Paper 1 June 2022

This is a question paper for June 2022. Below are model answers to all questions from this paper, and some with additional illustrations of imagery to help give further context to the model answer. If you select a Question from the list below it will shortcut you to a model answer for that question. Each question has been written out at the start of the model answer.

Question 1

Q1. State three reasons why Precious Metal Clay (PMC) may be used in the manufacture of a decorative pendant for a necklace.

Model answer

Precious Metal Clay (PMC) allows for intricate designs and fine details to be created, as it can be shaped and moulded by hand, which is perfect for a range of jewellery. Precious Metal Clay is composed of tiny particles of metal suspended in an organic binder, which allows for flexibility during the forming process and results in a strong, durable final product suitable for a necklace.

Precious Metal Clay can be fired at a lower temperature than traditional metalworking techniques, which can save on energy costs and make it a more environmentally friendly option. Additionally, it's possible to create pieces with a high level of purity, making it ideal for jewellery making.

Question 2

Sketched response

Question 3

Q3. Figure 1 shows a low carbon steel shopping basket with a chrome plated finish. Analyse and evaluate the suitability of the material and finish used for the shopping basket.

Model answer

Low carbon steel with a chrome plated finish is a suitable material for a shopping basket for several reasons.

Firstly, low carbon steel is a strong and durable material, able to withstand the weight of groceries and other items placed inside the basket. Additionally, it is a relatively inexpensive material, making it cost-effective for mass production of shopping baskets.

Secondly, the chrome plating finish provides a shiny and attractive appearance, which can be appealing to customers. The chrome plating also provides a layer of protection against rust and corrosion, particularly good as some groceries could have moisture on the surface, ensuring the longevity of the basket.

Thirdly, chrome plating is a durable finish that is easy to clean and maintain, which is important for a product that will be used frequently and come into contact with food items.

However, there are also some potential drawbacks to using a low carbon steel shopping basket with a chrome plated finish. The chrome plating process can be harmful to the environment, as it uses chemicals that can be toxic if not handled properly. Additionally, chrome plating is not as resistant to scratches and bangs as some other finishes, so the basket may not hold up as well under heavy use.

Overall, low carbon steel with a chrome plated finish is a suitable material for a shopping basket as it is strong, durable, inexpensive, and has a shiny, attractive appearance. However, it is important to consider the potential environmental impact of the chrome plating process, and the potential for scratches and bangs / dents on the finish.

Question 4

Q4. Explain how rapid prototyping has impacted on traditional manufacture. (9 marks)

Model answer

Rapid prototyping has had a significant impact on traditional manufacturing in several ways.

Firstly, rapid prototyping allows for faster product development. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve creating a physical prototype, which can be time-consuming and costly. With rapid prototyping, a digital model can be created and quickly turned into a physical prototype using techniques such as 3D printing. This allows for faster iterations and improvements to be made to the design, leading to a faster time to market.

Secondly, rapid prototyping has made it possible for smaller companies and individuals to compete with larger manufacturers. In the past, the high cost and complexity of traditional manufacturing methods made it difficult for small businesses to enter the market. With rapid prototyping, the barriers to entry have been lowered, allowing for more competition and innovation in the manufacturing industry. 

Thirdly, rapid prototyping has led to more customized and personalized products. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve creating products in large quantities, with little room for customisation. With rapid prototyping, it is possible to create unique, one-of-a-kind products that are tailored to the individual customer's needs.

Fourthly, rapid prototyping has led to more efficient use of resources. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve creating multiple physical prototypes, which can be costly in terms of materials and energy. With rapid prototyping, it is possible to create multiple digital prototypes, which can be refined and improved upon before physical prototypes are created.

Lastly, rapid prototyping has allowed for more sustainable practices. The ability to iterate designs and test them in a virtual environment before mass production, means that products are more likely to be designed with sustainability in mind, reducing the waste of resources and energy.

In conclusion, rapid prototyping has had a profound impact on traditional manufacturing, allowing for faster product development, increased competition, more customisation and personalisation, more efficient use of resources, and more sustainable practices.

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Q7 Explain why galvanising is an appropriate finish for the low carbon steel scaffold shown in Figure 4.

Model answer

Galvanising is an appropriate finish for low carbon steel scaffolding for several reasons.

Firstly, galvanising provides an effective barrier against corrosion. The process of galvanising involves coating the steel with zinc, which acts as a sacrificial anode. This means that the zinc corrodes before the steel, providing a protective barrier against the elements and prolonging the life of the scaffolding.

Secondly, galvanising is a relatively low-cost process. Compared to other finishes such as painting, galvanising is relatively inexpensive, making it a cost-effective solution for protecting large structures such as scaffolding.

Thirdly, galvanising is a durable finish that can withstand the harsh conditions found in construction sites. The zinc coating is hard and resilient, able to resist chipping, cracking, and peeling.

Lastly, galvanising is a sustainable finish. Zinc is a recyclable material, and the galvanising process is energy-efficient. At the end of the service life, the zinc coating can be removed and recycled, reducing the overall environmental impact.

In conclusion, galvanising is an appropriate finish for low carbon steel scaffolding because it provides an effective barrier against corrosion, is relatively low-cost, durable, and sustainable.

Question 8

Q8. State three different stimuli that can cause a change in the property of a smart material.

Model answer

1.     Temperature: Some smart materials, such as shape memory alloys, can change their properties in response to changes in temperature. They can be trained to return to a specific shape when heated or cooled to a certain temperature.

2.     Light: Some smart materials, such as photochromic materials, change their properties in response to changes in light intensity. They can change color or transparency when exposed to different levels of light.

3.     Electric or Magnetic fields: Some smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, change their properties in response to changes in electric or magnetic fields. They can change shape or generate electricity when subjected to an electric or magnetic field.

Question 9

Q9. Name a specific application for each of the following materials: Cellulose acetate, Fluted polypropylene, Styrofoam

Model answer

Cellulose acetate

Cellulose acetate is a versatile material that can be used in a variety of applications. One specific application for cellulose acetate is in the production of eyeglass frames. Cellulose acetate is a popular material for eyeglass frames because it is lightweight, hypoallergenic, and can be easily molded into a variety of shapes and colors. Additionally, it has a high resistance to impact, making it a durable option for eyeglasses. Other Applications include in the production of films, fibers, and cigarette filters.

Fluted polypropylene

Fluted polypropylene, also known as corrugated polypropylene, is a versatile material that can be used in a wide range of applications. One specific application for fluted polypropylene is in the production of packaging and shipping materials. This material is used to make corrugated boxes and sheets, which are used to package and ship a variety of items, such as electronics, food, and household goods. The fluted structure provides additional strength and cushioning, making it a durable and protective option for packaging and shipping. Other Applications include in the production of signs, displays, and temporary flooring.

Styrofoam

Styrofoam, also known as expanded polystyrene (EPS), is a versatile material that can be used in a wide range of applications. One specific application for styrofoam is in the production of insulation materials. Styrofoam has a very low thermal conductivity, making it an excellent insulation material for buildings, refrigeration, and transportation. It can be used to insulate walls, roofs, and floors, and is also used to create insulation boards and sheets that can be cut and shaped to fit a variety of applications. Additionally, it's also used in the packaging of fragile goods such as electronic equipment, household appliances, and medical equipment as it provides a cushioning effect that protects the product during transportation.

Question 10

Q10 Styrofoam and high-density modelling foam are often used in modelling. Compare and evaluate the suitability of each material for the manufacture of a block model that represents aesthetic appearance to a potential client. (6 marks)

Model answer

Both Styrofoam and high-density modeling foam can be used to manufacture a block model to represent the aesthetic appearance of a product to a potential client, but each has its own set of benefits and drawbacks that should be considered when determining suitability.

Styrofoam is a cost-effective option for creating block models. It is lightweight and easy to cut, shape and sand, making it ideal for creating simple shapes and prototypes. Additionally, it can be painted and coated, which can be used to create a detailed and realistic final appearance. On the other hand, high-density modeling foam is more durable and has a higher level of detail. It can be used to create more complex and accurate models, as it can be carved and sculpted to a high degree of precision. Furthermoe, It is more resistant to wear and tear and can withstand handling and transportation.

In terms of appearance, Styrofoam can be painted and coated to create a detailed and realistic final appearance, but it's not as smooth as the surface of high-density modeling foam, which can be polished to a high-gloss finish.

Overall, the suitability of Styrofoam or high-density modeling foam for the manufacture of a block model depends on the specific requirements of the project. Styrofoam is a cost-effective option for creating simple models, while high-density modeling foam is better for more complex and detailed models that require a higher level of precision. Ultimately, the choice between these two materials will depend on the budget and the desired level of detail and realism in the final product.

Question 11

Q11 Explain why die casting is an appropriate manufacturing method for the model toy vehicle shown

Model answer

Die casting is an appropriate manufacturing method for a scale model toy vehicle for several reasons.

Firstly, die casting allows for high-volume production of parts with consistent dimensions and high precision. This is important for creating a scale model toy vehicle that is accurate and consistent in size and shape.

Secondly, die casting can produce parts with a high level of detail and complexity. The process involves injecting molten metal into a die (mold) under high pressure, which allows for intricate and precise details to be cast into the finished product. This can be especially useful for creating a scale model toy vehicle with a lot of intricate features.

Thirdly, die casting can produce parts with a high level of surface finish. The process allows for a smooth and polished surface finish on the finished product, which is desirable for creating a scale model toy vehicle that looks realistic and visually appealing.

Lastly, die casting is a relatively fast and efficient process, which can save time and money in the production of a scale model toy vehicle.

In conclusion, die casting is an appropriate manufacturing method for a scale model toy vehicle because it allows for high-volume production of parts with consistent dimensions and high precision, produces parts with a high level of detail and complexity, produces parts with a high level of surface finish, and is a relatively fast and efficient process.

Question 12 - look at my answer. too technical?

Q12 Describe the purpose of the following polymer additives: Fillers, Plasticisers

Model answer

A filler polymer additive is a material that is added to a polymer during the manufacturing process to improve certain properties of the final product. The purpose of a filler polymer additive can vary depending on the specific polymer and the intended application, but some common purposes include:

Fillers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, and talc can be added to a polymer to improve its strength and stiffness, making it more suitable for applications where high strength and rigidity are required. Fillers such as carbon black, graphite, and metal powders can be added to a polymer to improve its thermal and electrical conductivity. This makes it more suitable for applications where heat dissipation or electrical conductivity is important. Fillers such as talc, clay, and calcium carbonate can be added to a polymer to reduce its cost. These fillers are relatively inexpensive and can be used to reduce the amount of expensive polymer needed to create a final product. Fillers such as titanium dioxide can be added to a polymer to improve its resistance to UV radiation, making it more suitable for outdoor applications where exposure to sunlight is a concern. Fillers such as boron compounds and alumina trihydrate can be added to a polymer to improve its fire resistance. This makes it more suitable for applications where fire safety is a concern.

In conclusion, filler polymer additives are materials that are added to a polymer during the manufacturing process to improve certain properties of the final product, such as strength, thermal conductivity, cost, UV stability, and fire resistance. The specific filler used and the amount added will depend on the polymer and the intended application.

A plasticizer polymer additive is a material that is added to a polymer during the manufacturing process to improve its flexibility and workability. The purpose of a plasticizer polymer additive is to reduce the glass transition temperature of a polymer, which is the temperature at which a polymer goes from being hard and brittle to flexible and malleable.

When a plasticizer is added to a polymer, it forms a chemical bond with the polymer chains and increases the distance between them. This reduces the interactions between the polymer chains and makes the material softer and more flexible. The use of plasticizer polymer additives allows for the creation of flexible and durable products, such as flexible films, hoses, cables, and various other items, that can withstand mechanical stress and provide good impact resistance. Additionally, plasticizers can also be used to improve the processability of polymers, making them more suitable for certain manufacturing techniques such as injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion.

In conclusion, plasticizer polymer additives are materials that are added to a polymer during the manufacturing process to improve its flexibility and workability by reducing the glass transition temperature of a polymer. This allows for the creation of flexible and durable products, as well as improves the processability of polymers, making them more suitable for certain manufacturing techniques.

Question 13

Q13. Give two reasons why outdoor decking may be pressure treated before use.

Model answer

There are two main reasons why outdoor decking may be pressure treated before use:

Pressure treating wood involves immersing the wood in a solution of preservatives, which are chemicals that protect the wood from rot and decay caused by exposure to moisture, insects, and fungal growth. This treatment is particularly useful for outdoor decking, which is exposed to the elements and is at risk of rotting and decaying over time. Pressure treating wood also helps protect it from termites and other insects that can damage wood and weaken the structural integrity of a deck. The preservatives used in the pressure treatment process can kill or repel these insects, making the decking more durable and long-lasting.

In conclusion, pressure treating outdoor decking before use helps protect the wood from rot, decay, termites and other insects, providing a long-lasting and durable surface for outdoor use.

Question 14

Q14. A polymer extrusion process has been used to produce the rigid polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) cable trunking shown in Figure 6. Describe the main stages of the polymer extrusion process.

Model answer

The polymer extrusion process is a method of creating plastic products by heating and shaping a polymer material. The main stages of the polymer extrusion process to produce rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable trunking include:

The first stage of the extrusion process is to prepare the raw materials, which typically includes PVC resin and any other additives such as pigments, stabilizers, and lubricants. The raw materials are mixed together to create a homogeneous blend.  The blended materials are then fed into an extruder, which heats and melts the mixture. The molten polymer is then forced through a die at the end of the extruder, where it takes on the shape of the die. After extrusion, the PVC cable trunking is cooled and shaped. Depending on the application, it may be cooled by water, air, or both. The cooled PVC cable trunking is then cut into the desired length and shape. The final stage of the process is to inspect the PVC cable trunking for quality and defects. Any defective product is removed and discarded, while the good product is packaged and sent to the customer.

In conclusion, the main stages of the polymer extrusion process to produce rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable trunking includes raw material preparation, melting and extrusion, cooling and shaping, and inspection and packaging. The process starts by mixing PVC resin and any other additives, then heating and melting the mixture, shaping it into the desired shape and cooling it, and finally inspecting and packaging the final product.

Question 15

Q15. Describe the advantages to a manufacturer of using bought-in components.

Model answer

There are several advantages to a manufacturer of using bought-in components, including:

Buying components from a supplier can be less expensive than manufacturing them in-house. The manufacturer can take advantage of economies of scale and the specialized expertise of the component supplier. This can lead to cost savings on raw materials, labour, and equipment, which can be passed on to the customer in the form of lower prices. Buying components from a supplier can result in higher quality products. Suppliers who specialize in a particular component may have more advanced technology and expertise than the manufacturer. This can lead to higher quality components and a more reliable final product.

Buying components from a supplier can also increase efficiency in the manufacturing process. The manufacturer can focus on the core aspects of their business and leave component production to specialized suppliers. This can free up resources and allow the manufacturer to focus on other areas of the business. Buying components from a supplier can also give the manufacturer access to new technology and materials that they may not have been able to afford or develop on their own. By using bought-in components, the manufacturer can also reduce their risk of production delays and supply chain disruptions. This is because the supplier is responsible for ensuring the timely delivery of components, which allows the manufacturer to maintain a steady production schedule, meeting their customer's demands. Buying components from a supplier allows the manufacturer to be more flexible in their production. They can quickly adjust the amount

Question 16

Q16. Figure 8 and Figure 9 show two novelty moneyboxes, each with a slot for coins located at the top.

Analyse and evaluate the suitability of the materials and manufacturing methods used for each of the moneyboxes shown. 12 marks

Model answer

Both blow-moulded low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and injection-moulded polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) can be used to create moneyboxes. Each material has its own set of advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when determining suitability.

Blow-moulded LDPE is a thermoplastic that is known for its flexibility, durability and low cost. LDPE is a lightweight material, which

makes it easy to handle, transport and store. Additionally, LDPE is easy to process and can be blow-moulded into a wide range of shapes and sizes, making it a suitable material for a moneybox.

The blow-moulding process is well-suited for creating hollow, one-piece objects with a consistent wall thickness. It is a relatively simple and inexpensive process that can be used to create large quantities of parts quickly and efficiently. This makes blow-moulded LDPE a cost-effective solution for the manufacture of moneyboxes.

On the other hand, injection-moulded PMMA is a thermoplastic known for its high clarity, excellent optical properties and high resistance to impact and chemicals. PMMA is a more expensive material than LDPE, but it offers a higher level of transparency and durability, which can be useful for creating a moneybox that is easy to see through and that can withstand frequent usage.

The injection-moulding process is well-suited for creating complex, detailed parts with tight tolerances. It can be used to create a wide range of shapes and sizes, making it a suitable material for a moneybox. Additionally, the process can be automated, which increases the efficiency and repeatability of the production. 

In conclusion, both blow-moulded LDPE and injection-moulded PMMA can be used to create moneyboxes, each material has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Blow-moulded LDPE is a cost-effective solution due to its low cost, flexibility and durability, while

injection-moulded PMMA offers a higher level of transparency, durability and resistance to impact and chemicals. The choice between these two materials will depend on the budget and the desired level of transparency, durability and resistance to impact and chemicals in the final product.

Question 17

Question 18

Q18. Describe and explain the stages that timber undergoes from felling through to the

creation of the planed square edge (PSE) stock form.

Model answer

The stages that timber undergoes from felling through to the creation of the planed square edge (PSE) stock form include:

The first stage is the felling of trees, which is the process of cutting down trees in a forest. Trees are selected for felling based on factors such as size, age, and species. After felling, the logs are transported to a logging site where they are sorted and graded based on size, species, and quality. The next stage is debarking, in which the bark is removed from the logs. Debarking is typically done by machine, which uses a rotating drum with a series of knives to remove the bark. The logs are then cut into shorter lengths, a process known as bucking. This is done to make the logs more manageable and to prepare them for further processing.

The next stage is sawing, in which the logs are cut into boards. This is done using a sawmill, which is a machine that uses a series of blades to cut the logs into boards of the desired thickness. After sawing, the boards are dried to remove the moisture content. This is done by stacking the boards in a kiln or air-drying them outside. Drying helps prevent the wood from warping or cracking as it dries. The next stage is planing, in which the boards are passed through a machine that has a series of knives that remove the rough surface of the wood. This creates a smooth and even surface. The final stage is sizing, in which the boards are cut to the desired size and shape.

Question 19

Q19. Describe two ways that a jig can be used to improve accuracy in manufacture.

Model answer

A jig is a tool that is used to guide and hold a workpiece in place during the manufacturing process. There are several ways that a jig can be used to improve accuracy in manufacture, including:

Jigs can be used to ensure that parts are produced consistently and with high precision. By using the same jig for multiple parts, the manufacturer can ensure that each part is identical, which improves accuracy and repeatability. Jigs can be designed to hold complex geometries in place while they are being machined. This allows the manufacturer to machine parts that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to machine by hand. Jigs can hold a workpiece in exactly the right position, so the cuts and finishes are accurate, thus improving the precision of the final product. Jigs can be designed to hold a workpiece in a specific orientation, which allows the manufacturer to quickly set up the machine for the next operation. This can save time and reduce the risk of errors. Jigs can be used to control the tolerance of a workpiece by ensuring that it is held in the correct position during the machining process. This can improve the precision of the final product.

In conclusion, jigs can be used in many ways to improve accuracy in the manufacturing process, by ensuring repeatability, allowing the manufacturer to produce complex geometries, reducing setup time, and controlling tolerance. Jigs can be used in many different types of manufacturing processes including drilling, milling, turning, grinding, and welding.

Question 20

Q20. Justify why Finite Element Analysis (FEA) may be used to improve efficiency during product development.

Model answer

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful simulation tool that can be used to improve efficiency during product development. There are several reasons why FEA may be used to improve efficiency, including:

FEA can be used to predict how a product will perform under different loads and conditions. This allows the manufacturer to identify potential problems before the product is produced, which can save time and money by reducing the need for physical testing. FEA can be used to optimize the design of a product by identifying the areas where weight or material can be reduced without compromising the strength or performance of the product. This can lead to more efficient use of materials and resources, which can reduce costs and improve the sustainability of the product. FEA allows manufacturers to create virtual prototypes of their products, which can be tested and evaluated without the need for physical prototypes. This can save time and money by reducing the need for costly physical testing and prototyping. FEA can be used to analyze the stress and strain on different parts of a product, which can help identify potential failure points and improve the overall durability of the product. FEA can be used to predict the failure of a product under different loads and conditions, allowing the manufacturer to make design changes to improve the reliability of the product.

In conclusion, FEA can be used to improve efficiency during product development by predicting product performance, optimizing design, allowing virtual prototyping, analyzing stress and strain and prediction of failure. These capabilities of FEA can save time and money, improve the sustainability of the product, and increase the reliability of the final product.

Question 21

Q21. Explain why tungsten carbide is an appropriate material for the manufacture of a centre lathe cutting tool.

Model answer

Tungsten carbide is an appropriate material for the manufacture of a center lathe cutting tool because of its unique combination of properties that make it highly suitable for metal cutting applications. Some of the reasons why tungsten carbide is an appropriate material for this application include:

Tungsten carbide is one of the hardest materials available, which makes it highly resistant to wear and tear. This property is important for cutting tools because it allows them to maintain their sharp edge for longer periods of time, resulting in less frequent tool changes and increased efficiency. Tungsten carbide also has a very high compressive strength, which allows it to withstand the high loads and pressures associated with metal cutting. This property is important for cutting tools because it allows them to maintain their shape and resist deformation, resulting in more accurate cuts. Tungsten carbide has a high thermal conductivity which allows heat to be dissipated quickly. This is important for cutting tools because it reduces the risk of tool failure due to overheating, and increases the speed and efficiency of the cutting process. Tungsten carbide is highly resistant to chemical attack, which makes it suitable for use in cutting tools that are used in harsh environments, where the tools are exposed to various chemicals. Tungsten carbide has a very high melting point which means it can withstand high temperatures without deforming or losing its properties, making it ideal for high-temperature applications.

Tungsten carbide (WC) is an appropriate material for the manufacture of a center lathe cutting tool because of several reasons:

Tungsten carbide is a composite material made up of tungsten and carbon. It has a hardness that is comparable to that of diamond, making it an ideal material for cutting tools that will be used to machine hard materials such as steels, cast iron, and titanium alloys. Tungsten carbide also has a high compressive strength, which is important for cutting tools as it allows them to withstand high cutting forces without breaking or deforming. Tungsten carbide has a high thermal conductivity, which helps to dissipate heat quickly, this is important in the center lathe cutting tool as it prevents the tool from overheating and losing its hardness, this prolongs the life of the tool. Tungsten carbide is highly resistant to chemical attack and corrosion, which makes it suitable for use in a wide range of environments, including those with high humidity or exposure to chemicals. Tungsten carbide is relatively easy to grind and shape, which makes it easy to manufacture cutting tools with a wide range of geometries and edge profiles. 

In conclusion, Tungsten carbide is an appropriate material for the manufacture of center lathe cutting tools because of its high hardness and wear resistance, high compressive strength, high thermal conductivity, high chemical resistance and grindability.

Question 22

Q22. Outline how and why a company would use social media to market their product.

Model answer

A company would use social media to market their product by creating and maintaining social media accounts on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn, among others. The company would use these accounts to reach and engage with their target audience by creating and sharing relevant and engaging content.

Social media allows companies to reach a large audience quickly and easily, by creating a social media presence and promoting their product, they can increase brand awareness and recognition. Social media allows companies to interact with their customers and build relationships with them. They can use social media to respond to customer queries, complaints and feedback. Social media platforms offer targeted advertising options, which allows companies to reach specific demographics based on factors such as age, gender, location, and interests. Companies can partner with social media influencers to promote their product to a specific target audience. Influencers have a large following and can help a company to reach a wider audience. Social media platforms provide analytics that allow companies to measure the success of their social media marketing campaigns, this allows them to adjust their strategy if necessary.

In conclusion, a company would use social media to market their product by creating and maintaining social media accounts and using them to reach and engage with their target audience by creating and sharing relevant and engaging content. They would use social media to build brand awareness, connect with customers, target specific demographics, and measure the success of their campaigns.

Q Explain how the Art Deco design style was influenced by historical design styles and socio-economic factors.

Art Deco design style was heavily influenced by historical design movements such as Art Nouveau and Egyptomania, as well as by the socio-economic factors of the time, including the rise of industrialization, urbanization, and the growth of technology. The Art Deco style was characterized by bold geometric shapes, bright colors, and a focus on luxury and glamour. It was often used in architecture, interior design, and graphic design, and was particularly popular during the 1920s and 1930s. The style was seen as a reaction to the more organic and natural forms of Art Nouveau and instead embraced the new technologies and materials of the time, such as stainless steel, chrome, and plastic. The Great depression of the 1930s and World War II marked the end of the Art Deco period.