Literature Review

Background--> Literature Review

Definition of Gamification (Spanellis, Dofler, & Macbryde, 2016; UK)

What is qualified as "gamification"?

• "A process of changing interface to make electronic transactions more fun and game-like.“

• "Using game elements... in a non-gaming environment... to improve user engagement and experience"

• "Gamification being used offline as well"

• "Playing" VS. "Gaming":

Playing= "improvisational and expressive behaviours and meanings"

Gaming=Playful systems bound with the explicit rules and driven by the goals"

• Game Elements

(Zicherman & Cunningham, 2011)

Mechanics: Points, level, progression bar, leaderboards, badges

Dynamics: Pattern recognition, collecting, surprise, creating order, gifting, flirtation, recognition for achievements, leading others, fame, heroism, gaining status, growing

Aesthetics: Sensation, fantasy, narrative, challenge, fellowship, discovery, expression

(Werbach & Hunter, 2012)

Components: Achievements, avatar, badges, boss fights, collections, social graph, virtual goods, combat, content unlocking, gifting, leaderboards, levels, points, quests, teams

Mechanics: Challenges, chance, competition, cooperation, feedback, resource acquisition, rewards, transactions, turns, win states

Dynamics: Constrains, emotions, narratives, progression, relationship

(Deterding, 2012)

Interface design patterns: e.g. Badge, leaderboard, level

Design patterns and mechanics: e.g. Time constraint, limited resources, turns

Design principles and heuristics: e.g. Enduring play, clear goals, variety of game styles

Game models: e.g. MDA (Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics), challenge, fantasy, curiosity, game design atoms, CEGE (Core Elements of the Gaming Experience )

Game design methods: e.g. Playtesting, play-centric design, value conscious game design

(Blohm & Leimeister, 2013)

Mechanics: Documentation of behaviour, scoring systems, badges, trophies, rankings, ranks, levels, reputation points, group

tasks, time pressure, tasks, quests, avatars, virtual worlds, virtual trade

Dynamics: Exploration, collection, competition, acquisition of status, collaboration, challenge,

development/organization, motives

Gamification & Innovation (Spanellis, Dofler, & Macbryde, 2016; UK)

• Gamification as an innovation

• Innovative processes through "Gamification": Stage-Wise Model Vs. Random-Process/Fuzzy Model

Stage-Wise Model

• Initiation (Initial Phase --> Gestation or Long-lasting change)

• Developments (Shocking Event--> Development of Plan--> Shift in Performance Criteria or Set-back--> Adjustments)

• Implementation/Termination

Random-Process/Fuzzy Model

Frameworks for Thinking to "Gamification"

• Search (Ideation Phase: "How can we find opportunities for innovation?"

• Select ("What are we going to do and Why?")

• Implement (Actual Product Development or Concept Development Phase: "How are we going to make it happen?”)

• Capture ("How are we going to get the benefits from it?"

References

Spanellis, A., Dorfler, V., & Macbryde, J. (2016). Gamification and innovation: A mutually beneficial union. British Academy of Management 2016 Conference Proceedings, 1-18.