ENS 401.01 - CAAP Transportation

Sources

• City of Alameda. (2025). Alameda neighborhood greenways: Overview poster. City of Alameda. https://www.alamedaca.gov/files/assets/public/v/1/departments/alameda/transportation/new-folder/ng-overview-poster_2025-04.pdf

• City of Grand Rapids. (2020). Vital streets program: Improving transportation. https://www.grandrapidsmi.gov/Government/Programs-and-Initiatives/Vital-Streets-Program

• City of Grand Rapids. (2025). Grand Rapids Carshare (DART GR). https://www.grandrapidsmi.gov/Government/Departments/Mobile-GR/Grand-Rapids-Carshare

• Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. (n.d.). City of Grand Rapids Sustainability Office. https://www.grandrapidsmi.gov/Government/Departments/Sustainability/Climate-Change/Climate-Action-and-Adaptation-Plan

• Fox 17 News. (2024, October 3). Saving green by going green: Grand Rapids launches DART GR carshare program. https://www.fox17online.com/news/local-news/grand-rapids/saving-green-by-going-green-grand-rapids-launches-dart-gr-carshare-program

• Grand Rapids 2030 District. (2024). Community emissions inventory and sustainability dashboard. https://2030districts.org/grandrapids

• GRHS Grand River Times. (2021). The streetcar era in Grand Rapids. https://issuu.com/grandrapidshistoricalsociety/docs/2017_01_grhs_grand_river_times_38-0/s/14035484

• Hexagon Agility. (2024). Why Grand Rapids commuters and politicians are breathing easier thanks to CNG. https://hexagonagility.com/cases/why-grand-rapids-commuters-and-politicians-are-breathing-easier-thanks-to-cng

• KC Streetcar. (2025, July 16). Hours of operation. https://kcstreetcar.org/route/hours-of-operation/

• Michigan Passenger Rail Future. (n.d.). Michigan Department of Transportation. https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/travel/mobility/rail/michigan-passenger-rail-future

• Michigan Public. (2025, August 12). Grand Rapids adopts climate action plan with emissions targets. https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-climate-change/2025-08-12/grand-rapids-adopts-climate-action-plan

• Monill, C. (2025, April 29). Preliminary fiscal plan: City of Grand Rapids, 2026.

• UIC – International Union of Railways. (2025, September 11). Intercity and high-speed rail. Public Transit: Many stops lack shelters and benches, causing riders to stand in rain or snow, including students at schools with large minority populations (Monill, 2025). Riders report inconsistent timing, long waits, and safety concerns at night (Grand Rapids 2030 District, 2024).

• Micromobility: Lime scooters and e-bikes are common but lack protected lanes, forcing riders to navigate unsafe interactions with full-size vehicles (Grand Rapids 2030 District, 2024).

• Walkability: Sidewalk gaps, narrow walkways, and limited crosswalk safety restrict pedestrian movement, especially in historically underserved neighborhoods (City of Grand Rapids, 2025).

• Car Dependency: The city’s layout remains vehicle-focused, limiting transit use and keeping emissions high (Michigan Public, 2025).

• Historic Streetcar Context: Grand Rapids once had a successful streetcar system that moved residents efficiently from 1865–1935, showing the city has a foundation for rail-based transportation (GRHS Grand River Times, 2021).