Objectives
Describe the use of contemporary methods and their associated devices for input and output.
Explain the methods and devices in contemporary computer systems and their suitability in different situations
a wearable computer in the form of a wristwatch that provides a touchscreen interface, runs a mobile operating system, and connects to your smartphone.
Smartphone Notifications: Displays incoming text messages, social media alerts, emails, and phone calls without requiring you to pull out your phone.
Health and Fitness Tracking: Utilises built-in sensors to monitor your daily step count, heart rate, sleep quality, and blood oxygen levels (SpO₂).
Communication: Many mid-range and premium models include a built-in microphone and speaker, allowing you to answer Bluetooth calls directly from your wrist.
App Support & Customisation: Features dedicated app stores to download tools like navigation maps, music controllers, and custom digital watch faces.
Connectivity: Pairs with your phone via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Some high-end cellular models use an integrated electronic SIM (eSIM) to make calls and stream music independently without a smartphone nearby.
An Oura Ring (properly stylised as Ōura) is a premium, lightweight smart ring worn on the finger to track your sleep, physical activity, and overall recovery.
Instead of using a screen like a smartwatch, it packs advanced health sensors into a seamless titanium or ceramic band. It works invisibly in the background, syncing your health biometrics via Bluetooth to the Oura App on your iPhone or Android phone.
A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is a type of wearable technology. It is a specialised, medical-grade wearable device designed to track a person's blood sugar levels in real-time throughout the day and night.
Unlike consumer wearables like smartwatches or fitness rings that sit purely on top of the skin, a CGM is a biowearable. It uses a tiny, flexible sensor wire inserted just under the skin (usually on the back of the arm or the abdomen) to measure glucose levels in the fluid between your cells.
📟 How It Works as Wearable Tech
The Sensor: A small wearable patch containing a microscopic filament that stays in place for 10 to 14 days.
The Transmitter: A small, reusable or integrated piece attached to the sensor that beams data wirelessly via Bluetooth.
The Receiver: A smartphone app (such as the Dexcom App or FreeStyle Libre App) or a dedicated handheld monitor that displays live readings, historical trends, and predictive alerts.
a wearable electronic device that tracks physical activity, health metrics, and sleep patterns
Meta glasses are a line of voice-controlled smart eyewear developed by Meta (often in partnership with iconic brands like Ray-Ban) that combine everyday style with hands-free wearable technology. They are designed to let you capture content, listen to audio, and interact with artificial intelligence without needing to pull out your smartphone.
A pacemaker is technically classed under the broader umbrella of wearable technology, but it belongs to a specialized, high-risk subcategory known as implantable wearables or internal wearables. A traditional pacemaker shares the exact same core architecture as a modern consumer wearable:
Sensors: It continuously monitors biometrics (your heart's electrical rhythm).
Processor & Computer Logic: It analyzes that real-time biological data to make instantaneous decisions.
Actuator/Output: Instead of sending a push notification to a screen, it delivers a microscopic electrical pulse to keep the heart beating at a safe rate.
Wireless Connectivity: Modern pacemakers utilize wireless telemetry or Bluetooth to transmit data securely to a smartphone app or a physician's portal.
An exoskeleton (also known as an exo-suit or wearable robot) is an external structural mechanism worn on the body that augments, supports, or enhances a person's physical strength and endurance.
Unlike a smartwatch or a fitness ring which only tracks data, an exoskeleton physically interacts with the user's muscles and joints. It mimics the human skeletal structure to take physical strain off the body, prevent injury, or restore mobility to paralysed limbs.
⚡ Powered vs. Passive Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons generally fall into two distinct engineering categories:
Passive Exoskeletons: These do not use motors, batteries, or electricity. Instead, they utilize springs, counterweights, and dampening systems to capture energy when a user bends down and release it when they stand up. They are primarily used to redistribute weight and reduce fatigue during repetitive tasks.
Powered (Active) Exoskeletons: These are equipped with electric motors, sensors, and rechargeable batteries. Onboard microprocessors detect the user’s subtle movements and instantly activate mechanical joints to provide massive boosts in lifting power or to physically move legs that cannot walk on their own.
🏗️ Primary Real-World Applications
Wearable exoskeletons are rapidly transitioning from science fiction to practical use across three main industries:
Industrial and Manufacturing: Companies like Ottobock design upper-body suits for factory workers, baggage handlers, and logistics teams. These suits support the arms and shoulders during repetitive overhead lifting, significantly reducing lower back strain and preventing workplace injuries.
Medical Rehabilitation: Advanced robotic suits, such as those by Ekso Bionics or ReWalk Robotics, are used in clinics to help individuals with spinal cord injuries, strokes, or neurological disorders stand up and practice walking.
Military and Defence: Defense agencies experiment with full-body suits designed to help soldiers carry heavy combat gear, traverse rough terrain for extended periods without exhaustion, and load heavy artillery manually.