely ...
Neuroscience
Characterizing Müller Glia Ripples using Optophysiology
Müller cells are the primary glial cell of the retina, the light sensor of the eye, acting as neuronal support structures extending radially across the thickness of the retina. They maintain and modulate retinal neuronal metabolism by regulating neural waste, protecting from exposure to excess neurotransmitters, and redistributing extracellular K+ ions to maintain ion homeostasis. The recent use of optophysiological GCaMP, or calcium indicating, activity sensors have revealed that clusters of müller cells display coordinated, wave-like ...
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