The micro:bit has in-built sensors to measure data.
An accelerometer is a device to measure force, acceleration and angle. It is useful for sensing vibrations and orientation.
A thermometer is a device to measure temperature. It reads the temperature in degrees Celcius.
A compass is a device used for navigation. It reads the compass direction in degrees. North is 0 or 360 degrees, East is 90 degrees, South is 180 degrees and West is 270 degrees.